Art Final Review

Match each element of Mickalene Thomas's Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe: Les trois femmes noires with its relevant mode of analysis. 1. the theme of reclining nudes in art at different points in history 2. the media of painting and collage 3. the artist's childhood in the 1970s 4. the issue of black women as exploited by or left out of art history

1. contextual analysis 2. formal analysis 3. biographical analysis 4. critical race theory

What is the name for any side of a building that is intended to be looked at?

A facade

Which of the following artists created the photograph Abraham Lincoln and His Son Thomas (Tad)?

Alexander Gardner

The written language used by the ________ is hieroglyphics.

Ancient Egyptians

This artist created the print "Riverside Bamboo Market, Kyobashi," which uses placement for emphasis and to create focal points.

Ando Hiroshige

This twentieth-century American painter chose tempera to reflect his neighbor's "extraordinary conquest of life" in the work Christina's World.

Andrew Wyeth

The Tassel House by Victor Horta embodies what style?

Art Nouveau

________ balance is achieved when two halves of a composition are not mirror images of each other.

Asymmetrical

The Parthenon in Athens used to house a huge gold and ivory statue of:

Athena

This British artist practices street art using a process that involves stencils and spray paint.

Banksy

Artemisia Gentileschi worked during this stylistic and historical period.

Baroque

Artemisia Gentileschi's Judith Decapitating Holofernes is part of which movement?

Baroque

Motion is not the only indicator of the passage of time in art. ________ use the changing properties of organic material to create a sense of time passing in their art.

Bioartists

This artist, who created the work Cataract 3, used the natural movement of the human eye to create illusions of motion.

Bridget Riley

Which pair of artists listed below is known for painting with dark backgrounds that make the figures look like they are emerging into light?

Caravaggio and Rembrandt

The highly polished surface of Anish Kapoor's sculpture Cloud Gate means that the viewer and the city of ________ become a part of the work, in its reflection.

Chicago

In which country was paper invented by Cai Lun, who made it out of macerated planet fibers suspended in water?

China

The work of which Impressionist, shown in the first Impressionist exhibition, gave the group its name?

Claude Monet

Which artist is famous for painting waterlilies?

Claude Monet

The French artist Georges Seurat created a dark drawing of farmers finishing work in the twilight titled The Ploughing using this waxy medium.

Conté crayon

The Pantheon uses which architectural order for its columns?

Corinthian

The Great Mosque in this Spanish city displays repetitive rhythms that can be associated with worship activities, such as reciting prayers.

Córdoba

Frida Kahlo painted The Two Fridas shortly after she was divorced from which famous Mexican painter?

Diego Rivera

The Italian Futurist artist Giacomo Balla implied motion by repetition and inference in his work ________ of a Dog on a Leash.

Dynamism

This photographer revealed a natural example of progressive rhythm in his photograph titled Artichoke Halved.

Edward Weston

Paula Modersohn-Becker's Self-Portrait with Camellia is part of which movement?

Expressionism

Potsdamer Platz is part of the ________ movement, as seen ________.

Expressionist . . . in the painting's intentionally raw and aggressive intensity

Martin Puryear's sculpture C.F.A.O. places emphasis on a large white area of the work that mimics a mask design of the ________ tribe in Gabon, West Africa.

Fang

The Funeral of St. Bonaventure is a painting by the Spanish artist ________.

Francisco de Zurbarán

What is the subject matter of the Sistine ceiling?

Genesis

Sculptors Ralph Helmick and Stuart Schechter experimented with open volume when they created this hanging sculpture, installed in the Evanston Public Library in Illinois.

Ghostwriter

In the Maya lintel showing Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc there is a pattern of small, square modules that runs across the top of the image and then down the left side. These modules are called __________ and can be interpreted to tell us the identity of the subjects in the artwork .

Glyphs

This proportional system uses a ratio of 1:1.618.

Golden Section

This American sculptor creates spinning sculptures that are intended to be viewed while a strobe light is flashing to create an impression of motion. His/her work Drum 52 features an illusion that green liquid spheres rise up into a hand and the illusion repeats as long as the spinning and strobe lighting continues. What is this sculptor's name?

