Nutrition Quiz 3
Dairy products
Of the following foods, the type that provides the most calcium per serving is:
Vitamin b12
Chemical and physical nature: Cobalt molecule associated with the vitamin; strongly complexed with protein. Coenzyme function: Production of the myelin sheath of nerves; required for heme synthesis.
1250, 700
DRIs for phosphorus mg/day for ages 9-18 years is ____ and adults over 18 is ____.
90, 75, 35
DRIs recommend an RDA with vitamin C for men ___ milligrams, and ___ milligrams for women. ___ milligrams more daily for cigarette smokers.
GI Tracy
Decrease in absorptive capacity
Megaloblastic anemia
Decrease in red blood cell synthesis.
Table salt
Best and most consistent food source of iodine
Milk and dairy products
Best food sources for calcium
Diet
Body cannot synthesize vitamins hence must be supplied by the ___.
Osteoporosis
Calcium (Ca) is associated with what disease in older adults
650, 900
Calcium intake mainly from dairy products _____ female, ___ adult male. mg/day.
2, 99, 1
Calcium is a mineral in greatest amount in the body. About ___% of body weight, ___% deposited in bone tissue, ___% circulates in blood bound and unobound.
Major minerals
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfur, chloride
Goiter and cretinism
Caused by iodine deficiency
PUFA
Cell membranes high in _____s are vulnerable to oxidation, vitamin E protects cell membranes from oxidative damage.
Tetany
Decreased ionic calcium causing muscle pain, muscle spasms, calcium requiring by the sarcomere which integrates actin and myosin to form actomyosin.
Beriberi
Deficiency disease associated with a lack of thiamin
Pernicious anemia
Deficient intristic factor.
Vitamin K
Dicoumarol and warfarin inhibit ____ activation requiring constant intake but balanced intake
Muscle mass
Distribution of water content in a person's body is related to the amount of:
Skin
Dry scaly skin; hypokeratosis
Respiratory tract
Dryness and cilia loss in
Muscle and nerve activity
Electrochemical gradient in nerve and muscle cells.
Neural tube defects
Essential role in formation and closure and neural tube in early fetal development.
Teratogen
Excess vitamin A is a _____. Daily intakes above 3000 micrograms particularly dangerous for pregnant women.
Absorption
Excretion balance.
Antibiotics
Extended use of ____ may destroy intestinal bacteria that produce vitamin K requiring vitamin K supplementation.
Rickets
Failure of bone mineralization in infants and young children due to low absorption rates of calcium
Biotin
General nature is avidin protein in raw egg white binds biotin. No known toxicity or natural deficiency.
Nature
General structure
<10-15 ng.ml, <25-37.5 nmol/ml
Generally considered inadequate for bone and overall health in healthy individuals. SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D [25(OH)D] CONCENTRATIONS AND HEALTH.
Thiamin
Good source for ___ is lean port and beef, liver. Major sources are whole and enriched grains, legumes.
General metabolism and bone metabolism
Key physiological functions of phosphorus
Zinc
Lacking this mineral reduces the sense of taste and smell.
2.5, 5.0
Levels of serum phosphorus below ___ (hypo-) or above ___ (hyperphosphatemia) mg/dl demand immediate medical attention.
Needed for b12 absorption
Role for intrinsic factor
Iron deficiency anemia
Second most common worldwide deficienct state
Biotin
The food sources of ____ is egg yolk, liver, tomatoes, and yeast.
Extracellular fluid
The greatest concentration of sodium is found in:
Aldosterone
The hormone which regulates excretion of sodium from the kidneys
Help synthesize thyroxine
The metabolic function of iodine is to:
Chloride
The mineral needed to produce gastric acidity
Flouride
The mineral that enhances the ability of the tooth structure to withstand the erosive effect of bacterial acid is:
Iodized table salt
The most reliable dietary source of iodine is:
Beta carotene, beta crypto anthem, and lutein
Yellow and orange plant pigments are _____.
