art history 20-21 northern europe and italy

Limburg Brothers, January, from Les Tress Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, colors and ink on vellum

· 2 parts, January, Painted by Linburg brothers, During this time will still have illuminated manuscripts- purpose is to show biblical events, they are for reading and private prayer · Durign this time they had something called the Book of Hours and you would read that during times of the day for prayer, Made for the Duke of Berry, Duke of Berry was an avid art patron?, Brother produced book of Hours which is a book for reciting prayer- personal prayer- done on a lavish scale, This book is tiny, Calander pictures represent the 12 months and vary from the seasonal tasks with scenes of nobility or peasantry · Use of vibrant colors, Composition of 12 calendar months also have lunettes on top, People pick and choose when they want to use religion stuff, Depicts the chariot of the sun and astrological signs, Shows _________, His chamberline pushing guests forward, Setting- food on rable with large tapestry on the back wall so extravagant of the setting for the celebration

Domenico Ghirlandaio, Birth of the Virgin, mural in Cappella Maggiore, Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy

· Biblical scene · Sainte anne giving birth to virgin mary · Donors daughter (columns points down to the donors) · Griselle (those are the people on the top in the white)

Sandro Botticelli, Primavera (Spring), tempera on wood

· Botticelli was a student of fra foli lipipi · Known for his bright colors · Tempera on wood (softer than oil paint) · Not sure what the meaning of the painting is · Venus in center with cupid above drawing attention to her by creating a clearing around the trees that creates a halo effect around her head · a few graces that are dancing · Westwind is about to carry off · Mary the nymph chlourous who he transforms into flora · Flora= goddess of spring · Mercury is all the way to the left. He points his cadatious (stick with the snakes around it) up to the sky to dispel the storm clouds (can see them leaving in the top left) · Commissioned by the Medici family (big humanists/patrons of the arts, big supporter of bottecelli) · Pagan themed · Botticelli does not have an issue painting this pagan theme because he got protection from the Medici (felt he could do no wrong) · Savonarola—zelot like, Dominican monk/dictator who hated anything that had to do with the rensiannce- so wanted nothing to do the Medicis and Botticelli

Venice

· Brighter colors- color/pigment was produced in this area- easier access to it

Filippo Brunelleschi, dome (looking north) of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, Italy

· Brunelleschi lost the panel competition and moved away from art and went to architecture instead · Was fascinated with roman architecture which he made trips with Donatello Does the dome for the cathedral in Florence

Rogier Van Der Weyden, Deposition, center panel of a triptych from Notre Dame hors-les-murs, Louvain, Belgium, oil on wood

· Called the deposition- when Jesus is being pulled down from the cross

northern europe patronage

· Conflict between Protestant iconoclasm and Catholic images put artists in middle- not sure what to do · Artists like Durer- resolve issue by going to other types of painting like portraits or seeking middle road playing down religious ecstasies or lives of saints- Protestants thought God could be reached directly through human intercession so paintings of Jesus were direct and forceful- Catholics wanted intermediaries like Mary, saints, priesthood to direct thoughts- Northern European economy was capitalist market system that flourished due to trading- emphasis on buying and selling works of art- new technologies in printmaking increases popularity

Birth of Venus, Sandro Botticelli, tempera on canvas

· Created by botacelli and was commissioned by the Medici family · The theme of the painting is form a poem by angelo politiziano (humanist of the time) · Has references to neo-platosomething times (talks about paganism) · Savnorola or the church would not like this · Holds clourous (the nymph from before who changed in flora) with Venus who is carried on the shell to the island · Pomona runs to cover venus · Venus is depicted as nude unlike the dressed one in primavera · Weird for the nude portrayal of a female- there were no nude female models during this time · Probably used the Aphrodite of nenos to render this model but did not get challenged by showing her nude by the protecting of the Medici who were humanists and loved the classical antiquity · Less of an illusion of three dimensional space/atmospheric perspective · Tree trunks look very synthetically 3 dimensionally painted · Ground but flat ground- kinda looks like cutouts · V shapes waves add to unrealiitc quality · Does with tempera- light and dark colors · Crisply drawn figures, landscape flat and unrealistic, simple V shaped waves, figures float, not anchored to the ground, Venus fully emerges grown from the foam of the sea with a faraway look in her eyes, roses scattered before her- created in same time as Venus symbolizing that love can be painful, on the left- Zephyr (west wind) and Chloris (nymph)- on right- handmaiden rushes to clothe Venus · Medici commission- may have been commissioned for a wedding celebration, painting based on popular court poem by writer Poliziano, which is based on Homeric hymns and Hesiod' Theogony- a revival of interest in Greek and Roman themes can be seen in this work- earliest full scale nude of Venus in the Renaissance- reflects emerging Neoplatonic thought

florence

· Early rensiannce centers around Florence · Medici are from Florence- patrons of the arts and humanists and anything to do with classical studies · This was not chrisitian (classical studies=pagan) so this is going to bother the Catholic church and pope · Humanism become important during this time- emphasis on education and expanding knowledge, especially classical antiquity · Italian humanist quest for knowledge began with the Greeks and romans · With the invention of moveable type in Germany, the printing and distribution of books happened- more literacy · Glorification of patron

Andrea Del Verrochio, David, from the Palazzo della Signoria, Florence, Italy, Bronze