Gregory Barsamian

Which artist was infatuated with the wealthy Austrian woman Adele Bloch-Bauer?

Gustav Klimt

Marisol's work Father Damien was created to memorialize the heroism of a priest who lost his life helping the victims of leprosy. This sculpture stands in front of the State Capitol Building in the U.S. State of ________.

Hawaii

From the paintings in the Tomb of the Leopards, we learn that the Etruscans:

Held women in high regard

The composition of this photographer's work Fading Away appears to conform to a proportional ratio called the Golden Section.

Henry Peach Robinson

The story of Vishnu dreaming the universe, as depicted in an Indian relief carving ( 1.6.9), is derived from the ________ religion.

Hindu

The seventeenth-century huqqa base ( 1.9.3) was created by an Islamic artist, or artists, in ________.

India

The life-sized bronze head of an Akkadian ruler ( 3.1.11) was discovered in present-day ________.

Iraq

The Renaissance artist and writer Giorgio Vasari credited this Flemish painter with the invention of oil paint.

Jan van Eyck

This Native American artist created the work Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People) by combining different kinds of objects, both two- and three-dimensional, to give the work a strong sense of presence. Who is this artist?

Jaune Quick-to-See Smith

A "deposition" scene shows which of the following?

Jesus's body being removed from the cross

This mural painter involved the entire community when she created Danza de la Tierra at the Dallas Latino Cultural Center.

Judith Baca

The Great Sphinx of Giza is associated with the pyramid of which pharoah?

Khafre

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mid to late sixteenth-century style of art that elongated human figures and elevated grace as an ideal?

Mannerism

Taking four years to complete, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel was painted by this artist in sections, and used the buon fresco method.

Michelangelo

The Ishtar Gate was built under whose rule?

Nebuchadnezzar II

This art movement of the 1960s relies on perceptual anomalies of the human eye to create dynamic effects.

Op art

In ancient Egypt, this part of the human body was used as a standard of measurement. Six of these equaled a cubit.

Palm

Who repeatedly painted studies of the mountain he had seen throughout his childhood and later observed from his studio window?

Paul Cézanne

The African American sculptor Martin Puryear was influenced by the time he spent in Africa as a member of the ________.

Peace Corps

The Parthenon that still stands today in Athens was built after the city was invaded in 480/479 BCE by the:

Persians

This sixteenth-century Flemish artist designed the work Hunters in the Snowusing rhythms and subsidiary rhythms that lead the viewer's eye through the work.

Pieter Bruegel

In his work The School of Athens, this Renaissance artist created figures using the ideal human proportions developed by the ancient Greeks.

Raphael

This female artist brilliantly used a rhythmic structure in her painting Plowing in the Nivernais: The Dressing of the Vines, an image of cattle at work in the fields.

Rosa Bonheur

Jenny Holzer created an illusion of motion using a spiraling electronic message board in this New York museum designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

Gustave Moreau's painting The Apparition is based on a story from which source?

The Bible

This inventor co-created the film Fred Ott's Sneeze, which was one of the first American movies.

Thomas Edison

The Blue Room is an artwork featuring multiple patterns by this twentieth-century French painter.

Valadon

Where is the Hall of Mirrors?

Versailles, France

Erasers can be used by artists as drawing tools. In 1953 Robert Rauschenberg created a work by erasing a drawing by this famous Abstract Expressionist painter.

Willem de Kooning

This American novelist noted that the "aim of every artist is to arrest motion.

William Faulkner

Which of the following is not a primary source for studying a work of art?

a blog about a painting

Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen collaborated to create Mistos (Match Cover), a larger-than-life sculpture of this everyday item.

a book of matches

When Raphael was preparing to paint his fresco The School of Athens he did a large drawing called ________ to help place the design on the wall.

a cartoon

Palmer Hayden's Midsummer Night in Harlem is about:

a community in Harlem, New York

Osborn's Nameless and Friendless depicts the experience of:

a female artist trying to sell her work

If an artist painted a garden with one red flower in a field of yellow flowers, this would be an example of using color to create contrast. For the viewer, the single red flower would be ________.

