Chapter 11 Psyc
Projection
"Projects" your id impulse onto others, so it appears that they have it rather than you
Freud's five psychosexual stages IN ORDER
1. oral 2. anal 3. phallic 4. latency 5. genital
1. Approximately ______% of U.S. residents speak a language other than English at home.
20%
Who is BEST exemplifying proactive coping?
Aliyah, who is reading her employee manual before she starts her high-powered new job
Iris is 78 years old and she is becoming increasingly unable to care for herself. She forgets her grandchildren's names and constantly forgets words that she wants to say. Iris will MOST likely be diagnosed with:
Alzheimer's disease
when children can no longer use __________ to absorb new experience into their current knowledge structure, they will engage in ___________ by altering an existing belief to make it more compatible with the new experience.
Assimilation, accommodation
The NEO-Personality Inventory-3 is an objective personality test that measures the
Big Five personality factors
Denial
Blocks external events from consciousness because they are too threatening
Heather is a person whose gender and sex match, and she is best described as _______.
Cisgender
According to Carl Jung, the ______________ is common, inherited memories that are present in the minds of people of every culture.
Collective unconscious
Freud believed that the ego uses ________________ to manage conflict between the id and superego.
Defense mechanisms
Karen Horney, a neo-Freudian theorist, held the notion that females and males develop [similarly/differently].
Differently
A common criticism of Piaget's theory is that stages [do/do not] accurately describe cognitive development.
Do not
The body and brain peak in ________________.
Early adulthood
Parents of [Eastern/Western] descent report much higher rates EMPTY NEST syndrome than those of [Eastern/Western] descent.
Eastern , Western
According to Erikson, the crisis faced in older adulthood is ____________.
Ego integrity vs. despair
Adjustment Disorder
Excessively disruptive stress reaction to an identifiable stressor
1. Newborn babies prefer looking at _____ over looking at other types of images.
Faces
1. In the first months of life, babies increase their ability to perceive ______ expressions of people around them.
Facial
[Males/Females] are underrepresented in STEM fields
Females
Luis has started dating a new girl named Sophia. He accidentally called her "Sylvia," which is his ex-girlfriend's name and someone he had a hard time getting over. Psychologists call this a(n):
Freudian slip
Researchers call the interaction between parenting styles and temperament ___________.
Goodness-of-fit
Type A
High levels of competitiveness, drive, impatience, and hostility
Type D
High levels of negative emotions and resistance to share those emotion with others
Identical twins had a [higher/lower] likelihood to match in terms of same-sex attraction than nonidentical twins.
Higher
Erikson identified the challenge for adolescence as _______________, which has the central question of "Can I determine who I am?"
Identity vs. role confusion
According to Carl Rogers, ___________, a mismatch between your ideal self and real self, leads to unhappiness and mental illness.
Incongruence
Amber comes from a culture that emphasizes what's best for the individual. Amber's culture is __________;
Individualistic
Reflexes
Infants are born with a large set of automatic motor behavior
Young children develop an ______________ from comparison of themselves to stronger, more capable adults in their lives and that profoundly influences their development.
Inferiority complex
Andrzej moves from Poland to the United States. He retains his Polish culture and also adopts U.S. culture. The acculturation strategy that best describes this behavior is ___________.
Integration
Keeping the old culture while embracing the new culture is the acculturation strategy of ___________.
Integration
Trina believes her own actions determine what happens in her life.
Internal Locus of control
Adolescent GIRLS show an increase in ____________ disorders, in which they direct their distress toward themselves
Internalizing
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Lasting at least a month and characterized by feeling continuously on edge, avoiding reminders of the traumatic event, having difficulty sleeping and concentrating, and frequently recalling or reliving the event
Birth order studies suggest that [firstborns/laterborns] tend to take more risks than [firstborns/laterborns].
Laterborns; firstborns
Type C
Low level of emotional expression, high level of agreeableness, and tendency to feel helpless
1. People interpret negative feelings in facial expressions as due to the situation (e.g., "having a bad day') for [males/females] and due to disposition/traits (e.g., "being emotional") for [males/females].
Males; females
[men/women] tend to speak to assert dominance.
Men
[Men's/Women's] reason for sex is physical gratification
Men's
[Men/Women] experience more traumatic stressors than [men/women].
Men; women
When people from individualistic cultures get stressed out, they feel it [physically/mentally], while when people for collectivistic cultures get stressed out, they feel it [physically/mentally]
Mentally; physically
Another criticism is that Piaget inaccurately [minimized/emphasized] the role of environment.
