Art Exam

- orange and blue - red and green - yellow and violet - blue-green and red-orange

Complementary colors are opposite one another on the color wheel. They greatly contrast when placed side by side in a color scheme. Which of the following are complementary colors?

form

Cubes, spheres, and pyramids are examples of _____, a solid that occupies three-dimensional volume measured by height, width, and depth.

Roman Empire

Dating from 27 BCE-476 CE, this culture borrowed heavily from Greek culture, which they regarded as superior, as well as from Etruscan culture. They imported thousands of Greek artworks and copied them in even greater numbers, and they used the styles of Greek architecture, preferring the more decorative Corinthian order. Works such as Augustus of Primaporta (20 BCE) and the Arch of Titus (81 CE) date from this culture.

buon fresco (true fresco)

In _______________, the artist applies pigment mixed with limewater to wet plaster. When the plaster dries, the image becomes part of the wall itself.

lost-wax technique

In this casting technique, the artist creates a mold coated with wax. During the casting process, the wax melts off and is replaced by a thin layer of molten metal. When the metal cools, the artist removes the metal from the mold and joins the individual pieces, creating a hollow metal reproduction of the mold. The Benin peoples of Nigeria, Africa, used this technique to create hollow cast bronze heads of their rulers.

tooth

Some drawing media, like chalk, charcoal, and pastel, require a paper with a high degree of __________, the bumpy texture of drawing paper that allows media to adhere to it.

The Canon

The Greek sculptor Polyclitus developed a long-long text called _____, which described a set of rules for portraying the human figure in life-like proportions. According to this text, each part of the body is a common fraction of the figure's total height—the height of the head is one-eighth and the breath of the shoulders one-fourth of the total height of the body.

Doric

oldest and heaviest order, plainer, was considered more masculine; these columns do not have a base; rather, the shaft rests directly on the platform

Corinthian

rarely used by the Greeks themselves but was popular among the Romans; these columns featured an elaborate capital decorated with stylized acanthus leaves

metalpoint

In this form of drawing media, popular during the Italian Renaissance, an artist traced a metal (often silver) stylus over a sheet of paper treated with a mixture of gumwater and powdered bones or lead white. The chemical reaction between the metal stylus and the treated paper created line.

wash

In this painting technique, often used in watercolor, the artist wets an area of the paper and then applies diluted pigment in thin, broad strokes within that wet area. The pigments naturally diffuses throughout the wet area to create a broad area of tone.

Cubism

Influenced by the geometric tendencies of Post-Impressionist Paul Cezanne, this early twentieth-century style of art was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso and was noted for the geometry of its forms, its fragmentation of the object, and its increasing abstraction.

humanism

Influential during the Renaissance period, ___________ is a philosophical approach that stressed the intellectual and physical potential of human beings to achieve success or better society; in other words, a belief in the unique value of each person.

oculus

Latin for "eye," this term refers to the empty hole found in the center of the top of a dome.

Fertile Crescent

Located along the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, this area hosted several important early civilizations including Babylonian, Sumerian, Akkadian, and Assyrian cultures.

masjid

Muhammad was driven out of Mecca in 622 by rival religious groups and fled to the oasis of Yathrib and renamed it al-Medina, meaning the City of the Prophet—here, he built the first __________, or mosque, where the men of the community would meet on Fridays to pray and listen to a sermon.

Ancient Egypt

One of the most productive, stable, and unchanging of all cultures, this ancient polytheistic civilization dated from 3100 BCE-30 BCE. Their culture was dedicated to providing a home for the ka, and their art embraced a canon of ideal proportions that was almost universally applied.

Romanesque

Popular during the 11th-13th centuries, this type of architecture usually used semicircular arches for windows, doors, and arcades; barrel or groin vaults to support the roof of the nave, which is the aisle of the church used by the congregation; these churches tended to have massive piers and walls, with few windows, to contain the outward thrust of the vaults; and were designed using easily recognizable geometric masses. These churches were often built along routes to pilgrimage centers, usually to monasteries that claimed to house holy relics.

principles of design

unity, scale, variety, contrast, proportion, balance, repetition, rhythm, pattern, emphasis

elements of art

value, texture, color, form, line, shape, time and motion, space

Neoclassicism

A reaction against the earlier "decadent" Rococo style, this late 18th century/early 19th century movement in painting, sculpture, and architecture explored a "New Classicism." It was a revival of classical styles and themes that stressed moral virtue, civic duty, self-sacrifice, and order, and it emphasized strong drawing, clear modeling, and smooth (invisible) brushstrokes. Angelica Kauffmann, Jacques-Louis David, and Harriet Hosmer belong to this movement.

true

According to the video "What is art for?", art keeps us hopeful, makes us less lonely, rebalances us, helps us appreciate the world, and reminds us what really matters.

allegory

An __________ is a story, poem, or picture in which the characters and events are symbols that stand for ideas about human life or a political or historical situation. They can address abstract concepts, morals, emotional states, and other ideas.