a focal point in the artwork

An Archaic Greek sculpture portraying a nude male youth is called ________.

a kouros

Which of the following are acceptable resources for studying art?

a museum website

An empty space defined by its surround is known as ________ shape.

a negative

This painting tool can be used to apply thick encaustic paint.

a palette knife

A shape on a flat picture surface that is defined by surrounding empty space is known as ________ shape.

a positive

Marcel Duchamp's Bicycle Wheel is an example of ________.

a readymade

A pattern with regular intervals creates ________ rhythm.

a repetitive

In the etching The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, Francisco Goya uses regularity of line and shape to create ________ rhythm, with a benign effect, in the lower half of the work.

a stable

An upright stone that has an incised relief on its surface, such as the Maya sculpture ( 1.2.7), is known as ________.

a stela

Memento mori refers to:

a symbol of mortality

Physicists have explained that when we see a color, it is the portion of the light spectrum that a surface fails to ________.

absorb

This kind of motion is occurring when we see movement in real life.

actual motion

Louis Comfort Tiffany is associated with

all of the other answers (Art Nouveau, stained glass, lamps that reflect organic forms, complex forms found in nature)

When using a series of squares that are exactly the same shape, implied depth can be achieved by ________.

all of the other answers (alternating value, relative size, overlapping, relative position)

An important feature of late Renaissance and Mannerist artwork, compared to art created during the early and high Renaissance, is ________.

all of the other answers (an increase in imaginative elements as opposed to strict believability, more dynamic compositions and subjects, greater emotional intensity, a greater emphasis on dissonance over harmony)

The subject matter of Clive King's "Chaos Machine" is ________.

all of the other answers (based on the artist's experience, the collapse of a coal tip near Aberfan Wales, the tragic deaths of Welsh children, an abstract representation of grief)

Duration, tempo, intensity, scope, setting, and chronology are:

all of the other answers (basic attributes of time, attributes of film, terms that describe time, central tenets of time-based art)

Rembrandt's painting The Night Watch makes skillful use of:

all of the other answers (chiaroscuro, tenebrism, dramatic lighting, group portrait)

The Egyptian fresco from Nebamun's tomb utilizes:

all of the other answers (composite view hierarchical scale hieroglyphs the importance of the River Nile)

Artists can use ________ to organize the elements in a work and draw our attention to areas of emphasis and focal points.

all of the other answers (direction, dramatic contrasts, placement, line)

The Last Supper by Tintoretto ________.

all of the other answers (makes Christ the focal point, has dramatic lighting contrasts, conveys a dynamic sense of motion, features many ordinary people)

Which of these terms relates to Hans Holbein the Younger's painting The Ambassadors?

all of the other answers (memento mori, iconography, anamorphosis, memento mori and anamorphosis only)

Berthe Morisot's The Beach at Nice demonstrates the following characteristic of Impressionism:

all of the other answers (obvious brushstrokes, an everyday scene, it captures light, an open composition)

Which of the following can create a pattern?

all of the other answers (the warp and weft of woven cloth, fish scales, dried cracked mud, stacks of cans)

Which of the following are qualities of most Impressionist artists and their paintings?

all of the other answers (they rejected the traditional values of the Academy, they evoked the sensations of everyday life, they painted outdoors and captured natural light, their brushstrokes were visible and paintings appeared unfinished)

Leonardo da Vinci indicates that Christ is the most important figure in his painting of The Last Supper by ________.

all of the other answers (locating Christ at the center of the composition, creating a stable triangular form for Christ, in contrast to the activity of the other figures, framing Christ's head with light from the windows behind, arranging the vanishing point directly behind Christ's head)

In Dieric Bouts's work The Coronation of the Virgin Mary, the artist focuses the viewer's attention on the Virgin Mary—even though the Holy Trinity is present—by ________.

all of the other answers (placing the Virgin in the center, directing all other figures' eyes toward the Virgin, placing a dove above the Virgin's head, dressing the Virgin in a different color to all the other figures)

What does the horn-shaped object in the Venus of Laussel signify?

