ART 275 Exam 3

Bodhi Tree

"Enlightenment Tree" in Bodhigaya "Place of Enlightenment"; second most important places

Portrait of King Trisong Detsen (r. 755-797) Thangka (scroll) painting, ca. 1700

(Part of a painting in a series representing reincarnations of the Bodhisattvas Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri, and Vajrapani) Patron of the first monastery in Tibet Santarkshita, Buddhist master from India, invited to create the first Buddhist monastery in Tibet, not very successful feet and hands painted on the front of the scroll

Archaeological Park at Anuradhapura

(the remains of the ancient capital); ruins of palaces, monasteries and monuments that draw many buddhist pilgrams

Mahayana school (Greater Vehicle)

-emphasis on the enlightenment of all beings -bodhisattva ideal of spiritual practice -accept a larger canon of Buddha's more advanced teachings -belief in the concept of a Cosmic Buddha as Pure Consciousness Wants to become a Bhodi safta ? ( enlightenment being ) reaches same state of spiritual perfection as an arhant, but takes a vow not to leave the cycle of samsara until all beoings have gained enlightenment much greater appeal to the average person differs because it accepts a much larger body of sutras, including the more advanced teachings of Buddha

Theravada school (Teachings of the Elders) or Hinyana (Lesser Vehicle)

-emphasis on the monastic life -recognize the Buddha only as a historical teacher and model -accept only the teachings of the Pali Canon -arhant (arhat) ideal of spiritual practice -emphasis on individual enlightenment become an arhant

King Songsten Gampo (7thc)

-married two royal Buddhist women -adopted Mahayana Buddhism as state religion -law code based on Buddhist ethics -assumed title of Dharmaraja, King of Truth -initiated the project to devise a script and grammar for Tibetan language Portrait of Songsten Gampo Painted Stucco sculpture, ca. 830's

Coin Showing King Kanishka and the Standing Buddha

1st c CE

Pali Canon

29 BCE during the 4th Buddhist council in Sri Lanka, it was decided to right down the teachings; first written in Pali Language

First Buddhist Council

483 BCE after debate, first official version of his teachings were agreed upon and orally rehearsed at that temple; memorized teaching and passed onto students; recitation of the sutras was part of the daily practice of Buddhist monks and still is today; passed on orally by monks for more than 400 years in 29 BCE during the 4th Buddhist council in Sri Lanka, it was decided to right down the teachings; first written in Pali Language

Parinirvana of the Buddha

Ajanta Caves 6th CE; Gupta Period 22 feet; perfect expression of his gentle passing into nirvana fourth important location / site likely death was brought on by food poisoning; asked to be taken to a grove of shala trees to pass away Death in a shala grove at Kushinara (Kushingar); Ananda, his disciple, prepared his death bed between two flowering shala trees; rained down petals on him; mourned openly his death;

Plan of Angkor Complexes

Angkor Site of the first Royal Kmer City founded by King Indravarman Late 9th Century Developed irrigation system for rice cultivation Established basic characteristic of kmer city planning motes, bridges, monumental gateways leading to series of rising terraces, which temple at the apex eventually added more places in the complex

Stupa (new version) (Mahastupa)

Appropriated by King Ashoka when he appropriated in mid 3rd centrury; he had subdivided Buddha's relics and put them in new reliquaries; each reliquary was encased in a monumental stupa, built of brick; these structures became the focal point for Buddhist worship; monks would circumambulate the stupa; became symbol of the buddha's enlightened mind and wisdom generally sits on a round or square plinth or platform Anda (dome)

Mahastupa at Sanchi

Ashoka built in brick (3rd century BCE) -vedika (fence built of wood) Shunga enlarged and built in stone (2nd century BCE) -dressed stone covered with white plaster -vedika (replaced with stone) Andhra commissioned the toranas (elaborately carved stone gateways) (1st century CE) Plan and Elevation Anda (skt. egg) -dome of heaven -Mt. Meru (world mountain) Harmika -square fence platform on top of the dome -comes from surrounding important trees with fences Yasti -pole rising from the center of the dome -represents the invisible axis of the world, believed to connect heaven and earth Chattras -discs attached to the yasti -means umbrellas -ancient symbol of royalty and authority -3 discs symbolize the 3 jewels refers to the buddha, dharma, and sangha Vedika Torana -4 stone entrance gates, 1 for each direction -carved with symbols and scene drawn mostly from the Buddha's life/past lives -buddha not shown in human form -yakshi goddess entwined in tree-an image of fertility, fruitfulness of nature and prana, the life force

