Art History Exam 2 Study Guide
Enlightenment
"Age of Reason", evolution of philosophy and logic. Argued for people to forge their own identities and futures using science and logic
Prix de Rome
"Prize of Rome", an annual prize awarded by the French government. Provided funds for an artist to travel and live in Rome for a year to study and create art.
Salon des Refuses
"Salon of the Refused", featured artists whose works were rejected from the Salons
Louis XIV
"The Sun King", called for more art to be put in his castle. Caused a split between supporters of Ruben and Poussin
Eugène Delacroix
-A close friend of Theodore (modeled for his raft painting) -A major proponent of Romantic art in France
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
-A student of David, worked in his studio -Considered himself a Poussinist (focused on line) -Awarded the Prix de Rome and traveled to Rome in 1806 -Recurring theme of Ingres' work: A nude western female placed in a non-western scene
Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (Goya), Family of Charles IX, 1800
-Although Goya was the official court painter of Charles IX, he thought very little of the royal family -Painted the royal family as very unattractive -Goya placed himself in this painting, in the far left in the background -Resembles "Las Meninas"
Mary Cassatt
-American ex-patriot artist -Studied at PAFA, one of the first women allowed in
Thomas Eakins
-American realist artist -Trained at PAFA -Interested in studying the human body
Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, Marie Antoinette en chemise, 1783
-en chemise refers to the dress that Marie Antoinette is wearing -This painting was controversial because of the garment that Marie was wearing (it was an example of English fashion, who was France's main rival) -Looked like undergarments
Gustave Coubet
: The artist that really moves into realism, while abandoning any remnants of romanticism -Subject matter related to political events of the day
Édouard Manet, Déjeuner sur l'Herbe, 1863
One of Manet's most controversial works -People did not understand this piece (why did it feature two naked women with clothed men?) -Displayed at the "Rejected Salon" in 1863 -This works served as an updated version of an old piece by Raphael
Rembrandt van Rijn, Self-Portrait as Saint Paul (aged fifty-five), 1661 17th Century Northern
One of around 100 self-portraits created by Rembrandt
Claude Monet
One of the artists most associated with impressionism -Influenced by the Barbizon artists -Painted scenes of leisure -Focused on landscape (unlike Renoir)
Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (Goya)
- Main Spanish Romantic painter -Not many Spanish artists because the Spanish court was often patrons of artists from other countries -No national artistic program
Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun
- Born into an artistic family (father was a painter) -A very popular portrait painter -One of the first two women admitted into the French academy of painting and sculpture -Kicked out of the academy after the fall of the French empire in 1789 -Official portrait painter for Marie Antoinette
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, The Turkish Bath, 1862
-Another image of Western women in a non-western setting -Since mythological scenes had fallen out of favor (and it was improper to paint modern nude women), many artists turned to non-western settings so that they could paint nude women
Benjamin West
-Another one of the founding members of the Royal Academy in England -Born in the American colonies (Moved from Philadelphia to Italy to work on his art) -Became the historical painter to the French court
Francois Boucher
-Awarded the Prix de Rome in 1720 -Faculty member of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture -Became the premiere painter to the king of France (Painted all of his portraits)
Thomas Cole, Schroon Mountain in the Adirondacks, 1838
-Because there were no ancient human ruins in America, American artists painted ruins of the natural world (i.e. old, decaying trees)
Thomas Cole, The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts after a Thunderstorm), 1836
-Canvas divided into 2 parts -Shows how humans are changing the natural landscape -Small self-portrait of the artist in the lower-right side
Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Kitchen Table, c. 1755
-Chardin regarded as one of the best still life painters in the history of art -This painting shows objects that would be in a middle-class household
Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, Back from the Market, 1739