all of the other answers (a musical instrument, a phallic symbol, an animal horn used to prepare for a hunt, a waning crescent moon)

Which of the following architectural features did Renaissance artists borrow from the Classical tradition?

all of the other answers (columns, pediments, semicircular arches, hemispherical domes)

The Egyptian fresco from Nebamun's tomb utilizes:

all of the other answers (composite view, hierarchical scale, hieroglyphs, the importance of the River Nile)

The work Coalopolis by American artist Ralph M. Larmann utilizes acrylic paint. This medium is derived from modern manufacturing processes and conveys ________.

all of the other answers (the relationship between economic progress and ecological damage, an industrial menacing landscape, twisting clouds of coal soot rising to fill the sky over a fictional town, a message of impending environmental disaster)

Artists draw for many reasons, including:

all other answers (to define their ideas, to plan for larger projects, to resolve design issues in preparatory sketches, to record their visual observations)

The Bull-Leapers fresco from Knossos is ________ scene.

an acrobatic

A line that is a continuous mark is ________.

an actual line

Portrait of the Artist's Sisters Playing Chess displays which of the following characteristics?

an emphasis on emotion and heightened realism

The sphere that designer Saul Bass created for the AT&T logo is not defined by a continuous boundary. This type of shape, which can be suggested by dots or lines that do not connect, is termed ________ shape.

an implied

________ volume is a space that is enclosed by materials that are not entirely solid.

an open

In the Roettgen Pietà from fourteenth-century Germany, the shrunken, twisted body of Jesus and the oversized, anguished head of Mary are accentuated for expressive effect. This distortion of the human body, ________ form that we can all understand, makes the viewer feel uneasy and impresses on us the suffering of mother and son.

an organic

What is the difference between analysis and critique?

analysis refers to the appearance or meaning of the artwork itself

Raphael's The School of Athens contains:

ancient scholars looking like sixteenth-century artists

Disney's Finding Nemo is an example of a series of computer-generated images played in rapid succession. This medium is called ________.

animation

The combination of jarring vertical and diagonal lines in Vincent van Gogh's The Bedroomcreates an atmosphere of ________.

anxiety

Filippo Brunelleschi has been widely regarded as the first Renaissance ________.

architect

In the print ( 1.8.6) from the series The Life of John Brown by Jacob Lawrence, broad emphasis occurs because the twelve figures ________.

are evenly balanced

Pierre-Auguste Renoir's Bal du Moulin de la Galette is set ________.

at an outdoor café

Kindred Spirits by Asher Brown Durand uses the effects of ________ to give a sense of the vastness of the American landscape.

atmospheric perspective

Paul Cézanne used ________ in his work Mont Sainte-Victoire.

atmospheric perspective

When objects are far away they lack contrast, detail, and sharpness of focus because of the interference of air. Artists take advantage of this when they use the process called:

atmospheric perspective

On the island of Palau in the western Pacific, a traditional men's long house is called a ________.

bai

This type of relief, which takes its name from the French word for low, does not imply great depth.

bas-relief

The colors of the bodies and trees in Matisse's Joy of Life are ________.

based on what the artist saw, but exaggerated

Why were the Greek god Apollo and the goddess Athena included in The School of Athens?

because Renaissance artists admired Greek mythology, philosophy, and art

The binding agent in encaustic painting is ________.

beeswax

Sticks of chalk, pastel, and crayon are all made by combining pigment with ________.

binder

Quills are a common tool for ink drawing. They were originally made from ________.

bird feathers

The French artist Pierre-Paul Prud'hon created chiaroscuro by using ________ chalk on paper.

black and white

Artemisia Gentileschi used directional line brilliantly in her painting Judith Decapitating Holofernes to draw our attention to this point

blood spurting from Holofernes's neck

Juan Gris's Bottle of Banyuls includes an actual ________ as part of the composition.

bottle label

When an artist wants to highlight the entire surface of his or her work, without regard for any particular area, this is called ________.

broad emphasis

East Asian artists have traditionally applied ink using a ________.

brush

There are two types of fresco. Fresco secco, which means "dry fresco," and this kind, which means "good fresco."