· Emulates David- similar, highly influenced by David · (Imitate would be exactly the same) · Looks like a hunter with his kill (same scene as shown before) · Verocchio is known for copying his repertoire or whatever Donatello does · Musculature · Follows in suite of Donatello- emulating- doesn't look exactly the same- highly influenced, looks like hunter with kill- same scenario but heavily influenced by donatellos- knownfor copying his repertoire- still looks like thinly adolescen musculature

Petrus Christus, A Goldsmith in His Shop, 1449, oil on wood, Met

· Everyday scene, but religious symbolism: mirror, balance, eucharist holder · Mirror shows outside world

David, Donatello, Bronze

· First freestanding nude statue since antiquity)- can walk around it from all four sides · In the courtyard of the Medici family (they had several David's commissioned) · David was important during the time and frequently depicted since David was the underdog and won against goliath- small but just as mightily · Florence wanted David as a representation to show that they were small but mighty (a lot of city states were fighting for power at the time) · David was a poet who wrote psalms for the bible--- you can see he is a writer in this depiction because he has a laurel wreath on top of his hat · Symbol of Florence and the Medicis · First freestanding nude statue since antiquity- usually only seen with Adam and eve- goes back to classical sense of appreciating the human figure · Androgynous--- gender fluid (see some effeminate qualities here) · Stands in contrapposto · In proportion like proxiteles · Stands nonchantaly after the victory with goliath · Right food is standing on goliath's heads · Head is titled down to show humility but stance shows victorious quality · First large bronze nude since antiquity, exaggerated contrapposto of the body, sleekness of the black bronze adds to the femininity of the work, androgynous figures, homoerotic overtones, life-size work, probably meant to be housed in the Medici palace courtyard not for public viewing, the work depict the moment after David slays the Philistine Goliath with a rock from a slingshot- David then decapitates Goliath with his own sword, David contemplates his victory over Goliath whose head is at his feet- David's head is lowered to suggest humility, laurel on David's hat indicates he was a poet- the hat is a foppish Renaissance design · David symbolizes Florence taking on larger forces with ease- perhaps Goliath woul have been equated with Duke of Milan, nothing is known of commission or patron but it was placed in courtyard of the Medici palace in Florence, modern theory alleges this is a figure of Mercury and that the decapitated head is of Argo- Mercury is patron of arts/merchants so medici symbol · david- poet- wrote psalms and parts of proverbs- shows he is a poetor a writer with laurel wreath on top of hat- depictin of Florence and medici- might have been small but just a mighty, lot of city states fihting, city of independent Florentine republic and representation of medici, aware of earlier david and selected him, first freestanding nude statue in antiquity, nudity used to portray biblical hero rather than allegory for simpleness in middle ages- going back, classical sense of idealized beauty- androgynous figure, some feminine qualities, appreciation for idealized human form, stands in contrapposto nd is in

Andrea Mantegna, Foreshortened Christ (Lamentation over the Dead Christ), 1500, tempera on canvas

· Foreshortened Christ, also known as the dead Christ · Proportions are not proper · Legs should be covering some of his body

Holy Roman Empire

· Hundred Years War- between England and France - still an issue after the Battle of the Hastings over who should come into power

Dieric Bouts, Altarpiece of the Holy Sacrament, Saint Peter's, Louvain, Belgium, oil on wood

· In central panel: one point linear perspective- orthogonal/convergent lines- all the diagonal lines that go to one vanishing point

Masaccio, Holy Trinity, mural inside Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy, fresco

· Ionic columns · Coffered barrel vault · Triumpahl shape barrel vault · Saints have gold disks around their heads · People on the sides are donors · Illusion of triangles · Something about memento mori · Jesus and god make a triangle, saints make a triangle, god and the donors making a triangle · Vanishing point is at the foot of the cross · couple of questions · -classical- columns, coffered barrel vault- pantheon, might be question, ancient romans, triumphal niche shape, corss and god behin- saints ave gold disks, people there are donors, illusion of triangles as illusionistic devicee to move eyes around page, skeleton is memento mori reminder of death, jesus and god triangle and saints and donors nd r