Bone
__ is a "living tissue"
Calcium, phosphorus
___ and ____ blood levels are tightly regulated
Iron
___ balance is regulated at absorption site in the small intestine since no system for iron excretion exists once it has entered the body.
Vitamin K
___ catalyzes the conversion of blood-clotting factors in the liver from inactive to active proteins.
Basal
___ cells differentiate into mucus secreting cells or keratin cells. Deficiency of vitamin A.
Vitamin A
___ enters the body as preformed from animal products or as beta-carotene.
Xeropthalmia
___ of the cornea is irreversible blindness. 2.5MM cases in 2000 on 3rd world.
Dry
____ (berberi): Cachexia, leg weakness and nerve degeneration. Mainly in elderly.
Wet
____ (beriberi): Cardiac failure due to heart muscle weakness -> capillary fluid shift -> edema.
Vitamine
____ (vital amine) when all vitamins were thought to be proteins.
Vitamin E
____ acts as an antioxidant aiding in destroying free radials
Carotenoids
____ are more available to the body when cooked as opposed to raw.
Vitamin C
____ deficiency results in fragile capillaries that bleed easily. Signs may be bruising, pinpoint hemorrages, easy bone fracture, poor wound healing, soft bleeding gums (gingivitis)
Hemolytic anemia
____ is caused by destruction and loss of RBC's
Vitamin C
____ is necessary for formation of bone matrix, catilage, dentin, collagen, and connective tissue.
Absorption
____ is regulated by the vitamin D hormone calcitriol and PO4 carrier proteins.
Vitamin E
____ is the generic name for eith fat-soluble compounds differing in biological activity.
70
____% of iron carried in red blood cells in heme form. 5% is complexed in muscle with myoglobin.
70
____% of potassium is reabsorbed in the kidneys.
Vitamin D
_____ is a pro hormone of sterol metabolism.
Vitamin D fortified milk
______ is a major contributor to elimination of rickets in US and other developed countries.
Beta carotene
______ is absorbed and transported intact and can play a role in maintaining body health apart from its vitamin A activity.
Vitamin D3
______ is found mostly in fish liver oils and is the form added to fortified foods.
General
_______ (beriberi): Anorexia, constipation, gastric atony, and low HCl acid secretion.
Kidneys
___are the main excretion route for P and regulate seru, P
Vital coenzyme
the ____ role is to control energy metabolism and tissue building (protein synthesis)
Flatten
Stratified squamous cells ____ toward the surface.
Oxalates and phytates
Substance that bind calcium and inhibit intestinal absorption
Bile, pancreatic lipase, and dietary fat
Substances needed for the absorption of fat soluble vitamins
Cell differentiation
Supports healthy epithelial tissues which is primary barrier against bacterial infection.
Biotin
Synthesized by intestinal bacteria
Menaquinones
Synthesized in the gut by intestinal flora
Menadione
Synthetic water-soluble form that does not require bile salts for absorption.
900
The RDA for vitamin A for men ages 19+ is ____ micrograms.
700
The RDA for vitamin A for women 19+ is ___ micrograms.
770, 1300
The RDA for vitamin A in women increases to ___ micrograms in pregnancy and ___ micrograms in lactation.
Vitamin A
The active forms of _____ are involved with four key areas: Visual perception, cellular differentiation (epithelial tissue, and growth), reproduction and viability of sex organs, immune response.
1500 mg/day
The adequate intake for Na in adults 19-50 years of age
Osteomalacia
The adult form of rickets is called
Vitamin A
The animal sources for ____ is liver, kidney, whole milk, butter, and egg yolk.
Vitamin A
The benefits of _____. Maintains health of specialized tissues such as the retina. Aids in growth and health of skin and mucous membranes. Promotes normal development of teeth, soft, and skeletal tissue.
Leafy green vegetables
The best food sources for vitamin K
Vegetable oils
The best food sources of vitamin E
Calcium
The body cannot absorb the ___ needed to build normal bone.
Retinol
The chemical name for preformed vitamin A is:
Xerophthalmia
The condition resulting from hypovitaminosis A that can cause blindness is known as:
Beriberi
The deficiency disease for thiamin is _____.