buon

The nineteenth-century Spiritualist artist Georgiana Houghton used irregular line to create the work Glory be to God. The artist claimed that the overall composition was organized how?

by spiritual forces

The metopes on the south side of the Parthenon depict a battle between Lapiths and ________.

centaurs

We generally associate a color with its purest, most intense state, or its highest level of ________.

chroma

Artichoke Halved is a photograph that uses this point of view to capture unique characteristics of a natural object.

close-up

Colors that are on opposite sides of the color wheel are radically different in wavelength and are called ________.

complememtary

Disparate visual elements can be linked together with a common idea. This is ________ unity.

conceptual

This is the area that is visible when a viewer is staring at a fixed point in space.

cone of vision

biographical analysis

considers the artist's personal experiences

contextual analysis

considers the religious, political, and social environment in which the artwork was made and viewed

feminist analysis

considers the role of women presented in an artwork

In Pablo Picasso's Blonde Woman in Profile, the artist uses a ________ line that follows the contours of the model's profile.

continuous

This type of drawing involves the use of long continuous lines to capture the changing surface and outline of an object.

contour

In The Funeral of St. Bonaventure, the artist used the principle of ________ to create emphasis and focal point.

contrast

In the painting The Blue Room, the artist uses three patterns that ________.

contrast

The dark printed words on the page of a book are easily read because they are printed on a light ground. This is an example of the principle of ________.

contrast

The American sculptor David Smith created sculptures of geometric forms. In his work Cubi XIX, Smith used the following geometric shape:

cuboids

Most commercial color printing is achieved using three "true" primary colors and black. These primaries are ________.

cyan, magenta, yellow

Renaissance artists used a camera obscura to help them understand the basic tenets of linear perspective. Camera obscura is a Latin phrase. What is the closest English translation?

dark room

formal analysis

describes the use of formal elements in a work

Tempera lends itself to high ________ because it is usually applied with a brush in short, thin strokes.

detail

Which of the following design elements relate to Baroque art and architecture?

diagonal movement, curving forms, dramatic light and shadow

In James Allen's etching The Connectors, an image of workers erecting the Empire State Building, the artist created a feeling of great height by using ________ line to lead the viewer's eye diagonally downward.

directional

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres's portrayal of the woman in Grande Odalisque ________ her body.

distorts

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres's portrayal of the woman in Grande Odalisque________ her body.

distorts

The Russian artist Marc Chagall depicted the mythical character Icarus with bright colors on a white background in order to ________.

draw attention to Icarus's fall

Any of the ________ of art can help focus our interest on specific areas of a work of art.

elements

Camille Claudel's sculpture The Waltz received some criticism for being too ________.

erotic

Edvard Munch's The Scream depicts a suicide witnessed by the artist.

false

Feminist analysis of Grande Odalisque by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres considers the role of women in nineteenth-century France, but not viewers' perspectives on gender.

false

Formal analysis can be done on paintings, but not on sculptures.

false

Robert Mapplethorpe created traditional gendered roles for men and women to connect modern photography with painters from the past.

false

The neighborhood shown in Palmer Hayden's Midsummer Night in Harlemcould represent any neighborhood in America in the 1930s.

false

The positive and negative shapes in M. C. Escher's print Sky and Water I balance each other and are an example of ________.

figure-ground reversal

This is the specific part in an area of emphasis to which the viewer's eye is drawn.

focal point

To imply greater depth, the sculptor who created the relief carvings on the outside of the Ara Pacis Augustae carved the figures in the ________ more deeply than those that are in the background, in order to make them stand out more.

foreground

In the DC Comics image of Superman, the figure is portrayed at an extreme angle. This ________ view creates an unusual perspective and grabs the viewer's attention.

foreshortened

If an artist were to draw a figure whose arm was pointing directly toward the viewer, what technique would the artist have to use when drawing the outstretched arm?

foreshortening

When the rules of perspective are applied in order to represent unusual points of view, we call this: ________.

foreshortening

In two-dimensional art, this is the area in which an artist creates their work.

format

The organic form and abstract quality of Lino Tagliapietra's sculpture, Batman, allow it to express the idea of ________.