italy background

· Italian city states controlled by ruling families who dominated politics throughout the fifteenth century- princes were lavish spenders on the arts and great connoisseurs of cutting-edge movements in paintings and sculpture, embellished their palaces with latest innovative paintings by rtists like Lippi and Botticelli- they commissioned architectural works from the most pioneering architects of the day- competition among families and city-states encouraged a competition in the arts- each state and family seeking to outdo the other- princely courts gradually turned attention away from religious subjects to secular concerns in spirit today called humanism- acceptable and encouraged to explore Italy's pagan past as way of shedding light on contemporary life- exploration of new worlds epitomized by grand explorers mirrored in appreciation for sciences and arts- patron influence seen- specifying amount of gold lavished on altarpiece or which family members artist placed in painting, great families had private chapel in local church, artists painted murals here to enhance spirituality · Architecture in Renaissance depends on order, clarity, light- darkness and mystery of Gothic is barbaric- wide window spaces, limited stained glass, vivid wall paintings- stress geometric designs more than most- harmonies with syste of ideal proportions learned from Virtuvius' treatise- ratio and proportions of various elements of interior of Florentine Renaissance churches were intepreted as expressions of humanism- Early Christian past recalled in use of unvaulted naves with coffered ceilings- crossing twice the size of nave bays, nave twice width of side aisles, side aisles twice size of side chapels, arches and columns take up two thirds of height of nave, etc- floor patterns in nave show this- white and gray marble lines demarcate the suface like Pazzi Chapel · Florentine palaces like Alberti's Palazzo Rucellai have austere dominating facades that rise three stories from street level- first floor is reserved for public areas like business, second floor rises in lightness with strong stringcourse marking the ceiling of one story and floor of another, third floor is capped by a heavy cornice in the style of a number of Roman temples · Most characteristic development of Italian Renaissance painting is the use of linear perspective- a technique maybe from Romans- other scholars say it's from Filippo Brunelleschi, who developed perspective while drawing the Florence Cathedral Baptistery in early 15th- some artists fascinated with perspective- later instrument used or exploited to create different artistic effects- use of perspective to intentionally fool the eye, trompe l'oeil, is an outgrowth of ability of later painters who used it as one tool in arsenal of techniques- early part of 15th religious paintings dominated but by end portraits and mythological scnes dominated reflecting humanist ideals- also spurred interest in Greek and Roman sculptures- glorified nude form nearly pagan- increased study of anatomy, David, sketched in nude and transferred onto stone and bronze- intense physical interaction of forms in twisting gestures and straining muscles

Andrea del Castagno, Last Supper, mural in the refectory of the convent of Sant'Apollonia, Florence, Italy, fresco

· Judas is on the other side without the halo · The left wall curves our more · Looks like he tapes down while painting and them removed it · One point linear perspective is used but not consistently · From saint johns not saint luke, person on other side is judas- look at two walls

burgundy and flanders

· Known for their wool trade · Innovations during this time: developed oil paint, linear perspective (geometric shapes receding into a vanishing point with mathematical steps), atmospheric perspective (natural landscapes creating an illusion of space) · Innovations in art- ones that developed oil painting/paint, begin linear perspective, atmospheric perspective- know difference

Madonna and Child with Two Angels, Fra Filippo Lippi, 1465, tempera on wood

· Madonna and child with two angels · Fra Filippo- fra means friar (maybe brother too) · Clergy people are not always good people and fra fillip lippi is an example- some misdemeanors (forgery, embezzlement, to the abduction of a pretty nun, luciria, who later became a mistress and the mother of his son) · Lucricia was the model for mary in this piece · Fra Filippo was known for creating contour lines and light and dark value tones · Uses fluid lines to create form and fills in in with value tones · One angel looks at the view in a mischievous manner · Live models were used to render the form · Background shows the Arno valley · Inspired by Flemish paintings · Landscape has symbolism- rock formation indicates the church. Rock means Petra in Italian · Motifs of pearl (see on her tiara/headdress and the pillow) as products of the sea (sea seems in upper left circle). Pure represents immaculate conception of mary and the incarnation of Christ · Looks like she is looking out the window of a Florentine home · Beautiful or sacred scenes which were storetpcialy · Symbolic landscape- rock formations symbolize the Christin church- city near the Madonna's head is the Heavenly Jerusalem, pearl motif- seen in headdress and pillow as products of the sea, pearls used as symbols in scenes of incarnation of Christ- Mary seen as a young mother, Model may have been the artist's lover, landscape inspired by Flemish painting, scene depicted as if in a window in a Florentine house, humanization of a sacred theme- sense of domestic intimacy, Lippi was a monk as indicated by Fra- working in Carmelite monastery under patronage of Medici

Andrea Mantegna, ceiling of the Camera Picta (Painted Chamber), Palazzo Ducale, Mantua, Italy, fresco

· Mantegna is known for his use of perspective · Illusion of perspective · Looks like these people and animals are looking down at you in your newly, illusion of opening up to the sky · terp'oeil or di sotto in su (Italian) means from below upwards · Idea of marriage shown thought the symbolism of the peacock which is thought to be connected to Juno · Newlywed room- all painted- illusion of perspective- people and animals looking down on u in bed chamber- trombleoeil- deceiving the eye- KNOW Italian version of this- di sotto in su- from below upwards- same as trompe- first perspective of ceiling, looks don from painted oculus, imae represents idea of marriage, idea of marriage shown through peacock, attributed to hera or juno- jupiters bride who oversees lawful marriage- Mantegna known for use of perspecitve