-Colors are more muted and played down than other Rococo artists
Antonio Canova
-Considered best Neo-classical sculptor in Europe
Antoine Watteau
-Considered to be the first Rococo painter -Greatly influenced by Flemish painter Rubens -Won the Prix de Rome, spent many years there studying and painting
Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans, 1849
-Courbet never showed anything in his art that he could not see in the world around him -Against any depictions of religious or historical figures -This work depicts the funeral of Courbet's grand-uncle -The real patrons of the event were used as his models -Courbet refers to this work as the "burial of romanticism"
Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon at Saint Bernard Pass, 1800
-David later supported Napoleon's rise to power -Became the official painter for Napoleon's regime -This painting was redone at Napoleon's request, showing him on a white horse instead of a brown horse -Napoleon painted larger than life in this work
Gustave Courbet, Interior of my Studio: A Real Allegory Summing up Seven Years of my Life as an Artist from 1848 to 1855, 1855
-Denied by a jury for inclusion in the Paris World's Fair -In defiance, Courbet pulled the other paintings that had been accepted and placed them in his own showing next to the fair ("Pavilion of Realism") -Shows a self-portrait of Courbet working on a landscape painting
Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830
-Depicts the July Revolution in 1830 -Figure in the center represents liberty -Taken off of display from the 1831 Salon because of its controversial nature
Rembrandt van Rijn, Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, 1632 17th Century Northern
-Dr. Tulp - Official city anatomist giving a lesson to students -More use of chiaroscuro -Uses a technique of framing to draw attention to the figures in the painting
Jan Vermeer
-Dutch artist who spent his life in the city of Delft -Most of Jan's paintings are small, but contain a great amount of detail -Jan often includes a singular light source in his paintings
Thomas Eakins, The Swimming Hole, 1877
-Eakins had an interest in the nude male form -Took photos of his subjects before beginning painting
Joseph Mallord William Turner, Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, October 16, 1834, 1835
-Figures look very basic and cartoonish -Large number of works by Turner of this scene (because he witnessed it first-hand) -2nd painting shows the same event at night -Painting shows how man-made structures can easily be destroyed by nature
Claude Monet, Le Grenoillère, 1869
-Figures painted very roughly compared to the landscape -Reflections of surfaces emphasized -No black used (unlike Renoir)
PAFA (Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts)
-First art academy in the U.S -Philadelphia: Center of the art world in the U.S at the time
Édouard Manet
-French painter, father was a high ranking judge -Member of the French Navy -Style related to Spanish and Northern Baroque artists -Interested in lower-class subjects
Caspar David Friedrich
-Germany artist -Originally a printmaker -Landscapes usually the focus of his paintings -Paintings show the sublime (best example of sublime in art)
Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (Goya), Saturn Devouring his Children, 1819-23
-Goya's paintings from 1815 to his death in 1828 are very dark in color and theme -This painting represents the Roman God Saturn eating his children so that he would not be overthrown by them -Saturn represents King Ferdinand VII
Jean-Baptiste Greuze
-Greuze greatly influenced by Chardin -Painted scenes with a strong moral undertone -A favorite painter of Diderot because of his depictions of everyday life -Believed that paintings existed to show a moral lesson (very against Rococo art)
Hudson River School
-Group of American artists with like-minded interests and influenced by the Romantic artists in Europe -Used landscapes that they saw in the U.S Northeast -Paintings characterized by realistic depictions of the natural world
Barbizon
-Group of painters in France, drew inspiration from the surrounding natural environment -Often painted scenes of nature
Théodore Géricault, Raft of the Medusa, 1819
-Hung in the Paris Salon of 1819 -Received negative criticism because of what it depicted (the wreck of a French ship) -To prepare for this painting, Theodore visited morgues to better understand how to paint dead flesh -Painting has a brushy texture and a subdued color pallet (to represent the somber mood of the event)
Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas, The Ballet Class, c. 1878-1880
-Image reflects photographs -Crops out certain parts of the image, like a photo would -Shows a snapshot of a real life event
Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (Goya), 2 May 1808, 1814
-In 1808, the French invaded Spain which started the Peninsular War -Commissioned to paint the events of 2 and 3 May -Shows the people of Madrid rising up and fighting the French
Thomas Eakins, The Agnew Clinic, 1889
-In 1882, Eakins was appointed as the director of PAFA -Fired for allowing women to view naked male models -Dr. Agnew did not want to be portrayed in the same way that Dr. Gross was
Mary Cassatt, La Loge, 1882
-In contrast to Renoir's La Loge, this woman is dressed more modestly -Shows the woman as an active participant in the theatre rather than an object
Jacques-Louis David, The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons, c. 1789
-It is speculated that this painting is related to the fall of the Bastille in France -Represents the shift from monarchy to a republic -Represents a man turning his back on his family for the good of the state
Rembrandt van Rijn, Night Watch (Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq), 1642 17th Century Northern
-Large group portraits, commissioned by local militias, were common during this time period -Amount of money paid by each militia member determined where they would be located in the painting
Édouard Manet, Bar at the Folies-Bergère, 1881-1882
-Last major painting of Manet -Depicts a popular nightclub in Paris -Shows a tired barmaid -Background is a reflection
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, La Loge, 1874
-Loge: A balcony seat in an opera house reserved for the wealthy -Man is there looking to see who else is in the theatre, the woman is there to be seen by others
Jacques-Louis David, Death of Marat, 1793
-Marat = an important figure in the French Revolution -David's friend -Supporter of the Jacobin faction -Killed by a member of rival faction -When David found Marat dead, he began sketching the scene -Marat is painted as the sacrificial Christ
NEO-CLASSICISM
-Neo-Classicism: Began to overshadow Rococo in France in the late 1700's -Artists looked back and tried to emulate the art of classical artists -Reflects the time period of the enlightenment -Neo-Classicism = Anti-Rococo -Tried to restore order and balance in art ARTISTS: -Jacques-Louis David -Angelica Kauffmann -Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, The Valpinçon Bather, 1808
-Nude female figure is elongated again (seems to be lacked any vertebrae) -Another western woman in a non-western scene
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
-One of the artists most associated with impressionism -Focused on figures (unlike monet)
Théodore Géricault
-One of the first Romanticism artists
Rosa Bonheur, Horse Fair, 1853
-One of the first major works by a female artist to enter into a major U.S art museum -Shows a horse fair in Paris, France -Holdover of the romantic style: The drama within the scene -Figure in blue in the middle is Bonheur herself
Jean-François Millet
-One of the founders of the Barbizon school
Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral, West Façade, Sunlight, 1894
-Paint is very thickly applied, unlike his earlier works
Thomas Eakins, Max Schmitt in a Single Scull, 1871
-Painted a series of rowers in Philadelphia -Middle rower is a self-portrait
Peter Paul Rubens, Holy Family, 1630s 17th Century Northern
-Painterly = You can see the brushstrokes used to make the painting -Painting of the Holy Family - Mary, Jesus, and Joseph -Mary's right breast is exposed -Ruben often painted partially nude women -Combination of the religious and sexual
Nicolas Poussin, Holy Family on the Steps, c. 1648 17th Century Northern
-Painting arranged in a geometrical manner (triangular composition of the figures) -Colors in Poussin's paintings are less dramatic than in Rubens' -Contrasting Poussin and Rubens: Poussin focused more on lines and Rubens on color (Logic v. emotion)
Benjamin West, Agrippina Landing at Brundisium with the Ashes of Germanicus, 1768/1770
-Painting shows Agrippina with her husband's (Germanicus, the Roman general) ashes -West painted two versions of this scene, the only difference is the look of Agrippina
Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Bathers, c. 1765-1772
-Painting shows idealized nude females in a natural setting -Boudoir Paintings: Small paintings that go in private rooms -Made for intimate settings
Jean-Baptiste Greuze, Broken Eggs, 1756