freedom and life

This painting process relies on freshly applied lime plaster to hold the pigment in place.

fresco

We have found that many Roman houses in Pompeii had ________ covering the walls.

fresco paintings

Naturalistic encaustic portraits of the Roman era, from the Fayum Oasis in Egypt, were created as ________.

funerary adornments

An artist paints a scene with a large mountain, which lacks detail and is out of focus, and a tree, which is sharply defined and bright green. The viewer might assume that the mountain is ________ than the tree.

further away

Forms such as pyramids, which tend to be precise and regular, are known as ________ forms.

geometric

Islamic and Renaissance artists often used tempera in conjunction with oil and this material, which adds a rich appearance to the work.

gold leaf

This painting medium is opaque, applied to a paper surface, and uses a gum arabic binder.

gouache

The principles of design are a kind of ________ that artists apply to the elements of art.

grammar

A lamassu is a ________.

guardian beast

The El Castillo Cave in Spain contains painted:

hands

If an artist wanted to create an area of darkness using the medium of silverpoint, he or she would use the technique of ________.

hatching

What role did photography play for the artist Edgar Degas?

he used it along with other media

Andy Warhol used commercial processes to create many of his artworks because _____.

he wanted his work to have a depersonalized and mass-produced quality

The ancient Greek sculptor who created the bronze known as Poseidon (or Zeus) used this part of the body as a standard unit for proportional measurement in the work.

head

A flat work of art has two dimensions: ________ and width.

height

This type of scale is common in the relief sculpture of ancient Egypt, where it was used to indicate social importance.

hierarchical

When an artist uses scale to indicate the relative importance of elements in a composition, he or she is employing this kind of scale.

hierarchical scale

The chiaroscuro method uses five defined values: cast shadow, reflected light, core shadow, light, and ________.

highlight

The album of ink brush paintings of bamboo by the Chinese artist Wu Zhen was created as an instructional model to help this person learn the art of brushwork.

his son

This contemporary version of carbon ink is a favorite of comic book artists.

india ink

The overall composition and facial expressions in Pontormo's Deposition create an atmosphere of ________.

instability, chaos, and disorder

iconographical analysis

interprets objects and figures in the artwork as symbols

An artist might use a small scale for a portrait of a lover because it implies ________.

intimacy

The rhythmic movement of the cattle and the plowmen in Plowing in the Nivernais: The Dressing of the Vines suggests struggle and the natural ebb and flow of nature by using ________ rhythm.

irregular

The video game Transistor uses ________ perspective.

isometric

What is not true about the interior of the Pantheon?

it has a poor drainage system

The Dada performance of "Karawane" doesn't make sense because ________.

it was part of a movement that devalued logical thinking

If the action portrayed in the early film Fred Ott's Sneeze was not a sneeze, but a man simply wiping his nose, this would have an effect on the level of intensity in the movie. The movie would be ________.

less intense

This is the practice of drawing from a live model or other physical objects.

life drawing

One definition of this element is "a mark that connects two points."

line

This is the system for creating an illusion of depth using three basic components: horizon line, vanishing point, and convergence lines.

linear perspective

This paint binder is a by-product of the flax plant and first came into common use during the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance in northern Europe.

linseed oil

The atmosphere of Edward Hopper's Nighthawks, created by the lack of people on the street, the absence of street lights, and the somber mood of the customers in the diner, is one of ________.

loneliness

Marisol was commissioned to create a sculpture of the Catholic missionary Father Damien. A stout figure in heavy bronze, the statue possesses a weighty ________ that communicates the strong beliefs and courageous determination of the priest.

mass

This term refers to the substance contained in an object, but it does not necessarily imply weight.

mass

Alexander Calder invented the ________, a type of suspended, balanced sculpture that uses air currents to power its movement.

mobile

The Swedish-born artist Claes Oldenburg uses this kind of scale in his sculptures to express admiration for the little things in everyday life.

monumental

The kind of scale used for objects that appear larger than they are in real life is called ________ scale.

monumental

A design repeated as a unit in a pattern is called a ________.