Jan van Eyck, Arnolfini Portrait, 1434, oil on wood, National Gallery, London

· Meticulous handling of oil paint, great concentration of minute details, linear perspective, but upturned ground plane and two horizon lines unlike contemporary Italian Renaissance art, great care is taken in rendering elements of a contemporary Flemish bedroom, traditionally assumed to be the wedding portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife, it may be a memorial to a dead wife, who could have died in childbirth, it may represent a betrothal, Arnolfini may be conferring legal and business privileges on his wife during an absence, the painting may have been meant as a gift for the Arnolfini family in Italy- it had the purpose of showing the prosperity and wealth of the couple depicted · Symbolism of weddings- the custom of burning a candle on the first night of a wedding, shoes are cast off, indicating the couple is standing on holy ground, the groom is in a promising pose, the dog symbolizes fidelity, two witnesses in the convex mirror- perhaps the artist himself, since the inscription reads Jan van Eyck was here in 1434- the women pulls up her dress to symbolize childbirth, although most likely she is not pregnant, the gesture may simply be a fashion of the time, statue of Saint Margaret, patron saint of childbirth, appears on bedpost, the man is standing near the window, symbolizing his role in outside world and woman inside is homemaker, wealth is displayed in the opulent furnishings, the elaborate clothing, and the importing of fresh oranges from southern Europe · Very small, Oil on wood, Has everyday objects that have religious meaning and meaning to the marriage, Van Eykck depicts the financier of the Medici family. While is a wealthy merchant Florence Family, Think that it depicts a couple sharing their wedding vows, She is showing off her dress to show the underdress, He is wearing fur, uses squirrel hair , Shown has the light from the window lights the interior, Shows his interest in minute details and texture, Clogs on the floor remind them they are standing on holly ground. Red clogs are a traditional gift that a man gives his wife tor their wedding , Dog represents fidelity , Oranges have to do with fidelity and also show the idea of wealth, Everyday scene, She is more inside the room. Saint Margaret is standing there on the bed post finial, He is more outside by the window, Abandoned slippers, St. Margaret- patron saint of child birth, There also is a was broom which is symbolic of ___ care, Clear gender specific roles during this time, Dog is orange which refers to fertility, Chandelier, Mirror, Van Eyke wrote his name on the wall- wrote Van Eyke was here is 1494, Painting almost works as a legal document, Arnolfini has his hand in a welcome position, Man in blue in the reflection in the mirror might be the artist, but he is not actually depicted in the painting, Some scholars don't think that this is a mirror portrait but may be Arnolfini might be obtaining legal practices for his wife to have when he leaves?, Artist functions as a witness, Linear perspective · Smallish, oil on wood, not a bilblical painting but secular portrait with religious overtones still virggins purity in everyday objects- arnolfini wedding portrait, depicts financier of medici family- wealthy merchant Italian family from Florence renaissance- Giovanni arnolfini and Giovanna in Flemish bed chamber, symbolic meaning and religious meaning and meaning to marriage, coupel shown hand in hand taking marriage vows, not pregnant, holding up outer dress to show inner dress and show off wealth- wearing fur, squirre hair of minute details, shown how light from window on left illuminates interior, minute detail sand texture · Slippers on flow remind them standing on holy ground, red clogs traditional gift for wife for wedding, dog represents fidelity, fido- trust in latin, oranges- idea of fertility- sign of wealth as rare to have fruits like this

northern europe painting

· Moveable type by Johann Gutenberg- produce books for anyone and circulate on widescale- looked cheap, artificial to those used to having books handmade over years like Golden haggadah for wealthy patrons- first book was the Bible- made mechanically but decorative flourishes were hand painted by calligraphers · Similar mechanical process created the print, first as a woodcut, then an engraving, then an etching- prints were mass produced and relatively inexpensive since prototype was just repeated- profit on number of reproductions- fame spread quickly, went everywhere no single owners · Oil paint use- wall paintings previously done in fresco and panel paintings in tempera- alternative in part of Europe where fresco wasn't a popular- very rich colors- accurately imitate natural hues and tones- enamel-like surfaces and sharp details, preserves well in wet climates, retains luster for long, not quick drying and requires time to set properly- can make changes on what they previously paint- medium of choice for most artists now · Great painted altarpieces of medieval art were pride of painters- cupboards rather than screens, with wings that open and close, fold neatly into one another- large central scene is most important- sometimes carved rather than painted- sculpture is considered a higher art form- small paintings like Annunciation Triptych were designed for portability- larger works meant to be in Gothic frame might have alluded to architecture of building · Have a scene painted on outside visible during week- on Sunday inside is exposed to view- might have third view for holiday · Heavily influenced by international Gothic painting- courtly elegant form begun by Italian artists like Simone Martini- thin, graceful figures with S shape curve like late Gothic sculpture- natural details and small bits of reality, modern costumes, gold indicates wealth of figures and patrons, architecture careful and has walls of buildings opened so viewers look into interior, elaborate frames · Opening up wall spaces to see into room- annunciation triptych- figures encased in rooms they occupy rather than proportional to surroundings- ground lines tilt up and flat surfaces, high horizons, symbolism is essential- items that appear casually placed as a bit of naturalism can be construed as part of symbolic network of interpretations existing on several important levels · Assimilation of Italian renaissance ideas into Northern European context- Michelangelo is popular and Da Vinci visited- fondness for nature that's not in Italian art- landscapes have a trace of human involvement- buildings or farms or small people, high horizon lines so earthbound details- reluctance to use linear perspectives although atmospheric perspective is featured

Limbourg Brothers, October, from Les Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, colors and ink on vellum

· October · Is showing peasantry, Sowers, harrowers on horseback, and washer women, and city dwellers outside the Louvre (original kings residence but is now a museum · Supposed to show the duke in positive light as a positive master people don't look upset · Illusionism, ___, __ is present- shown in the architectural rendering on the Louvre Don't know which brother painted which image and they both died before finishing

Filippo Brunelleschi, Sacrifice of Isaac, competition panel for the east doors of the Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence, Italy, gilded bronze Lorenzo Ghiberti, Sacrifice of Isaac, rest is same