-Painting symbolic of a loss of virginity
Albert Bierstadt, Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, 1868
-Paintings combined an idealized vision of the landscape with an accurate representation of it -Many of these works were turned into posters in order to get people to visit these new parts of the U.S
Thomas Eakins, The Gross Clinic, 1875
-Part of a series of paintings of prominent surgeons around the Philadelphia area -Shows Dr. Gross removing a diseased bone in a leg -Man in the every back with his hand on this wall is a self-portrait -Reminds the viewer that Eakins was present in the scene
Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing, 1766
-Picture shows the male on the left catching a glimpse under the main character's skirt -The older man on the right depicts the morality in conflict with this -The statue on the left is a depiction of cupid with his finger over his lips
Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, Marie Antoinette, 1778-1779
-Portrait painting was used by royal families to document their heritage (which is why there is a large number of them)
Nicolas Poussin
-Poussin rejected the influence of Italian Ren. Painters (Unlike Rubens) -Influenced by rationality, order, and balance -He is a 17th Century French Classicist -Poussin's work much less dramatic than Rubens' (His work reflects a much more intellectual approach to painting)
Nicolas Poussin, Landscape with Ashes of Phocion, 1648 17th Century Northern
-Poussin's classical paintings emphasize the landscape over the scene (Unlike Rubens') -The scene is happening in the foreground but is almost unnoticeable -Image is very organized, again with strong geometric elements -This painting utilizes Repoussoir
REALISM (FRANCE AND U.S)
-Realism: Focuses on the real-world, things that can be observed firsthand -ARTISTS: -Jean-François Millet -Rosa Bonheur -Gustave Coubet -Édouard Manet -Thomas Eakins
Peter Paul Rubens, Elevation of the Cross, 1610-11 17th Century Northern
-Reflects the characteristics of the Baroque period -Lots of drama, color, and sexuality -Three panels of the painting = Tryptic
Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas
-Rejected the title of "impressionist" -Very focused on line work
Rembrandt van Rijn
-Rembrandt - Most famous artist of the Dutch Golden Age (lived in Amsterdam) -Has a very brushy, painterly quality -Uses a lot of chiaroscuro
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Moulin de la Galette, 1876
-Renoir influenced by the play of light off surfaces -Again, the figure is most important in Renoir's work
ROMANTICISM (FRANCE AND SPAIN)
-Romanticism: The rival style of Neo-classicism -More focused on color than Neo-classicism (Which was focused on line) -A backlash against enlightenment philosophies (Romanticism focused on emotion and feel rather than reason and logic) -ARTISTS: -Théodore Géricault -Eugène Delacroix -Goya
Peter Paul Rubens, Venus and Adonis, c. 1635 17th Century Northern
-Rubens created a number of works depicting mythological scenes -Rubens had about 50 apprentices working for him -These apprentices would help paint his works (would paint the smaller areas of the work) -Rubens would then go in and paint the important parts (hands, faces, etc.) -Rubenesque
Joseph Mallord William Turner, Snowstorm - Hannibal Crossing the Alps, 1812
-Shows the ancient figure Hannibal leading his troops through the Alps to invade Italy -Story of the invasion overshadowed by the snowstorm -Merging of a historical event with the effects of nature on humans -Compared to Napoleon crossing the Alps, there is a great difference between Neo-Classical and Romantic art
Berthe Morisot
-Sister-in-law of Manet -Impressionist -Painted scenes that a woman at the time would've had access to
Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (Goya), Clothed Maja, c. 1803
-Spanish prime minister requested a second painting of the woman, this time clothed -Painting nudes in Span at the time was still controversial -Prime minister created a contraption that would reveal the nude woman painting under the clothed painting after he pulled a chord
Eugène Delacroix, Massacre at Chios, 1822-1824
-Subject: Massacre at the Greek island of Chios -A modern event at the time of the painting -Thousands of Greeks killed by the Ottoman Empire (Turks) -French sympathized with the Greeks after this event
Angelica Kauffmann
-Swiss painter, came from an artistic family -Became popular with nobility because of her portrait paintings -A founding member of the Royal Academy of Painting in England -Artwork was typical of the Neo-classical style (muted color pallet, balanced and logical space in a classical setting)