Minimized
Preconventional morality
Moral decision-making driven by potential rewards and punishments of the decision
Postconventional morality
Moral decision-making strategies driven by fundamental rights and ethical principles
Conventional morality
Moral decision-making strategy driven by the desire to follow society's norms and laws
1. Children around the world follow the same sequence of sequence and timing of motor development, which suggests that motor development is determined more by biology or _______ than environment or ________.
Nature , Nurture
Type B
Noncompetitive, easygoing, relaxed, and rarely angry
O.C.E.A.N. (BIG FIVE TRAITS)
O - Openness to experience C - conscientiousness E - extraversion A - agreeableness N - neuroticism
The conflict during Freud's phallic stage in which children supposedly love their opposite-sex parents romantically and want to eliminate their same-sex parents as rivals is termed the ______________ for boys and the _____________ for girls.
Oedipal complex (GIRLS); Electra complex (BOYS)
[Older/Younger] adults have lower overall stress than [older/younger] adults
Older; younger
Reaction formation
Overreacts against the id impulse by doing the exact opposite, as if overcompensating
Maslow studied self-actualized people and found that they were prone to _____________, transcendent moments of intense excitement.
Peak experience
Integration
Person adopts both the new culture and the old culture
Assimilation
Person adopts the new culture and rejects the old culture
Marginalization
Person rejects both the new culture and the old culture
Separation
Person retains the old culture and rejects the new culture
The Rorschach inkblot techniques and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are
Projective personality tests
[Objective/Projective] personality tests lack the reliability and validity of [objective/projective] personality tests.
Projective; objective
1. Young children are much better at picking up new languages than adults because their ________ of neurons and synapses isn't complete yet, so they still have the "wires" to enable the new connections in their brains.
Pruning
Two factors that underlie the categories of temperament are
Reactivity, self-regulation
Sublimation
Redirects the id impulse in a way that actually benefits others
Displacement
Redirects the id impulse toward a safer target in order to minimize the consequences to you
The majority of United States infants (65 percent) have a _____________ attachment according to Ainsworth's Strange Situation research.
Secure
1. The sense of _______ is well-functioning in the newborn as the ability to distinguish odors is present.
Smell
In terms of hearing, babies develop a strong preference for _______ sounds
Speech
Vanessa is about to give a speech to a large group of people. The unpleasant feeling Vanessa has about giving the speech is
Stress
According to Alfred Adler, the principal motive in human personality is not sex or aggression, but to ________________ over our perceived weaknesses.
Strive for superiority
Acute Stress Disorder
Takes place in days and weeks after a trauma in which the person feels dazed and anxious and experiences flashbacks
Formal operational
Think logically about abstract things.
Concrete operational
Think logically about concrete, but not abstract, things.
1. In the first three years of life, a child's brain _________ in weight.
Triples
Isaiah is noncompetitive, easygoing, relaxed, and rarely angry. His personality type is described best as _____________ personality.
Type B
Contemporary researchers obtained data from an innovative violation of expectation method that showed that Piaget sometimes [underestimated/overestimated] children's abilities.
Underestimated
Preoperational
Use language and other symbols but have limited mental operations.
Sensorimotor
Use sensory experience (touch, taste, sight, etc.) to understand the world.
[Men/Women] navigate from place to place by using landmarks and relative directions.
Women
[Men/Women] tend to identify more as bisexual in sexual orientation and with fluid sexuality.
Women
[Men/Women] tend to speak to maintain relationships
Women
[Men/Women] experience more PTSD more often than [men/women].
Women; men
[Men/Women] generally demonstrate more emotion through facial expression than [men/women].
Women; men
[Men/Women] tend to appraise stressors as more severe than [men/women] do
Women; men
[Men/Women] tend to experience stressors that happen to other people as more stressful than [men/women] do
Women; men
Schema
a concept or mental representation that guides the way a person makes sense of new information.
Which situation is a hassle?
a disagreement with a significant other
Alzheimer's disease
a particular kind of dementia in which cognitive functions like memory, language, and reason worsen irreversibly.
Fetal alcohol syndrome
a pattern of physical and behavioral abnormalities common in people whose mothers drank alcohol excessively during pregnancy.
Cross-sectional design
a research design in which people of different ages are compared to each other at the same point in time.
Longitudinal design
a research design in which the same group of people is compared to itself at different points in time.