· One of the earliest artistic commissions during the time in Florence · This depicts a competition and places on the baptistery door of San Giovanni · Quatrefoil (that's the shape of the panel) was gothic · Content is based on a relief scene of the sacrifice of Isaac (story about Abraham who was told to sacrifice Isaac) · Parallel between Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son and Jesus sacrificing himself · These are two finalist panels that were left after the competition - one on the right won because it was thought to show the illusion of 3 dimensional space and follows the renaissance convention · Merchants guilds · Because Brunelleschi loses- he get disheartened and starts to leave art

Jan Van Eyck, Man in a Red Turban, 1433, oil on wood

· One of the first portraits done · Artists began painting secular portraits/secular paintings · Idea of people commissioning artists for private work becomes more common during this time and it shows a person's wealth and status · Portraits allow patrons to show their identity and wealth and it immortalizes them · Person in the portrait= sitter · Rich can have portraits made and sent to the perspective wives or husband · Portrait is Cosmo medici- medici are big whigs and where big humanists (patrons of the arts), and merchant family? - is this him? · Think that this is a self portrait · Turbin and head do not seem connected · ¾ view · Very quiet · Inscription says as I can in Flemish using Greek letters and across the bottom is Latin saying Van Eyke made me · We know who the subject is · Compares himself to the great ancient Greek

Melozzo Da Forli, Pope Sixtus IV Confirming Platina as Librarian, from the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome, Italy, fresco transferred to canvas

· One point linear perspective · Classical columns/structure · Patron in kneeling

Palazzo Rucellai, Florence, Italy, Leon Battista Alberti, stone, masonry

· Palazzo Ruecllai- big Italian family · Alberti- wrote a treatus (his own writing) called On Architecture. One of the first rensiannce architect to understand classical (Greco or roman) architectural in depth. Studied treatus of Vitruvius and was heavily influenced by that · Palace building became popular after the Medici had their mades · Alberti created a revival of ancient architecture during this time · Wrote a treatus on architecture and painting called On Painting · Building broken up into 3 floors · The second and third floors have rounded windows, look very similar · First floor windows are placed in the middle of the arcuated windows · Three bands all equal in height · Vertical plasters are divided equally · order of columns of coluseum (Tuscan (inspired by doric), ionic, corinithinan), uses composite ionic volute and acanthis leaves which is Albertus' invention · Freizes contain the rucellai family symbols which was billowing sails · Three horizontal floor separated by a strongly articulated stringcourse, each floor is shorter than the one below- pilasters rise vertically and divide the space into squarish shapes, an emphasized cornice caps the building, square windows on the first floor, windows with mullions on the second and third floors, rejects rustication of earlier Renaissance palaces, used beveled masonry joints instead, benches on lower level connect the palazzo with the city · City residence of the Rucellai family, the building format expresses classical humanist ideals for a residence- the bottom floor was used for business- the family received guests on the second floor, the family's private quarters were on the third floor- the hidden fourth floor was for servants- the articulation of the three stories links the building to the Colosseum levels which have arches frame by columns- the first floor pilasters are Tuscan (derived from Doric), the second are Alberti's own invention (derived from Ionic), the third are Corinithian- five bays on the left with a central door, second doorway bay and right bay added later, eight bay fragmentary- owners of house next door refused to sell and Palazzo never expanded · Patron was Giovanni Rucellai, a wealthy merchant- Rucellai coat of arms, a rampart lion,is placed over two second floor windows- friezes contain Rucellai family symbols, billowing sails · big Florentine family by alberti- be able to differentiate structures and who artists are- know- what is alberti known for/what did he do- wrote a treatise on architecture called on architecture- read all classic greats- studied ancient roman vetruvius- one of first renaissance artichitects to understand classical architecture in depth- heavily influenced- Greco roman- palace building popular after medici had theirs made- ricardi building- on right- first floor has rouger stone on bottom- studied great tratise of vetruvius- helped him understand/influenced by- created revivial of ancient architecture during this time- on painting- treatise- how is bulding facae organized- three floors- second and third floor are identical- small little openings or windows all centered- three horizontal bands all equal height and vertical pilasters all equal height- heavily influenced by KNOW colosseum- Tuscan ionic Corinthian- Tuscan based on doric- uses composite ionic volune_____ and of corintihain for second story and corinithan capitals on the top- absertis ____- nothing protrudes from sides creating a mesh like net- friezes contain rousoli family symbol- billowing sails- wealthy merchants- second and third are identical

Rogier Van Der Weyden, Saint Luke Drawing the Virgin, oil and tempera on wood

· Patron saint of art is Saint Luke, stereotypical

The Renaissance in Quattrocento Italy

· People to know for test- medici family and Florence and david and small but mighty- rome is not a big factor its all Florence- competition panels- what does humanism mean- values relating to the classical past, ancient Greco roman philosopher greats- who did not like medici family-know savanna rola did bonfires of vanity getting rid of goods not Christian oriented, bodachelli paintings didn't survive that weren't for church, few qustions on savanna · Return of creating of illusion of 3 dimensions space- with shading and value tones and linear perspective · If there are not buildings, it is not linear perspective, and instead will use atmospheric/aerial perspective · Shows tonal value with a definite light source which is outside of the page and lights and darks on the subject · Optical view (rather than conceptional view; lammassu was conceptional view)

Hubert and Jan Van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece (closed), Saint Bavo Cathedral, Ghent, Belgium, oil on wood

· Polypytch, Example of a donor, Shows donors piety, One of the largest ___ of the 15th century, Grisse, Middle panel- annunciation known by the white lilies, copper pot in a niche in the wall, Known it is from this time period because it the setting is a Flemish middle class merchants home and can the town through the window, Incorporate biblical scenes in the context of the time period, Linear Perspective is used , Top panel- sybils- Greco-roman mythological ______. Micah and Mikera are shown · Zoom in on bottom part- texture gold piety donor portrait know more · One of largest retables in 15th centuries · Donors who commissioned this- grise- painted form of stone sculpture · Middle part- theme is anunciation- lilies- angel Gabriel- virgin mary · Flemish middle class merchants home · Can see town through window of central panel- incorporate biblical scenes in context of time period, linear perspective one point, also see copper pot in niche in wall · Top old testament prophets and sibyls- Greco roman prophets? Prophettess non biblical prophets??? · Mica · Shows humanity redemption through christ- Know biblical scenes we see- question on test

Martin Schongauer, Saint Anthony Tormented by Demons, 1480, engraving

· Print making, Moveable type- invented by Ghetenberg, Printing press is a big deal because you can spread information faster- text can be produced rapidly, More access to literature- literacy goes up, Printing press and moveable type already existed in China, First type of moveable press was woodcut or woodblock - ink is applied to the surface that is raised and as a result getting a positive print · Medium is engraving , Artist is Martin Schognaur, Shows diversity of the medium and the artists talent, Shows Saint Anthony being attacked by demons, Artists creates tonal value and texture- does this with cross hatching

Masaccio, Tribute Money, mural in the Brancacci chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, Italy, fresco

· Really gives the essence of 3 dimensional illusion of space · Jesus in in the big group on the left · Jesus is not completely center; he is in the center of the group · He points and tells peter to go get money from the lake (will find money in the fish's mouth) and give it to the tax collector (the one in the short skirt) · Peter is shown twice à continuous narrative · Atmospheric perspective (mountains) and linear perspective (with buildings) (Jesus is the vanishing point) · Uses a light source from the top right corner of the painting (see high lights on the right side of the tax collector's skirt) · This continuous narrative is from matthew 17 · A tax collector confronts Christ at the roman town of cafronhauf, Jesus tells peter to go into the river and get the tribute coins out of the mouth of the fish and give it to the tax collector · Commissioned by brancacci · Speculate that Florence was going to implement taxation- shows Christ condoning taxation (probably the commissioner too) · 3d illusion of space · Jesus- not placed completely in center- points and tells peter to go get money from lake gallalie and go pay tax collector, peter shown 3 times- continuous narrative- wearing the same clothes- blue and orange- illusion of 3d space- aerial or atmospheric perspectitve- things get grayer or lighter in background- other perspective is one point linear perspective with the building- points all go to jesus' head he is the vanishing point, light sourcenot in painting outside- from top right because of highlights- not artist real name- from matthew chpter 27 verses 24-27, verse is tax collectorconfronts christ at entrance to roman town of _____, and jesus tells peter to go to thes hores of the gallalie where he will find coins n the mount of the fish and bring it back to the tax payer- commissioned by broachi but speculatesthe florance was going to ____ taxation- shows christ ccondoning as wellas branchi taxation

northern europe background

· Renaissance- means rebirth of the classical time period- Return of illusionism- Going towards individualism and naturalism · Rebirth of late antiquity ancient greeks and romans · Reutnr of illusionism in art, individualism and naturalism · Commercial and mercantile interests in affluent trading towns of Flanders stimulated interest in arts- emerging capitalism, from first stock exchange to marketing and trading of works of art- cities vie for best designed cathedrals, town halls, altarpieces- political and religious turmoil begins with Reformation- 1517, German monk and scholar named Martin Luther nailed list of complaints to All Saints Church in Wittenburg, Germany- one of greatest upheavals of European history- split in faith and political turmoil- Germany, Scandinavia, Netherlands become Protestant, others remain Catholic- Protestant wave brings iconoclastic movement attacking paintings and sculptures of holy figures used to be sacred- Calvinists especially against them and lead movement

The Princely Courts- Rome

· Rome is not really pivotal in the early renaissance · Vatican is considered its own country- rome equated with the pope the Vatican Pope and church were corrupt- still selling indulgences through donor portraits

Pazzi Chapel, Basilica di Santa Croce, Florence, Italy, Filippo Brunelleschi (architect), masonry

