Chapter 11 Psyc

Projection

"Projects" your id impulse onto others, so it appears that they have it rather than you

Freud's five psychosexual stages IN ORDER

1. oral 2. anal 3. phallic 4. latency 5. genital

1. Approximately ______% of U.S. residents speak a language other than English at home.

20%

Who is BEST exemplifying proactive coping?

Aliyah, who is reading her employee manual before she starts her high-powered new job

Iris is 78 years old and she is becoming increasingly unable to care for herself. She forgets her grandchildren's names and constantly forgets words that she wants to say. Iris will MOST likely be diagnosed with:

Alzheimer's disease

when children can no longer use __________ to absorb new experience into their current knowledge structure, they will engage in ___________ by altering an existing belief to make it more compatible with the new experience.

Assimilation, accommodation

The NEO-Personality Inventory-3 is an objective personality test that measures the

Big Five personality factors

Denial

Blocks external events from consciousness because they are too threatening

Heather is a person whose gender and sex match, and she is best described as _______.

Cisgender

According to Carl Jung, the ______________ is common, inherited memories that are present in the minds of people of every culture.

Collective unconscious

Freud believed that the ego uses ________________ to manage conflict between the id and superego.

Defense mechanisms

Karen Horney, a neo-Freudian theorist, held the notion that females and males develop [similarly/differently].

Differently

A common criticism of Piaget's theory is that stages [do/do not] accurately describe cognitive development.

Do not

The body and brain peak in ________________.

Early adulthood

Parents of [Eastern/Western] descent report much higher rates EMPTY NEST syndrome than those of [Eastern/Western] descent.

Eastern , Western

According to Erikson, the crisis faced in older adulthood is ____________.

Ego integrity vs. despair

Adjustment Disorder

Excessively disruptive stress reaction to an identifiable stressor

1. Newborn babies prefer looking at _____ over looking at other types of images.

Faces

1. In the first months of life, babies increase their ability to perceive ______ expressions of people around them.

Facial

[Males/Females] are underrepresented in STEM fields

Females

Luis has started dating a new girl named Sophia. He accidentally called her "Sylvia," which is his ex-girlfriend's name and someone he had a hard time getting over. Psychologists call this a(n):

Freudian slip

Researchers call the interaction between parenting styles and temperament ___________.

Goodness-of-fit

Type A

High levels of competitiveness, drive, impatience, and hostility

Type D

High levels of negative emotions and resistance to share those emotion with others

Identical twins had a [higher/lower] likelihood to match in terms of same-sex attraction than nonidentical twins.

Higher

Erikson identified the challenge for adolescence as _______________, which has the central question of "Can I determine who I am?"

Identity vs. role confusion

According to Carl Rogers, ___________, a mismatch between your ideal self and real self, leads to unhappiness and mental illness.

Incongruence

Amber comes from a culture that emphasizes what's best for the individual. Amber's culture is __________;

Individualistic

Reflexes

Infants are born with a large set of automatic motor behavior

Young children develop an ______________ from comparison of themselves to stronger, more capable adults in their lives and that profoundly influences their development.

Inferiority complex

Andrzej moves from Poland to the United States. He retains his Polish culture and also adopts U.S. culture. The acculturation strategy that best describes this behavior is ___________.

Integration

Keeping the old culture while embracing the new culture is the acculturation strategy of ___________.

Integration

Trina believes her own actions determine what happens in her life.

Internal Locus of control

Adolescent GIRLS show an increase in ____________ disorders, in which they direct their distress toward themselves

Internalizing

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Lasting at least a month and characterized by feeling continuously on edge, avoiding reminders of the traumatic event, having difficulty sleeping and concentrating, and frequently recalling or reliving the event

Birth order studies suggest that [firstborns/laterborns] tend to take more risks than [firstborns/laterborns].

Laterborns; firstborns

Type C

Low level of emotional expression, high level of agreeableness, and tendency to feel helpless

1. People interpret negative feelings in facial expressions as due to the situation (e.g., "having a bad day') for [males/females] and due to disposition/traits (e.g., "being emotional") for [males/females].

Males; females

[men/women] tend to speak to assert dominance.

Men

[Men's/Women's] reason for sex is physical gratification

Men's

[Men/Women] experience more traumatic stressors than [men/women].

Men; women

When people from individualistic cultures get stressed out, they feel it [physically/mentally], while when people for collectivistic cultures get stressed out, they feel it [physically/mentally]

Mentally; physically

Another criticism is that Piaget inaccurately [minimized/emphasized] the role of environment.