Francis Bacon, Three Studies of Lucian Freud, 1969

As of November 2013, the most expensive artwork ever sold at auction was ____________________, which sold at Christie's auction house for $142.4 million dollars.

sublime

Associated primarily with Romanticism, the __________ refers to that which impresses the mind with a sense of grandeur and power, inspiring a sense of awe. Works like Caspar David Friedrich's Monk by the Sea (c. 1809-10) address this idea.

Romanesque

Dating from c. 1050-1250, this style of architecture was characterized by easily recognizable geometric masses, heavy masonry construction, and few windows. Its churches were usually built alongside pilgrimage routes and demonstrated a reemergence of interest in sculpture. The tympanum, the semicircular arch located above the lintel on the main doorway, often contained a scene depicting Jesus with his 12 apostles or the Last Judgement.

Paleolithic Period; Neolithic Period

Dating from c. 2,500,000-10,000 BCE, the _______________, or Old Stone Age, was characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools. The _______________, or New Stone Age, dated from c. 10,000-3,000 BCE and was characterized by stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding, dependence on domesticated plants or animals, settlement in permanent villages, and the appearance of such crafts as pottery or weaving.

Gothic

Dating from the mid-twelfth century to the sixteenth century, this style of architecture evolved from earlier Romanesque art. Its churches featured ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and pointed arches while emphasizing a soaring verticality symbolic of reaching towards heaven. These buildings featured large, stained-glass windows that created symbolic, light-filled interiors and included massive sculptural programs.

focal point/afocal

Emphasis draws the eye towards one area within the composition called the __________. When there is no logical or natural place to rest the eye within an artwork, then that composition is considered__________.

installations, earthworks

Environments are sculptures that occupy a physical space in which the viewer can enter. What are the two types of environments?

Claude Monet

Founded by _______________, Impressionism was a late nineteenth-century movement in painting and sculpture that featured loose and visible brushstrokes, intense hues, and contemporary subject matter. Impressionist paintings embraced the open composition and emphasized the play of light and color on subject matter.

basilica

The Roman Emperor Constantine legalized Christianity with the Edict of Milan in 313 CE. He built new churches using a __________ plan: a rectangular structure with a long central nave (or main hallway), two or more side aisles running alongside the nave, a transept that cuts across the nave to make a cross shape, and an apse (semi-circular niche or space) at the back of the church behind the altar.

Baroque

This 17th century style of art and architecture was noted for its theatricality/drama and embraced dynamic compositions and designs that featured diagonal lines. It was influenced by religious clashes between Protestants and Catholics. Painters like Artemesia Gentileschi, Caravaggio, and Peter Paul Rubens and sculptors and architects like Gianlorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini belong to this movement.

pastel

This dry drawing media, which comes in a wide variety of colors, consists of pigments mixed with a nongreasy binder formed into a stick.

Chris Ofili's The Holy Virgin Mary

Which controversial religious painting caused a major scandal at the Brooklyn Museum in 1999?

Rococo

This early- to mid-eighteenth century movement in painting, architecture, and interior design emphasized themes of leisure, the aristocracy, eroticism, mythology, and the fête galante. It featured pastel colors, gold, an emphasis on ornament, and S- and C-curves. This style was criticized as frivolous and decadent and was replaced by Neoclassicism in the late eighteenth century. Works like Antoine Watteau's Voyage to the Island of Cythera (1717) and Bathers (c. 1765) and François Boucher's portrait of Madame de Pompadour (1750) are associated with this movement.

encaustic

This form of painting media only has two ingredients: pigments mixed with a binder of hot wax.

Postmodernism

This overarching trend in art, architecture, and design beginning in the 1960's favored a plurality of contrasting styles. It embraced eclecticism, globalization, cultural diversity, appropriation, and the subjective while rejecting ideas of originality, certainty, and objective meaning.

green architecture

This philosophy of architecture advocates sustainable energy sources, the conservation of energy, the reuse and safety of building materials, and the siting of a building with consideration of its impact on the environment

Abstract Expressionism

This predominantly American painting style of the late 1940s and early 1950s was characterized by its rendering of expressive content by abstract or nonobjective means. Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Helen Frankenthaler, and Robert Motherwell were part of this movement.

Surrealism

This style emphasized dream imagery, chance operations, and rapid, thoughtless forms of notation that expressed the unconscious mind. It developed from Dada's preoccupation with the irrational and the illogical. Salvador Dali, Giorgio de Chirico, and Joan Miró are associated with this style.

wash

Used with liquid drawing media, a _____ refers to ink diluted with water and applied to wet paper in broad, flat strokes.

pigments, binder, solvent

What are the three parts of paint?

reception, extraction, inference

What are the three steps in the process of seeing?

marital fidelity

What does the dog in Jan Van Eyck's Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife Giovanna Cenami (c. 1434) symbolize?

a repetitive motif or design

What is a pattern?

artwork that reduces subject matter to its essential qualities

What is abstract art? Choose the BEST answer:

an unnatural color that an artist chooses to use for expressive purposes

What is arbitrary color?