Developmental Milestones
a set of functional skills or age-specific tasks that most children can do at a certain age range.
Vanessa is about to give a speech to a large group of people. the speech itself is
a stressor
Reactivity
a tendency to react with negative emotions
Dementia
a term used to cover any brain disorder in which the main symptom is a steep decline in overall mental functioning.
Id
according to Freud, is the reservoir of our most primitive impulses (like sex and aggression),
Dr. Jasper studies the mental well-being of immigrants. Dr. Jasper's recent work focuses on the psychological or physical reactions recent immigrants have to moving to a new culture and adjusting to it. Dr. Jasper is MOST likely studying:
acculturative stress
Behaviorists believe that only ______ can be observed and measured, so that is what should define personality.
actions
Teratogen
any substance that harms the embryo or fetus.
Conditions of worth
are requirements that you must meet to earn a person's positive regard.
Archetypes
are specific symbols or patterns within the collective unconscious that appear consistently across cultures and time periods.
Traits
are stable elements of personality that influence thoughts, feelings, and behavior across most situations.
Hassles
are the common, minor annoyances or aggravations of day-to-day life.
Neo-Freudian theories
are theories that revisited, but did not entirely reject, the basics of Freud's original psychodynamic theory.
Stephen is at the dentist, and he notices that he begins to grip the armrests on the seat so hard that his knuckles are turning white. What is the stressor?
being at the dentist
Stability versus change
big question of developmental psychology of how much do we change and how much do we stay the same
Stage development versus continuous development
big question of developmental psychology of whether we change suddenly or gradually
Nature versus nurture
big question of developmental psychology to what extent there is an inborn blueprint or an influence of the world around us
Kyong comes from a culture that emphasizes what's best for the group. Kyong's culture is ___________.
collectivist
Personal fable
common way of thinking among adolescents in which they believe themselves to be special or invulnerable
Carl Rodgers defines mental wellness as _____________, which is a match between your real self and your ideal self.
congruence
self-regulation
control over one's moods and behavior.
Problem-focused coping
coping is a style of coping with stress that emphasizes changing the stressor itself
Nelson is in his first few months of life, and this is a _________ period for attachment to his caregivers.
critical
Empty nest syndrome
describes parent in middle adulthood becoming depressed or otherwise struggling emotionally to adjust to a home without kids
Intimacy vs. isolation
emphasized that one of the primary tasks of young adulthood is to form a loving, lasting connection with another person.
Many people live miserable lives because of their parents.
external
One can climb the professional ladder just by being around at the right time.
external
Troy believes that outside forces, rather than his own actions, determine what happens in his life.
external Locus of control
Adolescent BOYS show an increase in ____________ disorder, in which they direct their distress toward others.
externalizing
People whose personalities feature high levels of [neuroticism/extraversion] tend to experience less stress.
extraversion
When a child can think logically about abstract ideas, then that child has reached
formal operational stage
Psychologists who have an optimistic view of human nature and believe that people are driven by the desire to reach their full potential are _____________ psychologists.
humanistic
Psychophysiological
illnesses are any illness that stress can cause, worsen, or maintain.
Stefanie does not want to go to the neighborhood pool with her family until she finishes fixing her hair. Stefanie's father becomes frustrated with her because he points out her hair is only going to get wet at the pool. Stefanie's mother explains this is typical adolescent thinking, called __________.
imaginary audience
Pleasure
immediate gratification, ID operates on this principle
People from [individualistic/collectivistic] cultures are more likely to feel stress about personal achievements, while people from [individualistic/collectivistic] cultures are more likely to feel stress about family harmony
individualistic; collectivistic
If I study hard enough, I can pass any exam.
internal
If you set realistic goals, you can succeed no matter what.
internal
Dr. Sutton studies how being African American, female, and Muslim leads to higher levels of discrimination than does being African American, male, and Christian. Dr. Sutton's research MOST likely focuses on:
intersectionality
Attachment
is a close emotional bond between two people, particularly a young child and a caregiver.
Wisdom
is a cognitive ability in which older adults exceed younger adults.
Imaginary audience
is a common way of thinking among adolescents in which they believe their lives are continuously being watched and evaluated by other people.
Proactive coping
is a coping style that focuses on future goals and the stressors that could impede them.
Culture
is a group of similar people who share beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior.
Intimacy
is a long-term emotional closeness with a romantic partner.