Minimized

Preconventional morality

Moral decision-making driven by potential rewards and punishments of the decision

Postconventional morality

Moral decision-making strategies driven by fundamental rights and ethical principles

Conventional morality

Moral decision-making strategy driven by the desire to follow society's norms and laws

1. Children around the world follow the same sequence of sequence and timing of motor development, which suggests that motor development is determined more by biology or _______ than environment or ________.

Nature , Nurture

Type B

Noncompetitive, easygoing, relaxed, and rarely angry

O.C.E.A.N. (BIG FIVE TRAITS)

O - Openness to experience C - conscientiousness E - extraversion A - agreeableness N - neuroticism

The conflict during Freud's phallic stage in which children supposedly love their opposite-sex parents romantically and want to eliminate their same-sex parents as rivals is termed the ______________ for boys and the _____________ for girls.

Oedipal complex (GIRLS); Electra complex (BOYS)

[Older/Younger] adults have lower overall stress than [older/younger] adults

Older; younger

Reaction formation

Overreacts against the id impulse by doing the exact opposite, as if overcompensating

Maslow studied self-actualized people and found that they were prone to _____________, transcendent moments of intense excitement.

Peak experience

Integration

Person adopts both the new culture and the old culture

Assimilation

Person adopts the new culture and rejects the old culture

Marginalization

Person rejects both the new culture and the old culture

Separation

Person retains the old culture and rejects the new culture

The Rorschach inkblot techniques and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are

Projective personality tests

[Objective/Projective] personality tests lack the reliability and validity of [objective/projective] personality tests.

Projective; objective

1. Young children are much better at picking up new languages than adults because their ________ of neurons and synapses isn't complete yet, so they still have the "wires" to enable the new connections in their brains.

Pruning

Two factors that underlie the categories of temperament are

Reactivity, self-regulation

Sublimation

Redirects the id impulse in a way that actually benefits others

Displacement

Redirects the id impulse toward a safer target in order to minimize the consequences to you

The majority of United States infants (65 percent) have a _____________ attachment according to Ainsworth's Strange Situation research.

Secure

1. The sense of _______ is well-functioning in the newborn as the ability to distinguish odors is present.

Smell

In terms of hearing, babies develop a strong preference for _______ sounds

Speech

Vanessa is about to give a speech to a large group of people. The unpleasant feeling Vanessa has about giving the speech is

Stress

According to Alfred Adler, the principal motive in human personality is not sex or aggression, but to ________________ over our perceived weaknesses.

Strive for superiority

Acute Stress Disorder

Takes place in days and weeks after a trauma in which the person feels dazed and anxious and experiences flashbacks

Formal operational

Think logically about abstract things.

Concrete operational

Think logically about concrete, but not abstract, things.

1. In the first three years of life, a child's brain _________ in weight.

Triples

Isaiah is noncompetitive, easygoing, relaxed, and rarely angry. His personality type is described best as _____________ personality.

Type B

Contemporary researchers obtained data from an innovative violation of expectation method that showed that Piaget sometimes [underestimated/overestimated] children's abilities.

Underestimated

Preoperational

Use language and other symbols but have limited mental operations.

Sensorimotor

Use sensory experience (touch, taste, sight, etc.) to understand the world.

[Men/Women] navigate from place to place by using landmarks and relative directions.

Women

[Men/Women] tend to identify more as bisexual in sexual orientation and with fluid sexuality.

Women

[Men/Women] tend to speak to maintain relationships

Women

[Men/Women] experience more PTSD more often than [men/women].

Women; men

[Men/Women] generally demonstrate more emotion through facial expression than [men/women].

Women; men

[Men/Women] tend to appraise stressors as more severe than [men/women] do

Women; men

[Men/Women] tend to experience stressors that happen to other people as more stressful than [men/women] do

Women; men

Schema

a concept or mental representation that guides the way a person makes sense of new information.

Which situation is a hassle?

a disagreement with a significant other

Alzheimer's disease

a particular kind of dementia in which cognitive functions like memory, language, and reason worsen irreversibly.

Fetal alcohol syndrome

a pattern of physical and behavioral abnormalities common in people whose mothers drank alcohol excessively during pregnancy.

Cross-sectional design

a research design in which people of different ages are compared to each other at the same point in time.

Longitudinal design

a research design in which the same group of people is compared to itself at different points in time.