Jan Vermeer, The Geographer, c. 1668 17th Century Northern
-The Dutch were good map makers because of their travel and trade -Once again Jan paints a single light source
Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas, Absinthe, 1876
-The woman in this work may be a prostitute -Work is influenced by Japanese prints -Flattening and tipping forward of image
Joseph Turner, Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway, 1844
-There is a very small figure of a rabbit on the train tracks on this work -Symbolizes man's invention outpacing the natural world -Train is ultimately succumbing to the storm though (nature will ultimately prevail)
Eugène Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus, 1827-1828
-This depicts the story of King Sardanapalus, who order all of his possessions (including animals and women) to be killed to prevent them being captured by the enemy. He would then order his guards to kill him. -Compared to Neo-Classicism, objects and people in Romantic art were much more scattered and unclear, more chaotic (Compare to Oath of the Haratii) -Contains no moral themes
Antoine Watteau, Pilgrimage to Cythera, 1717
-This is Watteau's "reception piece" (All Prix de Rome painters were required to create one) -This painting shows a fete galante -This artwork was influenced by Titian's Fete Champetre
François Boucher, Mme. De Pompadour, 1758
-This is a painting of Madame de Pompadour (the official mistress to King Louis XV) -Meant to be a flattering painting of the mistress) shows her as younger than she really was)
Caspar David Friedrich, Two Men Contemplating the Moon, 1819
-This painting again shows human figures interacting with the world around them -The trees in this painting take on an anthropomorphic quality
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Grand Odalisque, 1814
-This painting depicts an Odalisque (virgin slaves and servants in the Middle East) -Commissioned by Napoleon's sister -Body shape is not proportionate again (like Madonna of the Long Neck)
Édouard Manet, Olympia, 1863
-This painting hung at the Salon of 1865 -Extremely controversial because of the naked female -She appeared to be dressed as an upper class prostitute (Cortizon) -Not the "idealized" nude -Painting appeared flat and was criticized for it -Painted to appear like Venus of Urbino
Jan Vermeer, View of Delft, c. 1660-1661 17th Century Northern
-This painting is 1 of only 2 cityscapes done by Jan -Horizon line painted very low -Most of the scene taken up by cloud formations
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Napoleon Enthroned, 1806
-This painting of Napoleon is more stylized (the proportions of the body are not accurate)
Théodore Géricault, Mounted Officer of the Imperial Guard, 1812
-This painting reflects Romantic art very well -Brushy, painterly surface (objects look more blurry) as opposed to Neo-Classicists, who tried to hide their brush strokes -More importance based on color to portray the mood -Blurry background (meaning that the scene could be taking place anywhere, open to viewer's interpretation)
Gustave Coubet, Stone Breakers, 1849
-This painting relates to the political events of 1848 (the overthrow of the French July monarchy, the "workers revolution")
Frederic Edwin Church, Niagara, 1857
-This painting represents the sublime: Awe-inspiring yet terrifying
Caspar David Friedrich, Monk Standing by the Sea, 1809
-This painting shows a man alone by the sea, raising existential questions about our place in the world
Jean-François Millet, The Sower, c. 1850
-This painting shows a shift to realism, since the main figure is a peasant instead of a historical or important figure
Frederic Edwin Church, Twilight in the Wilderness, 1860s
-This painting shows the introduction of oil paint into the U.S -New colors available for artists to use -Painted during the Civil War -Reflects the tensions of the time
Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (Goya), 3 May 1808, 1814
-This painting shows the outcome of the rising of the people of Madrid the day before -A romantic recreation of something that actually happened (From Goya's imagination since he wasn't really there)
Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784-1785
-This painting was a high ranking history painting in the Salon -Painting shows three brothers pledging their loyalty to the city of Rome -Uses one-point perspective -Painting inspired by Michelangelo's David in the muscular structure of the figures -Also inspired by Caravaggio's use of chiaroscuro
Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (Goya), Nude Maja, c. 1800
-This piece commissioned by the Spanish prime minister -No hints about anything about the figure (could be any woman in any time, in any place) -Does not use the guise of ancient figures (like Venus) to justify painting a nude woman -Goya fired as court painter b/c of this work
Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise, 1872
-This work moves completely away from accurate representations of figures to focus on the landscape -This is the painting that gave impressionists their name -Shown at the first Impressionist Exhibition -Disliked by critics (looked unfinished) -Shares characteristics with the work of Joseph Mallord William Turner
Édouard Manet, Spanish Guitarist, 1860
-This work was awarded an honorable mention at the French Salon -No other works ever acknowledged by the Salon
Frederic Edwin Church
-Trained with Cole -Painted a very accurate representation of the natural world, along with symbolic elements
Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Fighting Temeraire, 1838
-Turner often painted water scenes -Shows an old naval ship being brought into harbor by a new steam ship -Setting sun in the painting symbolic of this end of an era for British naval superiority
François Boucher, Triumph of Venus, 1740
-Typical painting of the Rococo era, shows only pleasures (like sex and love) and nothing about the struggles of the French people -Uses a lot of "S" shaped lines -Venus shown in the middle (with the lightest skin = Highest member of society) -In contrast to Botticelli's Birth of Venus: Renaissance style much more orderly than the Rococo style
Albert Bierstadt
-Unlike Church, more invested in theatrical presentation of his paintings than scientific accuracy of the scene -Paintings show the grandeur of the natural world -Influenced by the sublime in Friedrich's artwork -Accompanied western land surveyors as an artist for the government, painting the landscapes that he saw
Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin
-Unlike other Rococo artists, Chardin painted depictions of everyday life and struggles -By 1780, the Rococo style was slowly fading -Chardin was a middle-class painter, not supported by the upper class -Known for his still life and everyday scenes -His paintings give an image with a moral story to them (as opposed to the purely pleasurable paintings)
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Le Grenoillère, 1869
-Used black (unlike Monet)
Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, Self-Portrait in a Straw Hat, 1782
-Vigee-Lebrun painted herself wearing upper-class clothing while at the same time holding artists' tools (she would not have been painting while wearing that) -This shows her class in society as well as her artistic capabilities
Mary Cassatt, Boating Party, 1893-1894
-We don't know the relationship between the man and woman in this work -The work has an uneasy feeling about it -Work is influenced by Japanese prints
Angelica Kauffmann, Cornelia Pointing to her Children as her Treasures, 1785
-Woman in the middle a representation of the virtuous woman -Points towards her children as being her precious objects (as opposed to the other woman in the painting, pointing to her jewels)
Jan Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance, c. 1664 17th Century Northern
-Woman in the painting depicted as though she is pregnant -Connects her to the virgin Mary
Jacques-Louis David
-Won the Prix de Rome in 1774 (after trying 5 times) -While in Rome, his artwork completely shifted and focused on Neo-classicism (rather than Rococo) -A supporter of the revolution and overthrow of the French monarchy
Antonio Canova, Paulina Borghese as Venus, 1808
-Work commissioned by another one of Napoleon's sisters, Paulina Borghese -Supposed to be a depiction of her as Venus
Jean-Honoré Fragonard
-Worked under Boucher -Received the Prix de Rome -Majority of his paintings show the pleasurable in life
Peter Paul Rubens
A Flemish painter -Often commissioned to decorate religious buildings -Baptized catholic later in life -Influenced by Italian artists -Court painter for the Spanish Court
William Hogarth, Analysis of Beauty
A book written about art, stated that the "s" shapes in Rococo art bring together art and nature
Dutch Golden Age
A period of time when Dutch art, science, and trade were among the top in the world. -A very wealthy merchant class emerged during this time period (strong sponsorship of the arts)
Fetes Galantes
A vision of well-dressed men and women from the upper class enjoying themselves in an outdoor setting