Vitamin d
A vitamin that is referred to as a hormone
4700
AI for potassium is ___ mg/day for all adults
Vitamin b6
Absorbed in upper small intestine/stored in muscle and other organs.
Antibiotics and anti-clotting drugs
Acts as an antagonist to the action of vitamin K
120, 90
Adequate intake is ___ micrograms for men ages 19+, and ___ micrograms for women ages 19+
1000 mg/day
Adequate intake of Ca for adults 19-50 years of age
Chromium
Aids in glucose metabolism and action of the hormone insulin
Acidic environment of the stomach and vitamin C
Aids in the absorption of iron
Vitamin C
Aids in wound healing, tissue formation, and fever reduction
Thiamin
Alcoholics have poor diets and alcohol decreases ____ absorption.
Beta carotene
Spinach, carrots, and sweet potatoes are good sources of:
Cholecalciferol
(Vitamin D3) formed by the action of ultraviolet light from the sun on the 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. Found naturally in fish liver oils.
Ergocalciferol
(Vitamin d2) formed by irradiating ergosteril found in ergot
Magnesium
2/3 is found in bone, 1/3 is in muscle and other tissues.
Magnesium
80% of this mineral is lost when the germ and bran is removed from grains.
Deficiency of vitamin A
A cause for night blindness
Xeropthalmia
A condition that causes blindness due to insufficient vitamin A
Night blindness
A deficiency of vitamin A in the body may result in:
DASH
A diet that is rich in fruit and vegetables and low fat dairy shown to lower BP
Scurvy
A disease associated with vitamin C
Milk
A food which is a good source of riboflavin (B2)
Ergot
A fungus growing on rye and other cereal grains.
Liver
A healthy ___ is needed for vitamin K function
Coenzyme role in protein metabolism
A key role for pyridoxine or B6
Muscle mass
A major influence in the body's water content (direct relationship)
Sodium
A mineral that holds and attracts water.
Lower blood pressure
A physiological function for potassium
Albumin
A plasma protein that maintains water balance by virtue of its collodial pressure
Blood clotting
A primary function for vitamin k
Forms collagen
A primary function of vitamin C
Aids in absorption of calcium and phosphorus
A primary function of vitamin D
Antioxidant
A primary function of vitamin e
Sunscreen
A substance that may hinder the production of vitamin d
Folate
A vitamin associated with megaloblastic anemia
Retinal
An aldehyde specific to the retina
Tryptophan
An amino acid that is a precursor for niacin
Chemotherapy
An antagonist to the action of folate
Hemochromatosis
An effect of overuse of iron supplementation
Wound healing
An important function of zinc
80, 90
Approximately ___% and ___% of body phosphorus is found in the skeleton and teeth combined with calcium.
75, 15, 10
Approximately ___% of sodium comes from processed foods, ____% discretionary, ____% from fresh foods.
80
Approximately ___% of the vitamin E from dietary sources, including fortified foods, is alpha-tocopherol
Vitamin D fortified milk
Associated with the eradictation of rickets in the US
<11 ng/ml, <27.5 nmol/ml
Associated with vitamin D deficiency and rickets in infants and young children. SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D [25(OH)D] CONCENTRATIONS AND HEALTH.
B12
B vitamin only found in animal foods
Pantothenic acid
Chemical and physical nature: Easily absorbed in intestine; no deficiency state and no known toxicity; no RDA since it is so plentiful in the diet. Functional role: Acetyl CO-A is body's key activating agent. Food sources: liver, egg yolk, milk, and brocoli.
Riboflavin
Chemical and physical nature: Easily destroyed by light and irridation. Absorption and storage: Absorbed in upper small intestine; absorption inhibited by dietary fiber. Functions as a coenzyme -FMN and FAD>
Niacin
Chemical and physical nature: Precursor role for tryptophan. Function: Two coenzymes form: NAD and NADP; converts proteins and glycerol to glucose to yield energy.