motif

Traditional visual arts, such as painting, are inherently static, but artists have always found inventive ways of conveying the elements of ________ and ________.

motion . . . time

Bernini's sculpture of Apollo and Daphne is based on a mythological story in which a god pursues a nymph. The artist used diagonal lines and flowing drapery to convey the ________ of the chase.

movement

A sculpture designed in the round can be viewed from ________.

nearly every angle

In her painting Music—Pink and Blue II, Georgia O'Keeffe emphasized the blue ________ space in order to attract the viewer's attention into a deep interior.

negative

In his Obey campaign poster Shepard Fairey used a striking contrast between positive and ________ shapes to attract the attention of the public.

negative

American sculptors Carol Mickett and Robert Stackhouse created the work In the Blue (Crest)to imply the presence of water. The work's many empty spaces, which were created using irregular horizontal members, are an example of ________ volume.

open

A Summer Shower by the British artist Edith Hayllar employs linear perspective to create depth. The painting contains imaginary sightlines that converge toward a single vanishing point. These lines are also called ________.

orthogonals

In her work Astroculture (Shelf Life), bioartist Suzanne Anker experiments with growing plants in artificial light for use in ________.

outer space

The line that defines the edge of a shape is called the ________.

outline

The lines that create the image of the Nazca Spider "drawing" define the ________ of a ________.

outline... shape

Ron Lambert's sculptural work Sublimate (Cloud Cover) replicates the natural process of the water cycle to illustrate the ________.

passage of time

The French Impressionist Edgar Degas used this dry drawing medium when he created The Tub in 1886.

pastel

The recurrence of a single element in a work of art is called ________.

pattern

To transfer the design of The School of Athens to the wall, Raphael ________ a large drawing, then used powdered charcoal dust to leave an impression of the original image.

perforated

Paint in its most basic form is composed of ________ and a liquid binder.

pigment

This component of paint has traditionally been extracted from minerals, soils, vegetable matter, and animal by-products.

pigment

The artist Dosio, in his drawing of the Church of Saint Spirito, created an impression of three dimensions by using line to show the division between ________.

planes

The rich tradition of Chinese ink painting grew out of a literary form, so these artists became known as literati painters. What literary form was it?

poetry

Sumerian votive figures were used as:

prayer figures

This object can be used to separate white light into the colors of the spectrum.

prism

The Emperor Constantine's triumphal arch ________.

proclaimed his place in history

The relationships between the sizes of different parts of a work make up its ________.

proportions

The size relationships between parts of an object, or its ________, affects how a viewer will interpret it.

proportions

In black-figure painting on Greek pots, the background is ________.

red

One method used to establish depth in Beda Stjernschantz's Pastoral (Primavera) involves placing figures higher or lower in the composition. This process for creating depth is called ________.

relative placement

This aspect of culture is integral to both ancient Greek and Yoruba figural art, despite the differences in how the resulting artworks look.

religion

The Italian Futurist artist Giacomo Balla illustrated the rapid movement of a dog running on a leash by painting a series of ________ in order to give the impression that we are seeing motion as it happens.

repeating marks

Vija Celmins created Untitled (Ocean) so that there was no dominant area in the composition. This work might encourage meditation because of what quality?

repetition

If a figure in an artwork has drapery billowing out behind it, and appears to have multiple feet in different positions, the viewer might assume that this figure is ________.

running forwards

The binding agent in the spotted-horse paintings at Pech Merle is ________.

saliva

This red chalk was used by Renaissance artists, including Michelangelo in his Studies for the Libyan Sibyl.

sanguine

A color that is lighter than its basic hue is known as a tint. A color that is darker than its basic hue is called a ________.

shade

In his print "Riverside Bamboo Market, Kyobashi," the artist oriented three ________ in order to emphasize specific points in the work and to enliven the composition.

shapes

In his figural portraits, Robert Lostutter uses this kind of scale to create an intimate viewing experience.

small scale

The ________ texture of Anish Kapoor's sculpture Cloud Gate is appealing for viewers to touch.

smooth

Rectangles based on the Golden Section can be nested inside each other to create an elegant ________.