Developmental Milestones

a set of functional skills or age-specific tasks that most children can do at a certain age range.

Vanessa is about to give a speech to a large group of people. the speech itself is

a stressor

Reactivity

a tendency to react with negative emotions

Dementia

a term used to cover any brain disorder in which the main symptom is a steep decline in overall mental functioning.

Id

according to Freud, is the reservoir of our most primitive impulses (like sex and aggression),

Dr. Jasper studies the mental well-being of immigrants. Dr. Jasper's recent work focuses on the psychological or physical reactions recent immigrants have to moving to a new culture and adjusting to it. Dr. Jasper is MOST likely studying:

acculturative stress

Behaviorists believe that only ______ can be observed and measured, so that is what should define personality.

actions

Teratogen

any substance that harms the embryo or fetus.

Conditions of worth

are requirements that you must meet to earn a person's positive regard.

Archetypes

are specific symbols or patterns within the collective unconscious that appear consistently across cultures and time periods.

Traits

are stable elements of personality that influence thoughts, feelings, and behavior across most situations.

Hassles

are the common, minor annoyances or aggravations of day-to-day life.

Neo-Freudian theories

are theories that revisited, but did not entirely reject, the basics of Freud's original psychodynamic theory.

Stephen is at the dentist, and he notices that he begins to grip the armrests on the seat so hard that his knuckles are turning white. What is the stressor?

being at the dentist

Stability versus change

big question of developmental psychology of how much do we change and how much do we stay the same

Stage development versus continuous development

big question of developmental psychology of whether we change suddenly or gradually

Nature versus nurture

big question of developmental psychology to what extent there is an inborn blueprint or an influence of the world around us

Kyong comes from a culture that emphasizes what's best for the group. Kyong's culture is ___________.

collectivist

Personal fable

common way of thinking among adolescents in which they believe themselves to be special or invulnerable

Carl Rodgers defines mental wellness as _____________, which is a match between your real self and your ideal self.

congruence

self-regulation

control over one's moods and behavior.

Problem-focused coping

coping is a style of coping with stress that emphasizes changing the stressor itself

Nelson is in his first few months of life, and this is a _________ period for attachment to his caregivers.

critical

Empty nest syndrome

describes parent in middle adulthood becoming depressed or otherwise struggling emotionally to adjust to a home without kids

Intimacy vs. isolation

emphasized that one of the primary tasks of young adulthood is to form a loving, lasting connection with another person.

Many people live miserable lives because of their parents.

external

One can climb the professional ladder just by being around at the right time.

external

Troy believes that outside forces, rather than his own actions, determine what happens in his life.

external Locus of control

Adolescent BOYS show an increase in ____________ disorder, in which they direct their distress toward others.

externalizing

People whose personalities feature high levels of [neuroticism/extraversion] tend to experience less stress.

extraversion

When a child can think logically about abstract ideas, then that child has reached

formal operational stage

Psychologists who have an optimistic view of human nature and believe that people are driven by the desire to reach their full potential are _____________ psychologists.

humanistic

Psychophysiological

illnesses are any illness that stress can cause, worsen, or maintain.

Stefanie does not want to go to the neighborhood pool with her family until she finishes fixing her hair. Stefanie's father becomes frustrated with her because he points out her hair is only going to get wet at the pool. Stefanie's mother explains this is typical adolescent thinking, called __________.

imaginary audience

Pleasure

immediate gratification, ID operates on this principle

People from [individualistic/collectivistic] cultures are more likely to feel stress about personal achievements, while people from [individualistic/collectivistic] cultures are more likely to feel stress about family harmony

individualistic; collectivistic

If I study hard enough, I can pass any exam.

internal

If you set realistic goals, you can succeed no matter what.

internal

Dr. Sutton studies how being African American, female, and Muslim leads to higher levels of discrimination than does being African American, male, and Christian. Dr. Sutton's research MOST likely focuses on:

intersectionality

Attachment

is a close emotional bond between two people, particularly a young child and a caregiver.

Wisdom

is a cognitive ability in which older adults exceed younger adults.

Imaginary audience

is a common way of thinking among adolescents in which they believe their lives are continuously being watched and evaluated by other people.

Proactive coping

is a coping style that focuses on future goals and the stressors that could impede them.

Culture

is a group of similar people who share beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior.

Intimacy

is a long-term emotional closeness with a romantic partner.

Critical period

is a period of time during which a particular developmental task is especially likely to be influenced by outside events.

Transgender

is a person whose gender and sex do not match.

Personality

is a person's distinctive and stable way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Sexual orientation

is a person's pattern of romantic attraction to a particular group (or groups) of other people.

Identity

is a person's stable sense of who he or she is.

emotion-focused coping

is a style of coping with stress that emphasizes changing your emotional reaction to the stressor.

Acupuncture

is a technique involving the insertion of needles into the skin at specific points to alleviate stress or pain.

General adaptation syndrome

is a widely accepted understanding of the way the body responds to ongoing stress, consisting of the sequence of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

is a widely used objective personality test to assess mental disorders and consists of ten clinical scales.

Meditation

is activity designed to increase focused attention with the ultimate purpose of improving your mental state.

Behavioral assessment

is an approach to assessment that assumes client behaviors are themselves the problems, rather than signs of deeper problems.

Optimism

is an attitude toward the future characterized by hope or expectation of a positive outcome.

Fight-or-flight response

is an automatic emotional and physical reaction to a perceived threat that prepares one to either attack it or run away from it.

Coping

is an effort to reduce or manage an experience of stress.

Stress

is an unpleasant physical or psychological reaction to circumstances perceived as challenging.

Stressor

is any event or change in one's life that causes stress.

Hardiness

is behaviors that reflect resilience under stressful circumstances.

Privilege

is comprised of unearned advantages that are conferred on individuals based on membership in a dominant group or assumed membership.

secondary appraisal

is determining how capable you are to cope with the stressful event.

Primary appraisal

is determining how stressful an event is.

Self-actualization

is fully becoming the person an individual has the potential to become.

Homeopathic medicine

is health care based on the idea that the human body can heal itself with low-dose medications made from natural sources.

Complementary medicine

is health care that complements, or is used along with, conventional medicine.

Alternative medicine

is health care that is used instead of conventional medicine.

Acculturation

is managing a life that involves the coexistence of more than one culture.

Unconscious

is mental activity of which the person is unaware.

Superego

is our sense of morality.

Aerobic exercise

is physical exercise that maintains an increased heart rate for a prolonged time.

Life review

is psychotherapeutic technique asking older adults to recall the major events of their lives, and to reevaluate whether their decisions benefited themselves or others or led to an important life lesson.

Dynamic sizing

is the ability to simultaneously know the norm for a group and recognize the norm may not apply to every member of the group.

Temperament

is the basic emotional responsiveness that characterizes a person throughout his or her life span.

Psychic determinism

is the belief that all thoughts and behaviors, even those that seem accidental, arbitrary, or mistaken, are determined by psychological forces.

Immune system

is the body's innate method of defending against bacteria, viruses, infections, injuries, and anything else that could cause illness or death.

Adolescence

is the developmental period that encompasses the transition from childhood to adulthood.

Emerging adulthood

is the developmental stage during which the person gradually moves from adolescence to adulthood.

Acculturative stress

is the physical or psychological stress that comes from acculturation.

ego

is the psyche's executive and principal decision maker.

Oppression

is the result of the use of institutional privilege and power, wherein one person or group benefits at the expense of another.

Behavioral genetics

is the study of the impact of genes (nature) and environment (nurture) on personality and behavior.

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

is the study of the relationship between psychological factors, including stress, and the immune system.

Albert Bandura's Reciprocal determinism

is the theory that three factors—behavior, environment, and cognitions—continually influence each other.

Appraisal

is the way you evaluate the things that happen to you.

Biofeedback

is use of a monitor that provides information about physiological functions with the intention of influencing those functions in a healthy direction.

Posttraumatic growth

is when people experience trauma and then find a way to benefit, improve, or enrich themselves from that point onward.

Cultural intelligence

is your ability to live and interact effectively in a multicultural society.

Self-efficacy

is your beliefs about your own capabilities.

sex

is your biological maleness or femaleness.

Gender

is your psychological and behavioral experience of maleness or femaleness

Self-concept

is your view of who you are.

Dynamic sizing refer to the ability to simultaneously ______ the norm for the group while _________.

know; recognizing that the norm might not apply to every member of the group

Henrietta loves to visit with her grandchildren, especially when they want Henrietta to reminisce and tell stories from her past. This looking-back process is called:

life review

Your belief about how much control you have over circumstances in your life is called:

locus of control.

Travis puts a bumper sticker on his car that makes a joke about a minority group. He intends to be funny, but his next-door neighbor, who belongs to that group, finds it slightly hostile and offensive. Although he may not realize it, Travis' behavior could be labeled as a(n) _____________.

microaggression

Five Factor Model

model of personality is an explanation of personality that emphasizes five fundamental traits present in all people to varying degrees.

Behavioral Theory

of personality emphasizes the influence of the environment and the importance of observable, measurable behavior.

social cognitive theory

of personality emphasizes the interaction of environment, thought processes, and social factors.

Carl Rodgers, pioneer of humanistic psychology, held a(n) (optimistic/pessimistic) view of human nature.

optimistic

Authoritative

parenting style is an approach to parenting in which parents set rules, but also explain and negotiate those rules with their children.

Andrea, who is 16 years old, wants to spend the night at her boyfriend's house. When she asks her mom, she replies, "That's fine honey." This parenting style is MOST likely:

permissive

projective test

personality tests are personality tests in which clients respond to ambiguous stimuli in a free-form way.

objective personality tests

personality tests are personality tests in which the client responds to a standardized set of questions, usually in multiple choice or true-false format.

David decides to face his stress head-on in an attempt to solve his issue and decrease his stress. As such, David is demonstrating ________-focused coping,

problem

Conservation

refers to the Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same.

validity scales

scales of the MMPI-2 assess not the client's personality but the client's approach to taking this test and indicate the likelihood that the client is "faking good," "faking bad," or filling in answers randomly.

ideal self

self is the self-actualized version of yourself that you naturally strive to become.

real self-image

self is the version of yourself that you actually experience in day-to-day life

primary sex characteristics

sex characteristics are the parts of the body directly involved in sexual reproduction.

secondary sex characteristics

sex characteristics are the parts of the body that characterize sexual maturation but are not directly involved in reproduction

When adolescents go through the physical changes of puberty, they go through _____ development

stage

preoperational stage

stage in Piaget's theory is characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience but not yet perform operations on them.

Conscientiousness

tendency to be organized, responsible, and deliberate

Openness to experience

tendency to be receptive to new or unconventional ideas

Extraversion

tendency to be socially outgoing

Agreeableness

tendency to cooperate and comply with other people

Neuroticism

tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anxiety, depression, and stress

As Glenda planned for her pregnancy, she was careful to stay away from pollutants, chemicals, and infectious diseases that could cause fetal abnormalities. She was avoiding: a. developmental toxoplasmosis

teratogens

Classic Test of Theory of mind

the false-belief task, which examines children's ability to reason about what other people know or believe.

Stranger anxiety

the fear of unfamiliar people, develops at 8 months

reality

the force that guides a person toward rational, reality-based behavior, ego operates on this principle.

Egocentrism (Piaget)

the inability to see the world from other's perspectives.

Proximal development zone

the phase when a child is receptive to learning a new skill

Social interaction

the primary source behind cognitive development.

scaffolding

the structure provided by parents to aid the child's learning.

Developmental psychology

the study of the changes to body, mind, and interpersonal interaction that people experience across the life span.

Habituation

the tendency of fetuses to ignore stimuli that repeat or stay constant.

Theory of mind

the understanding of the thoughts, feelings, intentions and other mental activities of oneself and others.

Object permanence

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view.

Humanistic

theory of personality emphasizes our inherent tendencies toward healthy, positive growth and self-fulfillment.

Trait Theory

theory of personality is a theory that emphasizes the discovery and description of the basic components of personality.

Puberty

time period featuring physical changes that mark the onset of adolescence and enable sexual reproduction

Mindfulness

to an increased awareness of what's going on inside of a person—the moment-to-moment physical and psychological experiences—with an emphasis on just feeling it rather than analyzing it or avoiding it.

The _____ theory of personality emphasizes the discovery and description of the basic components of personality.

trait

The _________ mind contains the mental activity of which the person is unaware.

unconscious

Intersectionality

used to emphasize that each person lives at the intersection of his or her own combination of diversity factors.

Psychologists' method for assessing personality are extensive and formal because their methods must be ______, which means the methods are measuring what they claim to be measuring.

valid

[men's/women's] reasons for sex is emotional connection.

women's

Locus of control

your belief about how much control you have over what happens to you.

1. Rashanda has mastered addition with one-digit numbers. Her teacher is encouraging her to try to add two-digit numbers. Adding two-digit numbers would be found in Rashanda's ______________.

zone of proximal development