"advanced" or innovative art that is frequently controversial because it uses completely new forms, techniques, or media

What is avant-garde art?

the art of fine handwriting

What is calligraphy?

art that teaches a lesson or sets a good example

What is didactic art?

art that literally moves

What is kinetic art?

art that portrays recognizable objects as they would appear in the natural, or real, world

What is naturalistic/realistic art?

artwork that does not refer to the natural or objective world at all

What is non-representational (non-objective) abstraction?

artwork that portrays objects in recognizable form

What is representational art? Choose the BEST answer:

subject matter is what is literally depicted within the artwork; content refers to the artwork's deeper overall meaning

What is the difference between subject matter and content in a work of art?

-to help us to see the world in new or innovative ways - to make a visual record of the people, places, and events of their time and place - to male functional objects and structures more pleasurable and elevate them or imbue them with meaning - to give form to the immaterial - hidden or universal truths, spiritual forces, personal feelings

Which of the following are roles of the artist? Select the BEST answer:

radial

Works of art such as the rose windows of Chartres Cathedral (c. 1215) and Andrea Palladio's Villa La Rotonda (1560) use ____________, a type of balance in which all elements radiate outwards from the center.

Classical Greece

Works such as Nike Adjusting her Sandal from the Temple of Athena Nike (410-407 BCE) and Lysippus' Apoxyomenos (The Scraper) (350-325 BCE) come from this culture, which spanned the period between the Persian Wars at the beginning of the fifth century BCE to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE. Their art and architecture embraced ideals of proportion, balance, harmony, and order.

Relief

_____ is a type of sculpture viewed only from the front where objects extend outwards from a flat, background plane.

linear perspective

______ ___________ is a mathematical system for representing three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface in which objects appear to recede into the background to a common vanishing point or points.

atmospheric perspective

__________ __________ is a technique for representing three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional picture plane where the quality of the atmosphere (the haze and relative humidity) between large objects changes their appearance—objects farther away appear less distinct, often bluer in color, and the contrast between light and dark is reduced.

Renaissance

__________ comes from the Italian word rinascita, which means rebirth—during this period, from approximately the 14th to the 16th centuries, European culture experienced a rebirth of interest in Classical literature, culture, and values.

chiaroscuro

__________ comes from the Italian words for "light" and "dark." It refers to the balance of light and shade in a picture, especially its skillful use by the artist in representing the gradual transition from light to dark.

scale/proportion

__________ describes the dimensions of the art object in relation to the original object that it depicts, while ___________ describes the relationship of the parts to its whole.

outline/contour

__________ indicates the edge of a two-dimensional shape, while __________ indicates the edge of a three-dimensional mass or form, suggesting volume.

Naturalism

__________ is a brand of representation in which the artist retains apparently realistic elements but presents the visual world from a distinctly personal or subjective point of view.

iconography/symbols

__________ is a system of visual images, the meaning of which is widely understood by a given culture or cultural group. The individual visual images within this system are __________.

foreshortening

__________ is a technique for representing space where the dimensions of the closer extremities are adjusted in order to make up for the distortion created by the point of view. Renaissance artist Andrea Mantegna demonstrates this technique in his painting The Dead Christ (1480).

implied line

__________ is an imaginary line created by movement or direction, such as that of a pointing finger, the direction of a glance, or a body moving through space.

unity/variety

__________ is the formal quality of artwork where all the elements are unified into one whole. __________ creates contrasting areas of visual difference to add interest to a piece.

Contrapposto

__________ refers to a pose used in Classical statuary where the weight falls on one foot, raising the corresponding hip. This shift in weight is countered by a turn in the shoulders. This creates an S-curve in the body and produces a sense of movement and naturalism.

aesthetic

__________ refers to our sense of the beautiful.

form

__________ refers to the overall structure of a work of art, including the materials used to make it, the ways the artwork employs the various formal elements, and the work's composition.

composition

__________ refers to the particular way in which an artwork's formal elements are arranged, or composed, into an overall design.

Oil paint

____________ consists of pigments mixed with linseed oil and thinned with turpentine (or mineral spirits). Because this paint dries slowly, an artist can rework areas almost continuously.

trompe l'oeil

_______________ is a visual illusion that tricks the eye into seeing two-dimensional objects (usually painted architectural components) as actual, three-dimensional objects.

Tensile strength

_______________ refers to the ability of a building material to span distances without support. This varies among different building materials and affects the overall design of the structure.

active seeing

____________________ involves understanding that everything you see is filtered through a long history of fears, prejudices, desires, emotions, customs, and beliefs. This requires viewers to question and examine images instead of passively consuming them.

Ionic

columns were slimmer, the capital more decorative, and it was considered more feminine—the capitals were decorated with a curved scroll-like form called volutes