spiral

The Flemish artist Jan van Eyck used hierarchical scale to communicate ________ importance in his painting Madonna in a Church.

spiritual

In the painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, the artist intended to divert our attention so that we barely notice Icarus plunging to his doom; a fine example of ________.

subordination

The opposite of emphasis is ________.

subordination

When ________ colors are mixed, they make a duller and darker color because more of the visible spectrum is absorbed.

subtractive

By using ________ texture to contradict previous tactile experience, artists can invite viewers to reconsider the world around them.

subversive

Dorothea Tanning's work Eine Kleine Nachtmusik uses deliberately distorted scale to create an abnormal or ________ effect.

supernatural

In her work Object, a fur-lined teacup and saucer, the Swiss artist Méret Oppenheim employed subversive texture to contradict conscious logical experience. She belonged to the ________ art movement, which drew on ideas and images from dreams and the unconscious mind.

surrealist

This group of artists sometimes used distorted scale to create dreamlike images that subvert our conscious experiences.

surrealists

Which of the following relates to the Villa Rotunda?

symmetrical design

When painters in the workshop of the fifteenth-century artist known as the Master of Osservanza illustrated The Meeting of St. Anthony and St. Paul, they solved the problem of how to ________ in a single painting by merging a series of episodes into one picture.

tell a story

What does the dog in The Arnolfini Portrait symbolize?

that the couple are wealthy and faithful

Artists in the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood were inspired by works from

the Middle Ages

It was possible to decipher hieroglyphs because of ________.

the Rosetta Stone

Rembrandt's painting The Night Watch was commissioned by ________.

the civic militia

In the gestural drawing Muscular Dynamism by Umberto Boccioni, the artist used chalk and charcoal to depict the undulating surface of ________.

the human body

What does D. J. Hall's rich use of colored pencil communicate to the viewer in her drawing Piece of Cake?

the intense light of a California afternoon

Hatching and cross-hatching use two-dimensional lines to communicate ________ depth.

three-dimensional

These four visual elements of art—form, volume, mass, and texture—are present in ________ works of art.

three-dimensional

Ascending and Descending, by M. C. Escher, uses ________ perspective.

three-point

The video game Transistor is designed using units that can be redistributed in any configuration using isometric perspective. These units are called ________.

tiles

Because a form exists in "real" space, we can experience it not only visually, but also through our sense of ________.

touch

80 Backs by Magdalena Abakanowicz was deeply influenced by the artist's personal experiences during World War II.

true

Both biographical and historical analysis are important for understanding the meaning of Velázquez's Las Meninas.

true

Holbein's The Ambassadors has several references to religious content.

true

There is rhythm in an artwork when it has at least this many points of reference.

two

The element of art that describes the relative lightness or darkness of a hue, compared to another hue, is known as ________.

value

The lightness or darkness of a surface is the element of art called ________.

value

One-point perspective does convey depth, but it has limited applications due to its reliance on a single ________.

vanishing point

When complementary colors are used next to each other in a composition, they produce a visual anomaly called simultaneous contrast. This visual effect makes the colors appear to ________ along the boundary where the two colors meet.

vibrate

The elements of art form the basic ________ of art.

vocabulary

In the Great Mosque ( 1.9.9) there are red and white stone wedges that make up the series of repeating arches that dominate the interior. What are these stone wedges called?

voussoirs

The presence of Velázquez's self-portrait in Las Meninas indicates that the painter ________.

wanted artists to be of high status

In the Indian painting featuring the Mughal Emperor Babur in his garden ( 1.8.9), the garden is punctuated by a specific feature that points to the four cardinal directions. What is this feature?

water

One of the advantages of acrylic paint is that it can be cleaned up using this liquid.

water

Artists' crayon is made by mixing pigment with ________.

wax

Expressionism focuses on:

what is felt rather than what is seen

Which of the following fibers is not used to make paper?

wool

Paul Gauguin's use of the color ________ in his depiction of a crucified Christ enhances the work's connection with the seasons, and expresses a message of optimism and rebirth.

yellow

Which painting was included in the first Salon des Refusés (Salon of the Rejected)?

Édouard Manet's Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass)