ART 577: FINAL
Santa Fe Depot
(Bakewell and Brown), 1915 Spanish Revival Style Supposed to look like adobe but actually hollow steel frame with concrete Mission Revival Style
New Mexico Building
(Rapp), 1915 Spanish Revival Style
Botanical Building
(Winslow), 1915 Spanish Revival Style Greenhouse for growing exotic plants Since it was built in sunny San Diego, we don't need the glass
Craftsman Bungalows
1905 Houses are more efficient Affordable housing for the working class Publishing plans so everyone can have their own DIY build it yourself house Inexpensive Usually have a porch, tapered columns on brick posts or river rock posts Singles on the outside, and occasionally stucco Trying to show structure Looks like it is a part of the landscape Interiors had built in benches around the fireplaces Thinking of women and how they would use the house
Bungalow Courts
1920 An alternative to apartment living A series of craftsmen bungalows Arts and crafts style and Spanish Eclectic Everybody faces into the center Created a sense of community
San Diego Trust and Savings
1928 Bank Similar to early skyscrapers in Chicago Steel frame Exterior is limestone - upper floor is sandstone Romanesque Revival - big round arches Huge arch for the main entrance Marble on the inside Painted ceiling columns on second story are different Middle floors are unified - standard windows - terracotta windows
Samuel I. Fox Building
1929 Department Store Displayed a projecting cornice and 6 story pilasters Ground floor uses maximum glass Roosevelt created the WPA (Works Project Administration to create more jobs and help build infrastructure, schools, etc.)
San Diego State University
1929 First called the San Diego State Normal School where elementary teachers were trained The 2nd president - Hardy - diversified the school 1928 brought the school to where it is today Spanish Medieval Style - Hardy Tower for example Created the first outdoor stadium that is now a parking lot
Pantages Theater
1929 Hollywood Art Deco Mayan/Central American inspired top ornamentation
Rockefeller Center
1931 Art Deco The tower is the central focus 3 towers Main building was for the Radio Center of America (RCA) T-Shaped Plaza Sculpture is of Prometheus
Ford Building/Aerospace Museum
1935 WPA Building Exposition building Mock assembly line inside to show how they built the automobiles Ford introduced the V8 engine and the 2nd wave of Art Deco Building is meant to look like a gear shaft Today, the building is an aerospace museum
County Administration Center
1936 Tower in the center with two symmetrical wings Provided jobs for the locals Paid for by federal money WPA Building No specific style Consist of vertical elements
Linda Vista
1941 San Diego Men were sent here from the military Bad living conditions Trailers turned into housing Congress will provide housing for defense center Largest affordable housing Assembly line in building the house Mass produced House Houses were becoming identical Instant house for the middle class
Case Study House Program
1945 Los Angeles Modernism Intended to be relatively affordable replicable houses for post-WWII family living "New Material and New techniques" Commissioned by John Entenza and Arts & Architecture Magazine - commissioned major architects to design and build inexpensive and eddicient model homes for the US residential housing boom post WWII Prefabricated materials that would not interrupt the site, easy to build, and exhibit a modern style
Levittown
1946 Built 30 houses a day (did not use union labor - all were made automatic) Comes with washer, stove, etc. Most buyers are first timers Wanted something that looks homey Minimal traditional style - wood paneling, little shutters, steep roof with a chimney Used traditional elements but cheap minimal level One in Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New York Usually by the highways Streets laid out in an interesting manner Took into account the topography Houses were spread out giving people green space Not allowed to fence your yard though $65 a month to live
Wigwam Hotel
1949 Route 66, Rialto, CA Programmatic Architecture - also called mimetic. The building would take on a shape of something that is unexpected, like a donut, or a camera, etc. These buildings were eye-catching and it made you want to stop by. In a culture of fast moving automobile. Motels and gas stations for example had to change their architecture to fit in with the automobile culture.