· She said she doesn't like this one · The pazzi chapel is supposed to influenced by centrally planned structure · Reminiscent of an ancient temple (pantheon) · Originally used as a chapter house, which is a making rooms for the monks in santa croce · Found just off of the cloister which was the typical place of a chapter house (chapter house, not a church) · Complete d after the death of Bruenlleschi but was accredited to him · Shows bruennelschi with the central plan (comparable to pantheon), peitra serena (grayish green stone that articulates the decorative stone elements in the walls) · Revival in the ideas and standards of Ancient Rome · Uses terra cotta roundels/pendentives (I think) · Small barrel vault on the sides · Interio is comprised of two barrel vaults with small vaults over crossing · Medallions added to the pendientives · Medallions are glazed tera cotta reliefs? · Two barrel vaults on the interior- small dome over crossing- pendentives support dome- oculus in the center- interior has a quiet sense of color with muted tones that is punctuated by glazed terra cotta tiles- use of pietra serena (a grayish stone) in contrast to whitewashed walls accentuates basic design structure, inspired by Roman triumphal arches, ideal geometry in the plan of the building, chapter house- a meeting place for Franciscan monks- bench that wraps around the interior provides seating for meetings- rectangular chapel with an apse and an altar attached to the church of Santa Croce, Florence, attribution of portico by Brunelleschi has been recently questioned- building may have been designed by Bernardo Rossellino or his workshop, patrons were wealthy Pazzi family, rivals of Medici- family coat of arms two outward facing dolphins- is placed at the base of each pendentive on the interior · Lost competition so he left- formulated 1 point linear perspective- he did it know him question- goes to architecture after loses competition panel- - ned a lot more- centrally planned space but was not exactly like that they stretched it out a bit- can seem dome and __ paln, articulates the walls themselves, reminscines of an ancient roman temple, very close to a centrally plan church- was initially altered ater his death, example of ancient temple- pantheon- attention to geometry and perfect centrality associated with ancient world- reivvial of standards and ideas of ancient rome- pendentive support- medallions done by another artist or terracotta roundels- wanted to create space that wasn't a basicilia ____ house not a church, missed, high renaissance artist like da vinci, rational where everything is subservient to central design concept- small barrel vault on either side- missed- rgular space with squar and dome on top- pietra surena embellishments, interior comprised of two barrel vaults with domes over crossing, medallions glazed trracoota reliefs added to pendentives- floo veruss ceiling- looks mor centrally planned than floor- artist who did them robbbia- spent a lot of time on this

Perugino, Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to Italy, fresco

· Shows Christ delivering keys to Saint Peter · One point linear perspective that looks like its leading a pagan centrally planned temple · Shows arch of Constantine- know it's his because there are 3 arches instead of the typical one · Constantine made Christianity an official religion. · This piece shows the power of the papacy and their dominance- connecting to the past with Constantine · This was employed by pope sixtus the 4th to decorate the Sistine chapel · Saint peter stands among the 12 apostles and renaissance contemporary · Flanking are two triumphal arches modeled after the arch of Constantine · Constantine was the first emperor of Chrsitianity and the builder of the cathedral over saint meters · Should have been 250s- literally Christ delivering keys to saint peter- a couple of questions-in the background one point linear perspective with the centerbeing centrally planned pagan temple, there is the arch of Constantine has 3 when triumphal ususally have 1- shows power of papacy- employed by pope sixtus the 4th to decorate walls of sistene chapel- among 12 apostles handing keys, orthogonal lines converge to centrally planned temple, one point linear perspective, convergent, 2 archs of Constantine flank- ties saint peter to constatine- first Christian emperor and builder of great basilicia over st peters in rome- Vatican saint peters is the second version of saint peters-

Leon Battista Alberti, west façade of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Italy

· Splits in half and then quarters · Uses mathematically portions · Mathematical proprotions- split it in half and uses mathematical proportions-first floor vs second floor and broke it up into quarters

Masaccio, Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden, mural in Brancacci chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence

· This shows Adam and Even · Shows shadows below their feet, first humans on earth · who are these two people? Right next to tribute money · It's adam and eve- - cast shadows with them touching ground, first humans on earth being depicted

Robert Campin workshop, Annunciation Triptych (Merode altarpiece), 1427-1432, oil on wood, Met museum of art