Critical period
is a period of time during which a particular developmental task is especially likely to be influenced by outside events.
Transgender
is a person whose gender and sex do not match.
Personality
is a person's distinctive and stable way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Sexual orientation
is a person's pattern of romantic attraction to a particular group (or groups) of other people.
Identity
is a person's stable sense of who he or she is.
emotion-focused coping
is a style of coping with stress that emphasizes changing your emotional reaction to the stressor.
Acupuncture
is a technique involving the insertion of needles into the skin at specific points to alleviate stress or pain.
General adaptation syndrome
is a widely accepted understanding of the way the body responds to ongoing stress, consisting of the sequence of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
is a widely used objective personality test to assess mental disorders and consists of ten clinical scales.
Meditation
is activity designed to increase focused attention with the ultimate purpose of improving your mental state.
Behavioral assessment
is an approach to assessment that assumes client behaviors are themselves the problems, rather than signs of deeper problems.
Optimism
is an attitude toward the future characterized by hope or expectation of a positive outcome.
Fight-or-flight response
is an automatic emotional and physical reaction to a perceived threat that prepares one to either attack it or run away from it.
Coping
is an effort to reduce or manage an experience of stress.
Stress
is an unpleasant physical or psychological reaction to circumstances perceived as challenging.
Stressor
is any event or change in one's life that causes stress.
Hardiness
is behaviors that reflect resilience under stressful circumstances.
Privilege
is comprised of unearned advantages that are conferred on individuals based on membership in a dominant group or assumed membership.
secondary appraisal
is determining how capable you are to cope with the stressful event.
Primary appraisal
is determining how stressful an event is.
Self-actualization
is fully becoming the person an individual has the potential to become.
Homeopathic medicine
is health care based on the idea that the human body can heal itself with low-dose medications made from natural sources.
Complementary medicine
is health care that complements, or is used along with, conventional medicine.
Alternative medicine
is health care that is used instead of conventional medicine.
Acculturation
is managing a life that involves the coexistence of more than one culture.
Unconscious
is mental activity of which the person is unaware.
Superego
is our sense of morality.
Aerobic exercise
is physical exercise that maintains an increased heart rate for a prolonged time.
Life review
is psychotherapeutic technique asking older adults to recall the major events of their lives, and to reevaluate whether their decisions benefited themselves or others or led to an important life lesson.
Dynamic sizing
is the ability to simultaneously know the norm for a group and recognize the norm may not apply to every member of the group.
Temperament
is the basic emotional responsiveness that characterizes a person throughout his or her life span.
Psychic determinism
is the belief that all thoughts and behaviors, even those that seem accidental, arbitrary, or mistaken, are determined by psychological forces.
Immune system
is the body's innate method of defending against bacteria, viruses, infections, injuries, and anything else that could cause illness or death.
Adolescence
is the developmental period that encompasses the transition from childhood to adulthood.
Emerging adulthood
is the developmental stage during which the person gradually moves from adolescence to adulthood.
Acculturative stress
is the physical or psychological stress that comes from acculturation.
ego
is the psyche's executive and principal decision maker.
Oppression
is the result of the use of institutional privilege and power, wherein one person or group benefits at the expense of another.
Behavioral genetics
is the study of the impact of genes (nature) and environment (nurture) on personality and behavior.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
is the study of the relationship between psychological factors, including stress, and the immune system.
Albert Bandura's Reciprocal determinism
is the theory that three factors—behavior, environment, and cognitions—continually influence each other.
Appraisal
is the way you evaluate the things that happen to you.
Biofeedback
is use of a monitor that provides information about physiological functions with the intention of influencing those functions in a healthy direction.
Posttraumatic growth
is when people experience trauma and then find a way to benefit, improve, or enrich themselves from that point onward.
Cultural intelligence
is your ability to live and interact effectively in a multicultural society.
Self-efficacy
is your beliefs about your own capabilities.
sex
is your biological maleness or femaleness.
Gender
is your psychological and behavioral experience of maleness or femaleness
Self-concept
is your view of who you are.
Dynamic sizing refer to the ability to simultaneously ______ the norm for the group while _________.
know; recognizing that the norm might not apply to every member of the group
Henrietta loves to visit with her grandchildren, especially when they want Henrietta to reminisce and tell stories from her past. This looking-back process is called:
life review
Your belief about how much control you have over circumstances in your life is called:
locus of control.