Googie Style Coffee Shops and Car Washes
1950s Ordinary buildings that were meant to attract your eyes Very retro, with boomerang shaped roofs (weird angled roofs) Real jazzy-big signs (like NORMS) Space-age-y and Futuristic Retro
California Building/Museum of Man
Bertram Goodhue, 1915 Spanish Colonial Style Inspired by the Churriguersque style Made of concrete Figures were all important (the man and woman represented the connection between the two oceans) You see this as you are entering Balboa Park
4-D Utility House (Dymaxion House)
Buckminister Fuller, 1927 WOuld have a core aluminum staircase Would have a generator to inflate the house (walls were inflatable) The house would be temperature controlled It had stack-able units The idea was that: You would take a helicopter and drop a bomb to create a hole in the ground, then you would plant the middle core and build an upwards community
L'Hemisferic
Calatrava, 1998 Valencia Postmodernism The city of Valencia was rundown as well, and they wanted to replicate what the city of Bilbao did - it wasn't successful though Part of a series of buildings that encompasses art and culture The sphere is a dome surrounded by a sort of metal lattice dome - one side of the metal can be lifted and when reflected against the still water, creates the shape of an eye
Piazza d'Italia
Charles Moore, 1975 New Orleans Postmodernism Memorial to the city's Italian Citizens Incorporates classical motifs (such as Corinthian columns and colonnade) but with a modern "twist" - using unique and neon/bright colors with water spewing out at unexpected places His classical reference was a joyful tribute, not to poke fun at teh past
Case Study House #8 (Eames House)
Charles and Ray Eames, 1945 Modernism Became homes to the architects themselves Two separate "boxes" for the house - since the landscape interrupted the whole house, so they had to separate - one was for residency and the other was a studio Steel frame filled with different solid and transparent panels - giving the interior shifting light throughout the day - Japanese influences Interior of the house is warm with wood-block flooring Natural materials used for the interior brings the house closer to nature Continuation of space -rooms are liberating by flowing into one another (private and public space are not strictly divided)
Hacienda Homes
Cliff May, 1932 Most of the rooms have a fireplace Open wooden beam ceilings Wall are concrete but are meant to look like adobe Usually have a tilted roof Handcraft features Every door opens to a central patio Colorful, bright, pleasant - meant for family living Sunset magazines promotes Cliff Houses Popular in SoCal
Ranch Houses
Cliff May, 1940 Indoor-Outdoor Living Beams are exposed in the ceilings - allowing in natural light Shingle roofs instead of tiles Relaxed Casual Living Often have swimming pools in the back More modern looking than Hacienda Homes
Bauhaus
Dessau, Gropius, and Meyer, 1925 Modernism Royal Academy of Fine Arts Gropius theory was to place all the arts together in one common space - get them to design nice things that can be mass produced to people without much money (would teach all of them the same thing as well) Originated in a capital in Germany Built for maximum efficiency and functionality No colors or decorations Steel frame windows Modern or International Style Lots of concrete and glass Rejected anything that is old-fashion Concept was "One universal building for everywhere"
Usonian Houses
F.L. Wright, 1930 Located out on the country side so you would need a car to get here Each bedroom had a door that would lead outside Designed specific to site Lighting fixture are built in Overtime, the flat roofs started to crack and leak Tried to use natural materials
Gehry House
Frank Gehry, 1977 Santa Monica Postmodernism Symbol of deconstructivisim "Balance of fragment and whole, raw and refined, new and old" Kept the old house in tact, but kind of built a shell exterior around it, with space in between the old house and exterior Basically built an extension from the house, and didn't touch the original house Appearance that the house was constantly under construction (with the chain link fence, etc.)
Alice Millard House (La Miniatura)
Frank Lloyd Wright, 1923 Pasadena Organic Architecture Textile Block House
Edgar Kaufmann Residence (Fallingwater)
Frank Lloyd Wright, 1936 PA Organic Architecture Wright had a fellowship program where young architects would come live with him. Kaufmann was one of these people and his family persuaded Wright to build them a vacation home Built a house that incorporated the waterfall landscape into the house Floors of the house cantilever outwards Warm beige color that complimented the nature Reinforced concrete He was always about breaking the box and not having walls The natural rocks of the waterfall would poke through the floor (the walls were stone as well) No separation between the indoor and the outdoor (each room had some form of connection with the outside via a patio or terrace) Didn't put enough steel in the concrete and one of the cantilever was sagging
Johnson Wax Building
Frank Lloyd Wright, 1936 Racine, WI Organic Architecture These business headquarters were generally closed off and had private spaces (unlike his previous works which always had a connection with the outdoors They wanted a space that was inspiring, that encouraged the people to come to work A lot of windows in the ceiling to let in natural light Lily pad/Mushroom columns - compared to working in a natural forest )made a demonstration piece to prove that this can support the weight) It included an open office that was conscious of the set-up and intention Designed all the furniture as well The problem was that this building exceed their budget by a lot, and they didn't want to hire him again when constructing their research tower. But they did, and that exceeded budget too.
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao
Gehry, 1987 Bilbao Postmodernism A lot of the art exhibits at the original Guggenheim would just be placed in storage, so they wanted to loan out their exhibit to a secondary, satellite museum The city of Bilbao was very run-down, polluted, and the city thought that if they had a nice museum here, it would attract tourists here to rebuild their economy The museum wraps around the nearby bridge Deconstructivism - isn't what you expect a building to look like Looks different from all different angles Most of the steel beams here had to be custom made (can't just buy a standard height) - wiring for electricity and plumbing had to fit within the curved walls as well Some people would come to just look at the building and not the art (in the end, it fulfilled it's purpose of bringing people to the city
Dodge House
Gill, 1914 West Hollywood Mission Revival Style Each room is connected to the landscape somehow (you can go outside via any room) Nature is the main ornamentation Modern, but very comfotable Flat roofs - which are suitable for CA weather Not much from the mission revival besides the big arch
Portland Building
Graves, 1978 Postmodernism A contest for a building to house the city's municipal's offices adjacent to city hall, courthouse, and square park First building the is built in the postmodern style Rectangular building with many symbolic references to the past symbolic gesture to re-establish a language of architecture and values that are not a part of the modernist homogeneity Many complained that the building was overly decorative for a government building and too occupied with the past Said to "incorporate a traditional aesthetic" just for the sake of aesthetic and not for functionality
Team Disney Corporate Headquarters
Graves, 1986 Burbank Postmodernism "Making the company team smile on their way to work" Captures the spirit of entertainment the company is well known for Inspired by the Pantheon Populist (Novelty) modernism - architectural images are used that are widely recognizable (in this case, for example, uses the seven dwarves) Four story building with a pediment held up by the last of the seven dwarves Very whimsical looking
Marston House
Hebbard and Gill, 1904 Mission Revival Style (Craftsman) Gill started to strip away any unnecessary decorations Inside is very craftsman Gill wanted to make this house very efficient to clean for women (since servants were no longer being used) Boxed bathtub on the ground instead of on claws which made it easier to clean underneath it for example The inside was very craftsman, with using redwood Very simplified and used clean and natural materials
La Jolla Women's Club
Irving Gill, 1912 Mission Revival Style A social place for women to interact Very simple Inspired by the arcades from the missions, but he made this look simplier Tilt-Slab construction: Made of concrete + basically a house with the walls tilted up or lifted off the ground (invented during the Spanish American War by the Philippines) Flat surface made of concrete not adobe Walls were not purely white - they had a slight tint to it that corresponded with the plants that grew in front of it
Chemosphere
John Lautner, 1960 Los Angeles (North side of the Hollywood Hills) Studied under Frank Lloyd Wright It was an open lot on a 45 degree angled slop - people that building a house here was impossible Build a central concrete post that the building extended out of (didn't build the building to look futuristic or anything - this was the only way that the building was able to function) You would park your car down below and there would be this ramp that you can ride up and down the hill The interior looks warm because it incorporates traditional natural materials like wood All the wiring would stem from the central concrete column
Kimbell Art Museum
Kahn, 1966 Fort Worth Postmodernism Natural light is the main focus of the museum and the art that it houses The cycloid barrel vaults have skylights at the top to let in natural lighting Aluminum refractors diffuses this light onto the wall to illuminate the art Hint of Roman architecture Concrete, travertine, and white oak Three courtyards allowing more air and light to flow - integration of exterior and interior space
Doolittle House
Kendrick Bangs Kellogg, 1988 Joshua Tree Postmodernism
Domino House
Le Corbusier, 1914 Modernism Three slabs with dots in them - if you have a dot, that was where you would insert the post Thought that the ground was unhealthy, so they always started the building on a level above the ground Flat roofs = you can use that space as well This was a very standard model that you can buy and adapt it accordingly to your needs
Citrohan House
Le Corbusier, 1920 (He wrote Towards a New Architecture) Modernism The ground floor is for utilitarian purposes - car, garage, laundry, etc. No decorations Meant to be stripped down to be modern and efficient Has a little deck on the rooftop Big glass windows to allow in a lot of light
Villa Savoye, Poissy
Le Corbusier, 1928 (This guy was Swiss French) Modernism The curvature of the ground floor was based on the turning radius of the most recent car model Has smooth ramp ways instead of staircases (originally intended it to be the case where a car can drive up the ramps) Was thinking of the house as a machine Was suppose to make people's lives efficient and good - but this house was pretty expensive though Every side looks the same - doesn't really have a front or a back Doesn't really incorporate the landscape in the design
Unite d'habitation
Le Corbusier, 1946 Marseilles Modernism Multi-family residential housing for the people displaced during the bombing of France "Vertical Garden City" - to build a community Wanted the residents to have their own private space as well as communal space The roof became a garden terrace with many communal activities The materials used for the concrete was rough cast concrete - not just for the price but for the representation of life after the war - rough Influenced Brutalism
Notre-Dame-du-Haut (Ronchamp)
Le Corbusier, 1950 Ronchamp Postmodernism Replaced an old catholic church that was destroyed during WWII Site of pilgrimage "A visual echo of the landscape" Free form walls Spoke to the connection between humankind and the cosmos Similar to the Dolmen Sits more like a sculptural object The commissioners (church reformists) wanted to clear their name of the decadence and ornamental past and embraced modern art and architecture Spatial purity was Corbusier's main focus Wanted the space to be meditative and reflective Compared to a ship's stern, airplane wing, clam, shell, etc. Would puncture holes in the walls to put in stained glass windows
Jewish Museum
Libeskind, 1989 Berlin Postmodernism No entrance to the metallic, zinc building - you have to enter through the old historic building next door - gives a story that you have to traverse through the past to visit this place. When you enter, there are three separate paths: one path would lead to a trap building (representing those who died during the Holocaust); second would lead outside to a garden space (difficult to traverse through - represents those who fled the Nazis); third floor lead upstairs to where the actual exhibit is held (represents salvation and survival) The aerial shape is meant to represent a deconstructed Star of David People would come to the building even before art were put up
Rancho Santa Fe Lillian Rice
Lillian Rice, 1922 Mission Revival Style Was meant for people in Hollywood to purchase - since it was during Prohibition, they can get alcohol in Tijuana and go to their estate here in SD to have it Had hotels nearby with open windows that gave a pristine view of the landscaping Laid out the roads with easy corners to drive around - took advantage of topography
Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Louis Kahn, 1959 La Jolla Postmodernism The mayor of San Diego wanted Jonas Salk to come to San Diego to build a research lab that was meant to cure human disease (such as Polio) Offered 26 acres of La Jolla Coastal Land for free Wanted to build a scholarly community here (believed that sciences and the humanities should have more connection with each other) Brualism concrete on the outside with the concrete having a gold tint to them Service and Servant space - the floors were of different height and function. One floor would be a main laboratory, with the floor right underneath being the floor that would power the room above Kahn was conscious of collective and individualized space - the labs were sometimes noisy, and if people wanted to get away, there were private offices with beds on the other side There was also an inner courtyard and communal space that was compared to a monastic cloister because of its community Channel of water runs on the solstice
Phillips Exeter Library
Louis Kahn, 1965 Postmodernism The brickwork outside varies in color, giving the building an old-fashion appearance 8 floors with a central atrium that runs through the middle Combination of wood and concrete in the interior Brutalism - left the form marks in the concrete Believed that natural light was the best to those who needed to study 3 sides of the library would have these very thoughtful study stalls where people can go to study alone, and one side of the wall would be where people can go and relax in an open space
Barcelona Pavillion
Mies van de Rohe, 1929 Modernism Intended to be the front of the German section for the International Exposition Thought of the pavilion as a building and nothing more - offering an escape from the position Low roof that seems to float over both the interior and the exterior provides a small window of space where interior meets exterior and vice versa
Farnsworth House
Mies van der Rohe, Modernism Glass pavillion takes full advantage of relating itself to its natural surroundings Eight steel columns that support the roof - with glass windows from roof to ground occupying the space between The trees would provide the shade and the privacy "Nature should be able to live their own life as well, and our houses should not interrupt this - we should seek to live together in a higher unity" Wanted the house to be as light as possible on the ground, so the house is above the ground Flooding is often a problem Minimalism at its finest
Museum of Roman Art
Moneo, 1980 Merida Postmodernism Establishes a connection with ancient Roman history (the brickwork, for example, reflects Roman's history) Replaced a pre-existing museum and is located in the middle of one the largest and best preserved Roman cities in Western Europe (next to an ancient Roman Theatre) Influenced by Basilica styled churches, with the clerestory replaced with additional floors for galleries Very conscious of the interior daylight (multi-colored elongated bricks that seemed to glow) Takes ancient Roman architectural motifs (such as the arches) but puts a modern refinement on it - merges the gap between history and modernism for a timeless museum Very consious self-awareness to the ancient city it is serving and its site ( two roads runs through the rhythmic design) - integration of site into the modern design Dramatize the achievement of the Romans without overshadowing them with modern motifs
Louvre Pyramid
Pei, 1983 Paris Postmodernism Part of a campaign to renovate cultural institutions throughout France Originally a dungeon and fortress --> then into the king's palace --> then into being a museum - it was a site of historical and cultural pride for the people of Paris --> many people did not accept this design at first References the ancient Egyptian pyramids, but is constructed using modern materials (steel frame truss with a skin of glass) Acts as an entrance and lobby for the museum. Allowed the museum to expand and host more exhibits Created underground space as well connecting the museums, as well as provide storage space and preservation labs. Compliments the historical nature of the French renaissance architectural museum
Theme Building
Pereira and Luckman, 1961 LAX Original intent was to make air travel interesting as well The main ticketing center was the central building Looks very space-age-y Wanted to include other functions as well, such as a bar and restaurant
Case Study House #22 (Stahl House)
Pierre Koenig, 1960 Modernism Overlook Los Angeles from the Holywood Hills An steel-framed L-plan divided into bedrooms and communal living spaces wrapped around a pool From the streets, all you will see is a blank wall Glass and steel constructed house Th L-shape helps with separating the private and public space as well along with the pool Gives a fantastic view overlooking Los Angeles One photo of two women chatting in the house with the view of LA in the back made the house famous
Rose Planetarium