Thiamin
Chemical and physical nature: fairly stable bu destroyed by alkali. Absorption and storage: Acid medium in upper small intestine prior to buffering to alkaline condition via pancreas; tissue levels reflect metabolic demand.
Tocopherol
Chemical name when referring to vitamin E
Nerve impulse and muscle contraction
Clinical roles of ionic calcium in the blood
>-200 ng/ml, >-500 nmol/ml
Considered potentially toxic, leading to hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia although human data are limited. In an animal model, concentration <-400 ng/ml (<-1000 nmol/L) demonstrated no toxicity. SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D [25(OH)D] CONCENTRATIONS AND HEALTH.
Phosphorus
Containing additives in processed foods.
Hemoglobin
Copper and iron are needed for the synthesis of this protein
Megaloblastic anemia
Folate deficiency causes _______.
Phosphorus
Food source sof ____ milk and milk products, lean meats, soft drinks.
Vitamin K
Food sources for ____: green leafy vegetables, liver and certain cheeses.
Iron
Food sources of ___: Found in highest amounts in meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dried peas and beans, and whole grain and fortified breads and cereals.
Vitamin E
Food sources of ____: vegetable oils, especially safflower, olive, and soybean oils. Oily nuts, some vegetables and fruits.
Milk and margarine
Foods that are commonly fortified with vitamin D
Keratin in hair and nails
Function of Sulfur
Folate
Function of ____ is attachment of C to key molecules involved in genetic material - purine and thymine.
Magnesium
Functions of _____ is an enzyme activator for energy production, involved in enzymes for tissue building, aids in normal muscle activity, appears to have a role in bone health.
NHANES
Higher blood glucose (fasting and prandial) levels in those with D insufficiency
Osteoporosis
Higher incidence in postmenopause due to estrogen loss.
ADH
Hormone that causes kidnets to retain water
Ascorbic acid
Humans lack the enzyme to convert vitamin C to ______.
Rhodopsin
In deficiency normal ___ (visual purple) cannot be made and the rods and cones of the retina become increasingly sensitive to changes in light, causing night blindness.
Anemia
Interferes with heme production.
Needed for oxygen transport and brain function
Iron
Oxygen transport
Iron has an important metabolic function in:
Trace elements
Iron, iodine, zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, cobalt, selenium, flouride, molybdenum
Essential trace elements
Iron, zinc, iodine, manganese, copper, molybdenum, chromium, flourine, selenium, cobalt.
Immobility
It may cause withdrawal of calcium from bones
Phylloquinone
Major dietary source found in animal and plant foods
Niacin
Major food sources of _____ are meat and dairy products. Good sources are peanuts , dried beans, and peas.
35
Milk is the best food source of riboflavin providing ____% per cup.
Cobalt
Mineral associated with hemoglobin formation
Potassium
Mineral in the intracellular fluid space that balances against sodium in the ECF
Calcium
Mineral present in greatest amount in the body
Iodine
Mineral required for the synthesis of thyroxine
100
Most vitamin discoveries have been in the past ___ years.
Retinol
Name for pure vitamin A found only in animal products, e.g liver
Ions
Name of minerals that serve as electrolytes (free and carry an electron charge)
1300, 1000, 1200, 2500
New DRIs for calcium for 9-18, 19-50, 50+, and the upper limit in milligrams is?
Cholesterol
Niacin is used to lower serum ____.
20
Storage iron in the liver is about ____%.
Urinary tract
Open to bacterial infection
Energy
Organic substances are no producing energy
Skin, liver, and kidney
Organs involved in the synthesis of vitamin d
1
Phosphorus makes up about ___% of total body weight.
Heart
Plasma potassium (K) levels are critical to what action in the body
Heart disease
Positive correlation between low folate intakes and high plasma levels of homocysteine.
Retinol
Preformed vitamin A
Thirst mechanism
Prevents dehydration (lacking in a number of elderly)
Flouride
Prevents the development of dental caries by bacterial erosion
>-30 ng/ml, >-75 nmol/ml
Proposed by some as desirable for overall health and disease prevention, although a recent government-sponsored expert panel concluded that insufficient data are available to support these higher levels. SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D [25(OH)D] CONCENTRATIONS AND HEALTH.
Vitamin e
Protects polyunsaturates in the body from oxidation
Beta carotene
Provitamin A
Beta carotene
Provitamin A found in plant pigments such as carrots.
16, 14
RDA measured in niacin equivalents (NE) ___ mg NE/day for adolescent and adult men and ____ mg NE/day for adolescent and adult women.
Milligrams
Recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin E
Sodium
Reduction of this mineral can prevent water retention and elevate blood pressure
Osteomalacia
Similar disease as rickets but in adults. Previously deposited bone mineral is mobilized, leading to bone pain and weak, brittle bones
Lack of niacin
Skin disorder (dermatitis) for pellagra
Trace elements
Small amount are needed by the body.
Electrolytes
Solutes in body fluids that influence water balance
Fish, tea, and municipal water supplies (most cities)
Source of flouride
Calcium
The physiologic functions for ___ are blood and bone formation, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction and relaxation, cell membrane permeability, enzyme activation
Vitamin A
The plant sources for _____ are yellow and green vegetables and fruits.
Calcium and phosphorus
The primary function of vitamin D is to regulate absorption and metabolism of:
Beta carotene
The provitamin form of vitamin A found in plant pigments is known as:
Vitamin b6
The three forms of _____ are pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine.
Thiamin (B1)
The vitamin most associated with carbohydrate metabolism
D
The vitamin that is essential to bone growth is vitamin:
Vitamins A and D
The vitamins most associated with toxicity if consumed in excess
Folate
There are three chemistry components of ___. Pteroic acids, PABA, and glutamic acid.
Tooth formation
Tooth buds do not develop
Cell permeability
Transport of glucose across membranes
Epithelial
Type of tissue most affected by vitamin a deficiency
Micrograms
Units of measure when referring to vitamins A, D, and K
2300 mg/day
Upper tolerable limit for sodium in adults
85, 95
Usually ___% and ____% of the plasma P is filtered by the renal glomeruli and reabsorbed in the renal tubules.
Rhodopsin
Vision: retinal + opsin=rhodopsin
Excess damages liver, joint pain, thickening of long bones, loss of hair, jaundice
Vitamin A toxicity causes _____.
Childhood and adolescense
When are the calcium intakes the highest?
Tissue
Vitamin C helps maintain ___ integrity.
Endocrine
Vitamin D ____ systems involves Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and small intestine
D
Vitamin ___ can be converted to intermediate form in the skin.
K
Vitamin ____ can be produced by intestinal bacteria
Keratinzation
Vitamin a prevents the drying of epithelial cells or the development of this process
Pyridoxine
Vitamin associated with hemoglobin formation
Selenium
Vitamin e is spared by the intake of this mineral
Vitamin K
Vitamin synthesized by bacteria in the colon
Tissue saturation
Water soluble vitamins can not be stored except in _____.
Retinyl ester <-> retinal <-> retinol <-> retinoic acid
What are the conversions of the cell?
A, d, e, k
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
Intake absorption excretion, bone blood, calcium phosphorus blood serum
What are the three levels of balance?
Citrus fruits, tomatoes
What are the two best sources of vitamin C?
B complex and C
What are the water soluble vitamins?
Mackerel
What is a fatty fish that is a food source of vitamin D?
30
What is the AI of biotin for all adults?
1.3, 1.1
What is the DRI for RDA for riboflavin for men, and women mg/day.
Pellegra
What is the deficiency disease of niacin?
Ariboflavinosis
What is the deficiency disease of riboflavin?
Scurvy
What is the deficiency state of vitamin C that causes hemorrhaging, bleeding gums.
Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death
What is the four D's of niacin deficiency?
3.0-4.5
What is the normal range for serum phosphorus in adults mg/dl?
85
What is the percentage of the body's vitamin A that is stored in the liver?
Intestinal wall
Where is the beta carotene converted into vitamin A?