Travis puts a bumper sticker on his car that makes a joke about a minority group. He intends to be funny, but his next-door neighbor, who belongs to that group, finds it slightly hostile and offensive. Although he may not realize it, Travis' behavior could be labeled as a(n) _____________.
microaggression
Five Factor Model
model of personality is an explanation of personality that emphasizes five fundamental traits present in all people to varying degrees.
Behavioral Theory
of personality emphasizes the influence of the environment and the importance of observable, measurable behavior.
social cognitive theory
of personality emphasizes the interaction of environment, thought processes, and social factors.
Carl Rodgers, pioneer of humanistic psychology, held a(n) (optimistic/pessimistic) view of human nature.
optimistic
Authoritative
parenting style is an approach to parenting in which parents set rules, but also explain and negotiate those rules with their children.
Andrea, who is 16 years old, wants to spend the night at her boyfriend's house. When she asks her mom, she replies, "That's fine honey." This parenting style is MOST likely:
permissive
projective test
personality tests are personality tests in which clients respond to ambiguous stimuli in a free-form way.
objective personality tests
personality tests are personality tests in which the client responds to a standardized set of questions, usually in multiple choice or true-false format.
David decides to face his stress head-on in an attempt to solve his issue and decrease his stress. As such, David is demonstrating ________-focused coping,
problem
Conservation
refers to the Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same.
validity scales
scales of the MMPI-2 assess not the client's personality but the client's approach to taking this test and indicate the likelihood that the client is "faking good," "faking bad," or filling in answers randomly.
ideal self
self is the self-actualized version of yourself that you naturally strive to become.
real self-image
self is the version of yourself that you actually experience in day-to-day life
primary sex characteristics
sex characteristics are the parts of the body directly involved in sexual reproduction.
secondary sex characteristics
sex characteristics are the parts of the body that characterize sexual maturation but are not directly involved in reproduction
When adolescents go through the physical changes of puberty, they go through _____ development
stage
preoperational stage
stage in Piaget's theory is characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience but not yet perform operations on them.
Conscientiousness
tendency to be organized, responsible, and deliberate
Openness to experience
tendency to be receptive to new or unconventional ideas
Extraversion
tendency to be socially outgoing
Agreeableness
tendency to cooperate and comply with other people
Neuroticism
tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anxiety, depression, and stress
As Glenda planned for her pregnancy, she was careful to stay away from pollutants, chemicals, and infectious diseases that could cause fetal abnormalities. She was avoiding: a. developmental toxoplasmosis
teratogens
Classic Test of Theory of mind
the false-belief task, which examines children's ability to reason about what other people know or believe.
Stranger anxiety
the fear of unfamiliar people, develops at 8 months
reality
the force that guides a person toward rational, reality-based behavior, ego operates on this principle.
Egocentrism (Piaget)
the inability to see the world from other's perspectives.
Proximal development zone
the phase when a child is receptive to learning a new skill
Social interaction
the primary source behind cognitive development.
scaffolding
the structure provided by parents to aid the child's learning.
Developmental psychology
the study of the changes to body, mind, and interpersonal interaction that people experience across the life span.
Habituation
the tendency of fetuses to ignore stimuli that repeat or stay constant.
Theory of mind
the understanding of the thoughts, feelings, intentions and other mental activities of oneself and others.
Object permanence
the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view.
Humanistic
theory of personality emphasizes our inherent tendencies toward healthy, positive growth and self-fulfillment.
Trait Theory
theory of personality is a theory that emphasizes the discovery and description of the basic components of personality.
Puberty
time period featuring physical changes that mark the onset of adolescence and enable sexual reproduction
Mindfulness
to an increased awareness of what's going on inside of a person—the moment-to-moment physical and psychological experiences—with an emphasis on just feeling it rather than analyzing it or avoiding it.
The _____ theory of personality emphasizes the discovery and description of the basic components of personality.
trait
The _________ mind contains the mental activity of which the person is unaware.
unconscious
Intersectionality
used to emphasize that each person lives at the intersection of his or her own combination of diversity factors.
Psychologists' method for assessing personality are extensive and formal because their methods must be ______, which means the methods are measuring what they claim to be measuring.
valid
[men's/women's] reasons for sex is emotional connection.
women's
Locus of control
your belief about how much control you have over what happens to you.
1. Rashanda has mastered addition with one-digit numbers. Her teacher is encouraging her to try to add two-digit numbers. Adding two-digit numbers would be found in Rashanda's ______________.
zone of proximal development