· Triptych, or three-paneled altarpiece, meticulous handling of paint, intricate details are rendered through the use of oil paint, steep rising of the ground line, figures too large for the architectural space they occupy, meant to be a private home for personal devotion, oil paint gives the surface a luminosity and a shine, oil allows for layers of glaze that renders soft shadows, oil can also be erased with turpentine, allowing for changes and corrections · Left panel: donors, middle-class people kneeling before the holy scene, messenger appears at the gate to an enclosed garden, center panel: annunciation taking place in everyday Flemish interior- symbolism- towels and water represent Mary's purity, water is a baptism symbol, flowers have three buds symbolizing the trinity- the unopened bud represents the unborn Jesus, mary is seated on a kneeler near the floor, symbolizing her humility, mary blocks the fireplace- the entrance to hell- the candlestick symbolizes mary holding christ in the womb- the holy spirit with a cross comes in through the window, symbolizing the divine birth- humanization of traditional themes- no halos, domestic interiors, view into a Flemish cityscape; right panel- Joseph is working in his carpentry workshop, the mousetraps on the window sill and the workbench symbolize the capturing of the devil- the mousetraps on the bench and in the shop window opening onto the street are thought to allude to references in the writings of Saint Augustine identifying the cross as the devil's mousetrap- unusually, the main panel was not commissioned- the wings were commissioned when the main panel was purchased- the donor portrait was added at this time- after the donor's marriage in the 1430s- the wife and messenger were added, which accounts for the squeezed-in look · Workshop of Robert Campin · Oil on · Robert Campin one of the earliest masters of oil painting · Retable= altarpiece- know different words for this · Shows annunciation in center panel- part of the story from the new testament bible. Tells the story of the virgin mary that she is pregnant with baby Jesus from the angel Gabriel · Bible scenes were appearing in everyday Flemish homes with everyday objects. These objects have symbolic meaning. Objects include a book, extinguished candle, lilies on the table, copper basin in the copper niche, towels, fire screens, bench all symbolize the virgins purity and divine mission · Right panel shows Joseph as a carpenter making a mouse trap which represents Christ who is set as bate in the trap of the world to catch the devil. The axe, saw, and rod in the foreground are typical tools in the carpenter but they are also mention in the bible · on the left is a closed garden which represents the virgins purity. Donors or patrons are in the left. They are kneeling in prayer stance. Shows their purity and their wealth. These are probably donating this to a church · Painting can also be called a donor portrait which become common during this time. Most of the donors shown in these king of portraits usually have an intimate part of the scene. Probably asked to be depicted in the altarpiece and has a say in the depiction of the subject matter · Peter Engle brick means angel maker and his wife means shrine maker or __ maker · Can see holy spirit flying in the window, Shows their wealth to the community · know both titles- workshop means other artists worked with him- oil on wood- oil is great invention/innovation- what is special about it- not fully opaque so can layer it? Longer to dry- lasts 2-3 daysand workable and tacky-dilute with more oils to create transparent glow- Robert campin also known as master of flemel- earliest master of oil paint- richer colors very pungent and vibrant glowy enamel like surface- know more · Altarpiece or triptych-retablo- other word for altarpiece- common for period- annunciation in center panel- part of story from bible- being told shell have jesus but start putting biblical scenes in everyday middle class Flemish merchant homes- everyday objects- though typical of time have symbolic meaning- mundane- book, extinguished cnade,lilies on table, copper basin in corner niche, towels, firescreens, bench all symbolize the virgins purity and divine mission- right panel is of joseph- carpenter- shown making mouse trap- represents christ who is set as bait in te trap of the world to catch the devil- axe, saw, rod in foreground are typical tools for carpenter but also mentioned in bible- left is closed garden- depicts the virgins purity- flowers all relate to her virtues- altarpiece, triptych, retable, a donor portrait- become common during period- left panel has donor or patron- kneeling and in prayer stance shoing piety- donate to church or sm- piety, show their wealth, donor portraits 15th century popular- peter englebrick- wealthy merchant and wife kneeling in garden- witnessing and having close view of biblical scene- asked to be depicted in altar piece and had say in subject matter- donors have more power- means angel brnger and wife means cabinet or shrine maker- both images shown in altarpiece- holy spirit coming through window

Hubert and Jan Van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece (open), Saint Bavo Cathedral, Ghent, Belgium, oil on wood

· Van Eyck uses oil paint and creates vibrant colors, Van Eyck is known for his fine details, Open panel · Shows the humanities redemption through Christ, biblical themes · In the center is god the father who wears a pope's triple tiara with the world crown at his feet. Wears a deep scarlet mantle and provides in majesty. To his right is the virgin shown as the gothic queen of heavens with the crown of 12 stars over her head. On the opposite side flanking god the father is john the Baptist. Flanking them are a choir of angels, one playing the organ on the right. Flanking all the way on the outside are Adam and Eve · Top corners are cain and able · Themes are original scene, redemption, and salvation · Adam and eve represent although sinful, can be saved by Christ who is shown below. · Don't see Jesus, but see a little lamb and it squirting out blood into the chalices · Central panel saints come from all 4 corners of the earth to a place like the garden of Eden and they proceed to the altar of the lamb towards the ___ of life · Lamb symbolizes the sacrifice of Chsit whose hearts bleeds into a chalices, Backgrounds all connect to each other · -closed and open side · -altarpiece during ww2 Nazis take from saint bavo · Polyptch · Van eyeck oil paint vibrant colors- not even shown in reproduction · Known for minute details- pluck squirrel hair and use as paint brush- very minute details- · Know biblical scene for test- center god the father who wears a popes triple tiara with world crown at his feet wears a deep scarlet mantle and presides it majesty · Right- the virgin shown as the gothic queen of heaven with crown of 12 stars on her head · Other side is john the Baptist, Jesus as lamb, Flanking them are chorsus of angels playing chords on the right, flanking them on very outside is adam and eve Lunettes sm need more, people above adam and eve are cain and abel- represent original sin, redemption- know, salvation- although sinful can be saved by christ- shown in bottom half- this little lamb and chalice squirting out blood into chalice- saints come from all fourcorners of earth from opulent flower spangled landscape like garden of eden- proceed to altar of lamb and the octagonal fourtnain of life- the lambrepresents the sacrifice of the son god whos heart bleads into a chalice. Know themes lamb- background connect???

Hugo Van Der Goes, Adoration of the Shepherds (Portinari Altarpiece, open), from Sant'Egidio, Florence, tempera and oil on wood, center panel

· Well know altarpiece- donors are on both sides praying- men are on one side and women are on the other, Shows intimate view of the ____, Chief of wheat stands for bethalem house of bread in Hebrew which represents the Eucharist, wheat= represents eucharist, 15 angels represents 15 joys of Mary. Flowers also represent Mary

women

· Women were never supposed to be nude models- Jean Fouquet, Melun Diptych

Andrea Mantegna, Saint James Led to Martyrdom, mural in the Ovetari chapel, Padua, Italy

· Worms eye view- from the ground looking up · Vanishing point converge around to the foot of the solider pushing the person against the wall · Use of perspective- worms eye view-ground up- vanishing point- to feet part in right center