Ananda Temple

Bagan,Burma; commissioned by King Kyanzittha; 11th century Buddhist pilgramage spot; inspired by indigenous Mon and northern India temple architecture a series of massive rising, receding terraces tall shikhara-style tower spire modeled on cone-shaped stupa spires of Sri Lanka small stupas at corners of terraces Lower building massiveness disguised by ornate gateways and moldings lower terraces with scene from Jataka tales in glazed tile plaques; scenes from jataka tales passages form cross shaped plan inside where they cross stand 4 colossal Buddha statues Golden Buddha with Dharmachakra Mudra (teaching)

Lomas Rishi Cave

Barabar Caves, Bihar 3rd century BCE commissioned by Ashoka and grandson Dasratha Ajivka sect (similar to the Jains) "chaityn" arch - decrotive; shape was based on the thatched roofs of ascetic monks huts living quarters in the forests Frieze = architectural term for a band of decoration; lattice work frieze of elephants converging on a stuppa very little decoration/plain on the inside beginning of the rock cut tradition in India

Golden Reliquary of the Buddha

Bimaran in Gandhara Region; Afghanistan 50 CE; set with garnets inscription claims Buddha's relics in container one of the earliest images of the Buddha depicted as a human being flanked by disciples Image inspired by Greco-Roman philosopher and author images; it was produced in Gandhara, which was controlled by Greeks for many years, also on trade route not one of the original reliquaries; but claims that it held a small portions of the relics

Island of Java

Borobudur (most famous of Buddhist monuments), Kedu Plain, Java

sutras

Buddha's individual sermons or discourses; more like dialogues with disciples on various topics; memorized teaching and passed onto students; recitation of the sutras was part of the daily practice of Buddhist monks and still is today; passed on orally by monks for more than 400 years in 29 BCE during the 4th Buddhist council in Sri Lanka, it was decided to right down the teachings; first written in Pali Language

Three Jewels ( Triratna )

Buddha, Dharma, Sangha ( the community of monks you followed and interpreted) When you become a Buddhist, you take refuge in the three jewels

Sri Lanka

Buddhist mission in 3rd century BCE to Singalese king in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka Mahinda- son of Ashoka Sanghamitta- Daughter of Ashoka son and daughter both buddhist monastics are both said to have been the first to bring Buddhism to Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. When they went, they took a cutting of the Bohdi tree and planted it there. form of buddhism that first took hold in southeast asia was the Theravadan School

Jokhang Temple, Lhasa

Built by Songsten Gampo, 7th century first buddhist temple in Tibet, holiest temple in Tibet encouraged by 2 wives to build Oldest surviving exapmle of Tibetan temple architecture houses famous wooden seated Buddha the Jowo Shakyamuni Buddha gift of Wen Ch'eng, Chinese wife of Songsten Gampo covered in gold and precious stones

Mainland

Burma, Laos, Cambodia, thailand, vietnam

Angkor Wat

Cambodia, 12th century, founded by Suryavarman II as temple dedicated to Vishnu and tomb for himself gray black sandstone dedicated to vishnu Layout Design- a cosmic mandala east west orientation concentric colonnaded galleries terrace supporting a temple with five towers (symbolize Mount Meru) a series of corridors lead to the central space and inner terraces temple with 5 towers, tallest (mount meru) in the center Relief sculpture in Upper Terrace Galleries; activities of the king; mainly battles; scenes of triumph; earliest exapmle in Kmer architecture that a historical king and men were sculpted onto temple walls; mark beginning of mythologizing king Apsaras (Heavenly Nymphs) -provide visual transition between base and wall -face outward -dancing -crowns look like the temple -elegant, graceful, sensual Main causeway to Angkor Wat Balustrades in the shape of water serpents (nagas) -invisible fertility symbols great hindu city was soon abandoned after being sacked by enemies

Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, the Fifth Dalai Lama

Central Tibet, 17th century Gilded Bronze figurine Dalai Lama ('Ocean of Wisdom') -Gelupa MOnastic School -supreme spiritual leader -secular head of the Tibetan State Lobsang Gyasto: -accomplished Scholar -skilled politician -Builder of the Potala Palace

Gupta Dynasty (320-500 CE)

Chandragupta I, founder of Gupta dynasty expanded territory to encompass most of India noted for its high artistic and literary culture Buddhism reached its greatest influence

Bodhisattva Cult Figures in Tibet

Chenrezig (Avalokiteshvara) b. of compassion Manjushri b. of wisdom Vajrapani b. of power Maitreya b. of love (and Buddha of the Future) Tara b. Avalokiteshvara in female form

Andhra Dynasty ( 70 BCE - 1st c CE )

Deccan Plateau ( central from coast to coast ) period marked important developments in Buddhist art and architecture

Lion Capital on the Ashokan Stambha

Deer Park at Sarnath, Site of Buddha's First Sermon capital has 3 parts -inverted lotus blossom; ancient symbol of purity and transcendent beauty -wheel lying horizontally; has animals ( Guardians of the Four Directions) influence of Persian and Hellenistic art Wheels ( Buddha's teachings to the whole world ) -four adorned roaring lions; lion equal royalty/Buddha; symbol of the sun; the lions roar which scatter the herds like the suns rays once supported a whale that is now lost Dharmachakra - 'Wheel of the Law'; Dharma means truth or law; Chakra means wheel; symbol of the sun https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2c/Sarnath_Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka.jpg

Eleven-Faced Avalokiteshvara (Chenrezig) Central Asia, 14th century

Eight Arms -two hands in front of chest - wish fulfilling jewel -Right Arms: --upper right - mala (rosary) --middle right - Dharmachakra --Lower right - varada mudra - wish granting -Left Arms --upper left - lotus --middle left - bow and arrows --lower left - golden vase of inexhaustible treasure Eleven Faces -three levels of three faces -Vajrapani (black face) -Amitabha Buddha (tiny red face at top) --Buddha of Infinite Radiance --ruler of Sukhavati, hte Western Paradise of Pure Land

Shrine Room, Ladakh Monastery, Western TIbet

Eleven-faced Chenrezig (Avalokiteshvara) painting important in Tibet

Two Schools of Buddhist Sculpture in Northern India

Gandharan School (near Peshawar in Pakistan) Mathuran School (near Delhi in India)

Mara

God of Desire; symbolizes mental distractions;

Lakshana

Iconography of the Buddha based on attributes described in ancient texts 32 attributes

Angkor Thom (Great Walled City)

Jayavarman VII, founder late 12th and early 13th centuries layed out into square, quartered 50,000 inhabitants covered 4 square miles 26 foot wall 328 foot wide moat Bayon 'ancestor yantra Temple with Buddhist Monks Mount Meru, the mystical world moutain temple as cosmic mandala Mahayana tradition more complex than Angkor Wat Center of the Royal Ancestor Cult (devaraja) -Buddha and Lokeshvara - Divine prototypes of the King Four faced gate entrances (50 towers) Nagas (serpent deities) each gateway represents the mountain with 4 large faces on each side

Kalachakra Mandala created in Santa Monica 1989

Kalachakra = wheel of time (meditation deity) -based on the Kalachakra Tantra (introduced in Tibet in 11thc by Atisha) -Mandala diagram - the sacred abode of the meditiation deity ----Kalachakra initiation given by the Dalai Lama -Kalachakra deity symbolized the peaceful ability to handle all situations at any time with complete calm and wisdom

Seated Buddha Gandhara School

Kushan Period, carved in grey shist, 2-3rd century CE Roman Features -broad face -wavy roman hairstyle -stocky body -toga-like robe -body engulfed in the robe Royal Attributes -long ears - royal heritage -long legs and arms, big nahds, broad shoulders -----his lion-like features -Golden-colored skin- like the sun and the lion -lion-supported throne Spiritual Attributes -Sanghati - monk's robe, always shown wearing it -Ushnisha- wisdom and enlightenment; top knot in hair -Urna- spiritual insight, small circle on forehead covering 3rd eye -Sun disk halo - bringer of the Dharma; light and understanding Mudra -Dhyana mudra (meditation) -symbolic hand gesture -palms of hands facing upward -right hand on top of left

Column erected by Ashoka

Lauriya Nandangarh, Nepal 242 BCE (best preserved) Stambha ( monolithic column or pillar) -capital with buddhist emblem -shaft inscribed with legal code -elevated on base, had lotus on top -lower part had buddhist code most memorable and prolific projects were monolithic stone columns or pillars called Stambhas most famous Stambha erected at the Deer park at Sarnat collumn once was 59 feet high on stone base most important part is the lion capital that once sat on top

Potala Palace

Lhasa 'abode of the gods' center of Tibetan buddhist life and capital city of Tibet until the 50's Songsten Gampo - built citadel 7th century on the Red Hill (destroyed by fire) Fifth Dalai Lama - built Potala Palace in mid-17th century Mount Potala Avalokiteshvara (Chenrezig) nearly 1000 rooms White palace was for the Dalai Llama and administrative purposes Red Palace sacred core that houses nearly 10,000 shrines, stuppas, personal monastery of the Dalai Llama wood, stone, earth, Basic Construction Based on Tibetan Farmhousue battered (tapered) whitewashed walls narrow windows roof with flying eaves adorned with symbols interior -series of enclosed courtyards -interior wood construction -interior column supports -skylight openings

Bamiyan Valley in Afghanistan (Hindu Kush mountains)

Located on the trade route developed 5th-9th century Buddhist kingdom of Bamiyan (monastic and spiritual center; trade center) two colossal Standing Buddhas most painting on cave walls

Borobudur, Java

Mahayana Buddhist Monument; Stupa Mountain/Cosmic Mandala with Mount Meru Volcanic Andesite stone Square plan (sides 360' height 115' Buddhas of the Four Directions Thirty-three Buddhist deities Vairochana, 'the illuminator' (cosmic Buddha) Construction began c 775 CE by a Hindu ruler Construction completed between 790 and 835 CE by Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty Pilgrims circumambulate the base and nine levels clockwise; Purpose: a visualized path to Enlightenment The Path to Enlightenment -World of Desire -World of Form -World of Formlessness Relief carving with scenes of Earthly Life on the first level (world of desire (karma the operative principle)) Legend of the Buddha Siddhartha Bathing and Hiru landing on Hiruka (world of form) Round Terraces - world of formlessness a state of transcendence or pure consciousness beyond the world of cause and effect 72 hollow stupas with seated buddhas inside summit symbolizes virruchana (buddha form?) had been buried by ash from a volcano and then covered in vegetation

Maritime region

Malaysia, Indonesia, Phillipines, singapore

Three seated images of the Buddha

Master of Meditation - Master of Enlightenment - Master Teacher -

Seated Buddha with Attendants

Mathura School, Kushan Period, carved from red sandstone, 2nd C Stela - upright stone marker not influenced by Roman art figure style evolved from the yakshas (male fertility deities) shown in front of a bohdi tree and flanked by two attendants Figure Characteristics: -hourglass-like figure -broad shoulders -narrow waist -Prana-filled fleshy abdomen Sanghati Characteristics -see-through robe; diaponess -wet, clinging, tight to the body -stylized with abstract linear folds Facial Features: -oval facial shape -sharp features -hair pulled tight to head -snail-like ushnisha -sun-disk halo Mudras: -abhaya mudra ----right hand raised ----conveys the idea of blessings and reassurance -bhumisparsha mudra ----left hand on the knee ----expresses enlightenment ----touching the earth as witness to his unshakable concentration Dharmachakra wheel -on feet and palm of hand

Atisha

Painting on cotton (Thangka) central Tibet, 12th century -restorer of Buddhism in Tibet in 11th century -reformed monastic spiritual practice and discipline -purified Tibetan Buddhism ----Grounded Tantric teaching in the Sutras ----Established tradition of disciple following one teacher

Kumbun Chorten

Palkhor Choide Monastery, Gyantse, Tibet Built by Gyantse prince 15th century Chorten = stupa one of the most famous stupa's in Tibet Three-dimensional mandala -75 chapels -interior central space/wall paintings -contains holy relics, sacred texts, ritual objects Chorten design: -stepped square tiers -enclosed dome -tapering spire with 13 bumis, a lotus form and finial composed of sun supported by crescent moon and flaming jewel

Shri Mahabodhi at Anuradhapura

Planted in 288 BCE by Mahinda and Sanghamitta; said to be the oldest tree planted by humans; on a large platform, protected by fences from elephants

Shunga Dynasty ( 185 BCE - 72 CE )

Pushyamitra Shunga - founder of the dynasty last morian emperor assasinated by Shunga, the chief of his guard Shunga established a new, non-buddhist dynasty of rulers with great territorial ambitions large portion of northern and southern India in the beginning

Scenes from the Life of the Buddha

Relief sculpture from Stupa at Amaravati, India c. 200 CE http://archives.dailynews.lk/2005/12/07/z_p12-bud2.jpg Scenes: 1 - Queen Maya's Dream - white elephant/soul of Siddhartha 2 - Prephecy of the Sage Asita to King Suddhodana - Sclusion of Siddhartha in royal estate at Kapilavastu 3 - Birth of the Buddha - Lumbini Grove (shala trees) - birth from her side; shortly before her due date, she was on her way to Lumbini and went into labor in a grove of shala trees; virgin birth; grove of Shala trees became first important Buddhist pilgrimage site 4 - Queen Maya presenting the Buddha child to the Yaksha of the Shakya clan;

Cambodia

Ruled for many centuries by the Kmer Kingdom; Founded by Jayavarman II 802 CE Early kings were Hindu, also supported Buddhism Devaraja - cult of the ancestral god-king

Teaching Buddha

Sarnath School, Gupta Period prominent high back throne Dharmachakra mudra (teaching or preaching) -hands in the symbol elegant features, very smooth body body has slender build broad shoulders not fleshy no folds in the robe, form fitting face is delicate oval, large, downcast eyes, long ears no urna between the eyes deer referring to the deer park where Buddha gave his first sermon

Tibetan monks chanting in front of a thangka

Sherab Ling Monastery, India 1997

Candle Light Vigil at the Bodhi Tree " Festival of Lights "

Siddhartha's enlightenment: -influence of Sujata (bowl of rice milk), he abandons extreme practices -49 days of meditation under pipal tree (ficus religiosa) -temptations by Mara- god of desire who - called on earth as witness -realization of past lives, karma and samsara, and conquered the mental poisons

Walking Buddha

Sukhothai Style; bronze; northern thailand; 14th century Sukhothai capital of thailand shown with heel lifted and eyes lowered; one of the 4 postures of meditation from Theravadan Buddhism Sukhothai artists first to create them in the round; curve of the body; smooth, long limbs, oval face, smooth robe; flamelike ushnisha

The Site of the Buddha's First Sermon in the Deer Park at Sarnath

The event of the first sermon is known as The First Turning of the Wheel of Dharma; site where ascetics hung out; remains of buddhist stuppa; first sermon about his enlightenment experience to 5 former ascetic companions; Third great Buddhist religious site

Ajanta Caves

Two Phases: 1st century BCE - 1st century CE Theravadan period, very plain design 5th century CE Gupta Period, Mahayana influence, gloriously painted, Arial View of the Ajanta Gorge, Walkways giving access to the caves, Vihara and Chaitya Facades at Ajanta, View of the Cave Structures under the Ridge 30 man made cave structures cut into a U shaped river gorge; cut in 2 phases; carved 2 types of structures - Vihara and Chaitya with stupa; Vihara were the most numerous

3 Basic Types of Buddhist structures

Vihara, Chaitya, Stupa

Bodhisattva Padmapani

Wall painting Cave 1 at Ajanta, Late 5th c Gupta Period some of the finest Gupta style painting at Ajanta large vihara has a buddhist shrine pair of Bhodisattvas wall flanking entrance to shrine Padmapani best preserved "Lotus Bearer" Bodhisattva - Enlightenment Being Avalokiteshvara - Bodhisattva of Infinite Compassion - 108 avatars holds lotus blossom, usually distinguished by princely outfits, tiara, necklace, seed pearls graceful body, broad shoulders

Ashoka the Great of the Maurya Dynasty

a great early great promoters of Theravada great warrior, 273-232 bce; expanded empire in northern and central India through a series of campaigns; in 261 bce after a bloody battle; he was reviewing field with carnage, and saw a single monk winding his way through the dead and dying men; was suddenly struck by the horror of suffering he caused; gave support to Buddhism as the official state religion of his realm; basing law code on Buddhism and carved it into large pillars; even sent monks to other parts of Asia, convened third Buddhist council;

Buddha ( Siddhartha Gautama ) (The Awakened One)

born in the foothills of the himalayas / Lumbini in southern Nepal around 563 BCE; like the founder of Jainism, he was a high born prince; Prince of the Shakya Clan; Siddartha's father was told that he would either be a great world ruler, or a spiritual leader; alarmed the king decided to confine his son to royal luxury on the estate; restless, he was curious about what was beyond the palace; asked his father if he could leave; 3 occasions 1 - feeble old man 2 - sick baker 3 - dead man in a funeral procession on last trip, met an ascetic, holy man; had an overwhelming sense of peace; at the age of 29 decided to give up his family, birthright, clothes, and began to roam the world to try and find an answer to the suffering; thousands of men and women went with him on a spiritual quest; dangerously close to death after years of meditation; met girl named Sujata; convinced him to eat a bowl of rice and milk; realized he wasn't getting any closer to finding out how to end suffering; decided to embrace a gentler, more moderate path called the middle way. Meditated under a fig tree until he found answers he was looking for; meditated for 49 days; assaulted continuously by the god of Desire (Mara); Repelled attempts at distraction and at one point put is hand upon the earth to bear witness to his steadfastness in his concentration; one night he saw with increasingly refined vision his past lives birth, death of beings according to their karma, and suffering in our lives is born basically from a lack of understanding the true nature of our existence; peace through wisdom; then his mind completely opened up to unconditional freedom that is beyond birth and death, duality, and conceptual thought; brought liberation from attachments to the material world; in that moment, he became Buddha Capable of living in a transcendent way and he enjoyed omniscient wisdom; full understanding of reality; Tree under which this took place ( Bodhi Tree )

Prayer wheels

chenrezing/Avalokiteshvara's Mantra "Om Mani Padme Hum' 'the jewels in the Lotus' turning the wheel sends a prayer

Reliquary

container for the remains of a holy person; Buddha's ashes were put into Reliquaries before being buried in stupa's

Kushan Dynasty (30-320 CE)

controlled: -Gandhara region (Afghanistan and Pakistan) -Ganges River Valley -Deccan Plateau-central India Kanishka (78-123 CE) -most illustrious king -renowned warrior New Developments during his reign: -new trade routes through Kushan territory ----the cause: the Parthians in Persia -Formalization of Mahayana Buddhism 4th Buddhist council -Cashmere 78 CE -500 monks -translate certain Buddhist texts into sanskrit -writing commentaries on text encounter 1st depictions of Buddha in human form during the Kushan period

Mandala

cosmic diagram of the Buddhist universe -macrocosm -microcosm in two farms: -two-dimensional paintings -three-dimensional sculpture and architecture (stupa) tool of Tantric or Vajrayana practice sand (particle) mandala -blueprint -ground limestone (dyed) -chakpu - serrated funnel

Tibetan Buddhism

embraces all three Buddhist vehicles/paths of Buddhism Theravada - emphasized Buddha's teaching on ethics and meditation Mahayana - gradual pursuit of enlightenment through the development of compassion (karuna) and wisdom (prajna) Vajrayana - (Tantric) - uses visualization on meditation deities mantra recitation, and rituals to attain enlightenment in this life based on Tantras tantras - advanced teaching of the Buddha passed down through great adepts (84 Mahasiddhas)

View of Bagan

etching by Sir Henry Yule 1904 for his book on Marco Polo

Thangkas

flat scroll paintings -images painted or embroidered -on cotton or linen cloth -framed by Chinese silk brocade -rod affixed to top and bottom subjects of thangkas: -buddhas, Bodhisattvas, teachers, adepts, and mandalas monks would carry them on their travels could be the size of a football field

Samye Gompa

founded c. 755; first monastery of Tibet Patron: Trisong Detson Builder: Padmasambhava Mandala Design of Buddhist Universe Mount Meru (the temple in the center) buildings would continuously collapse when being built

Yakshi Holding a Fly Whisk

from Didarganj, near Pataliputra, Maurya Period, c. 250 BCE statue of woman; yakshi are fertility figures; face and voluptuous body of figure; soft and youthful lustrous sheen; radiates Prana; yakshi easily absorbed into Buddhism

The Middle Way

gentle, more moderate path or way of meditating

Bon ( 'to invoke the gods' )

indigenous religion in Tibet -an animistic, shamanic nature religion with colorful gods, demons and nature spirits -shaman acts as intermediary Ancient Pre-Buddhist Petroglyphs in Northern Tibet deeply influence the Buddhist culture in Tibet

Reform Movement

launched in Burma enthusiastic supported by ruling dynasty built and endowed religious institutions and monuments more than 2000 monuments over 40 square miles Monuments of Bagan (Pagan) and environs Bagan Kingdom under King Anuruddha in 11th century, a "golden age" for art and architecture

Seated Buddha in Dhyana and Bhumisparsha Mudra

marble; Burma, 17th century 'Golden Age' of Buddhist art in Burma 11th/12th coincided with reform of Theravadan Buddhism Common type of Buddha image conveys his enlightenment experience

Vihara

monasteries; columned porch entry; central square common room used by the monks for eating, studying, reciting, communal activities; series of small, windowless cells off of the portico surrounding the central space; Vihara's of 5th century included a small shrine room across from the entrance with painted and sculpted images of the Buddha

Gal Vihara

monastic settlement / suburb of new capital city, Polonnaruwa; King Parakrama Bahul; Late 12th century 4 colossal statues 1 of the statues is believed to be of Buddha's closest disciple Ananda next to Parinirvana Buddha (laying down close to death Buddha) both sculptures are Sri Lankan style -lean, not fleshy -round, flat face -flame like ushnisha -indian style drapery -large hands and feet

stupa

mound of dirt for burial

Mathuran School of sculpture

near Delhi in India

Gandharan School of sculpture

near Peshawar in Pakistan

Sarnath School

new school of sculpture in Northern India during the Gupta period

Ruwanselisaya Stupa (Dagoba)

on terrace supported by elephants; built by King Dutugemunu; Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; 2nd century BCE dkota- tapering cone that replaced the yasti; increases monumentality of the stupa with 3 bronze spheres which represent the 3 jewels celebrated defeat of other king; huge hemispherical dome, resting on square terrace, 300feet tall; related sri lankan stupas to early indian stupas; departed from form by reworking the form with a box at the top and dkota;

Tibet

one of the last asian lands to come into contact with Buddhism; thoroughly assimilated into the culture

Padmasambhava

painting on cotton (thangka) Central Tibet, 14th century Padma Sambhava ('lotus born') Guru Rinpoche ('blessed teacher'), 8th c -first Buddhist saint of Tibet -Built Samye monastery -founder of Nyingma Order at Samye -introduced Vajrayana (Diamond Path) -Tantric Path Iconography of an Mahasiddha (Great Adept) -Vajra scepter - incorruptible truth -skull bowl - wisdom -vase - elixir of inexhaustible treasure (blessings) -Khatvanga - staff of the adept

Kanishka

patron of Mahayana Buddhism

Jataka stories ( jatakas )

stories of the previous live of the Buddha and his miraculous birth; culminating in his birth in the historical age

Stupa

structure symbolizing the Buddha's enlightened mind

Dharma

the entire teachings of the Buddha; Four Noble Truths 1 - suffering is a condition of our material existence and that nothing in the material world is permanent or lasting 2 - the cause of our suffering is our attachment to our materials or persons who are not permanent 3 - if we can awaken to the real conditions of existence, we can achieve the enlightened, liberated state of mind that is experienced by the Buddha and find truth 4 - the Eight Fold Path - means of achieving this; disciplining the mind; living ethically; disciplining the mind; the strategy is to clean up your act; concentrate your mind; and investigate reality

Sangha

the monastic community; built Dharmac Stuppa

Chaitya (sacred)

worship halls; long, rectangular structure, rounded at the end; divided by a row of columns; wide central aisle; outer aisle; focal point is the stupa at the far end of the entrance (associated with the buddha) Chaitya Hall in Karli, India ( 1st century CE ) is largest and best preserved; ceiling carved to make a barrel vault; multiple storied arch opening; facade once covered with painted relief sculpture