17th Century Northern
ARTISTS: -Peter Paul Rubens -Nicolas Poussin -Rembrandt -Jan Vermeer
ROMANTICISM (GERMANY AND U.S)
ARTISTS: -Caspar David Friedrich -Joseph Mallord William Turner -Thomas Cole -Frederic Edwin Church -Albert Bierstadt
Thomas Cole
American painter, member of the Hudson River School -Studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts -Focused on upstate NY in his paintings -Paintings focused on the romantic notion of westward expansion
James Abbott McNeill Whistler
American-born artist, moved to London -Known for outrageous personality -Proponent of "art for art's sake" -Titled his paintings like music numbers, to show that art can be abstract like music is
Sublime
An awe-inspiring greatness, relayed through artistic means (i.e., heaven or the ocean)
James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Nocturne in Black and Gold (The Falling Rocket), c. 1875
An example of "art for art's sake" -Hated by John Ruskin who made bad comments about it -Sued by Whistler for libel and lost
Pavilion of Realism
An exhibition set up by Courbet when his work was rejected by the Salon
Joseph Mallord William Turner
English painter -Like Friedrich, both paint the interaction between humans and the landscape -Unlike Friedrich, Turner focused on the terror of nature and insignificance of humans when facing nature -Paintings tend to have a hazy quality to them
Rocaille
French word, meaning "shell". Rococo artwork contains many shell-like qualities
IMPRESSIONISM
Impressionism: Aims for quick "impressions" of a scene, a quick direct observation of a scene -Paintings completed outdoors -Paintings look like a sketch -Focus: Landscapes & outdoor scenes of leisure -Disliked by critics b/c they were compared to traditional academic paintings ARTISTS: -James Abbott McNeill Whistler -Claude Monet -Pierre-Auguste Renoir -Mary Cassatt -Berthe Morisot -Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas
Jan Vermeer, Allegory of the Art of Painting, c. 1665 17th Century Northern
Largest and most complex of Jan's paintings -Jan refused to sell the painting, kept it in his possession -Depicts and artist and his model (dressed as Cleo, the muse of history)
John Ruskin
Leading art critic in London at the time of the Impressionists, believed that art should serve a moral purpose -Didn't believe in "art for art's sake"
Versailles
Louis XIV moved the French court here. Exemplifies the French Rococo style. Light and bright and enjoyable atmosphere.
Guild
Major patrons of the Dutch artists (since there wasn't really a monarchy)
en plein air
Movement towards creating paintings outside, where they view their scenes, rather than in the studio
Louis-Philippe, "Citizen King"
Put into power after the previous monarchy as overthrown
ROCOCO
Rococo: an 18th-century artistic movement and style, affecting painting, sculpture, architecture, interior design, decoration, literature, music, and theatre. -Subject matters have to do with leisure and pleasure rather than religious themes. Light and bright as opposed to dark and heavy ARTISTS: -Antoine Watteau -Francois Boucher -Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun -Jean-Honoré Fragonard -Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin -Jean-Baptiste Greuze
Zeitgeist
Spirit of the age
Repoussoir
The Use of the landscape to bracket the painting, contains the viewers' eye in the center of the painting
Paris Salons
The officially sanctioned exhibition of artists that worked within the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture (like a university for artists) -Introduced many artists to the public -Artwork had to be judged to see if it would be exhibited in one of the salons -history painting was given the highest ranking (higher rankings = better placement in the salons)
Contraste
The practice of leaving elements in a work of art unbalanced.
Rosa Bonheur
Trained by her father, a landscape painter -Most women artists at the time were trained by male relatives -Liked to portray animals in her art -Paintings rooted in the real world, no religious or otherworldly themes
1648 Peace of Westphalia
Treaty of Westphalia ended the 80 years war, decided that the region would be divided in 2: North would be the Dutch republic and south would remain under Spanish control. North mostly protestant and south mostly catholic.
Eighty Years War
When the Dutch (Netherlands) under control of the Spanish revolted
Diderot
Writer and art critic, influential in the artistic community. Wrote plays which focused on the dramas of real life.
Rubenesque
depiction of women as extremely curvy