Polshek and Schliemann, 2000 NYC Was inspired by the Cenotaph for Isaac Newton Custom made water-white glass The steel tubing is held back from the glass The glass is held together by these spider mounts, so that if one glass breaks, the building can still stand without collapsing entirely From the angle, the building itself seems to be levitating Meant to make astronomy and science interesting looking
MuCEM
Ricciotti, 2013 Marseilles Museum of Culture of Europe and Mediterranean Located on the waters because the ports were important to them Building faces the Mediterranean One wall is glass, with the other three being a concrete lattice that radiates light at night
Centre Georges Pompidou
Rogers and Piano, 1971 Paris Postmodernism Exaggeration of structure and mechanical systems Rectangular glass box, with all of its exterior pushed to the exterior - The building turned itself inside out Exterior consists of color coded air-ducts, electrical conduits, etc. Exo-skeletal building with exposed steel beams "Architecture as Machine" Structure and building utilities externalized so the internal space can be opened up
Jack-in-the-Box Restaurants
Russell Forester, 1950s Because people had cars, they sometimes didn't want to leave their car The idea was that people would order through the intercom, then drive around and park and wait for their food (food was not fast prepared back then) Then they would eat in their parked cars - architecture that had to adjust to the automobile culture
Trans World Airlines Terminal
Saarinen, 1956 JFK Airport, NYC Air travel was becoming more popular and each airline were encouraged to create their own terminals They wanted to make flight exciting to people (hence all the glass walls) Very sculptural It was a dramatic space with four separate wings
Schindler-Chase House
Schindler, 1921 West Hollywood Modernism International Style does not work well with Europe because snow would just pile up on the roofs - does work well in CA though Used natural materials, redwood No decorations Influenced by Japanese partitions Wanted to make the house as open to nature as possible
Empire State Building
Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon, 1931 New York City Art Deco 2 feet taller than the Crysler Building Purpose - an investment for an office space (an investment due to America's failing economy - however, it failed to bring in many tenants) The lobby is three stories high Outside consisted of granite decorations, marble floors, and viewing decks Steel frame Radio tower at the very top
Kensington and Talmadge Neighborhoods
Spanish Revival Style
Neue Staatsgalerie
Stirling, 1977 Stuttgart Postmodernism There was a competition to design this building to reinvigorate the cultural influence in this city of Germany - had to have a connection with the previous building and be on a sloped area Built next to a pre-existing Neoclassical art gallery - makes references to this building through its abstracted Doric Columns Rotunda Court opens up to the sky Combined materials of the past, such as travertine and sandstone, with new modern materials In contrast to these historical references, he incorporated a glass wall with green glazing bars. Described as a historical yet modern collage
Chrysler Building
Van Alen, 1928 New York City Very representative of Art Deco Chrysler wanted a headquarters for his automobile company Wanted it to be the tallest building in the world 30 stories high - has a setback - had to build thinner as you go up) Not a lot of surface decorations Ornate lobby inside (Marble on the floor, pattern on the doors) Fan shape There is sort of like a frieze pattern for the tiles at the top The spire for the top of the building was kept a secret - since they wanted this to be the tallest building
Vanna Venturi House
Venturi and others, 1959 Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia Postmodernism Looks like a child's drawing of a house (has a whimsical feel to it) Not designed to be symmetrical He made the house green to go against a International style lecture he heard that said houses should never be green Saw a lot of interesting styles in Rome, and he wanted to combine them all into a simplified version Embraced ornament and color (an element of Postmodernism) "Hybrid rather than pure, compromising rather than clean, distorted rather than straightforward, ambiguous rather than articulate"
Guggenheim Museum
Wright, 1943 NYC Postmodernism Contrasted the strict Manhattan city grid with its organic shapes Stacked white cylinders of reinforced concrete spiraling to the sky Large cetral atrium with ramps uncoiling upwards towards 6 floors - allows one floor to just merge into another Creates a procession in which viewers see the art as they climb upwards "One great space on a continuous floor" The concavity of the walls made it difficult to hang up artworks + many artist protested having their artworks tilt backwards as proposed Many critics argued that the museum itself competed with the artwork shown inside Built a limestone addition that was more appropriate for displaying art