Art History Semester 1 PLP

barrel vaults

A ____ is an architectural element formed by a single curve along a given distance to form almost a tunnellike feel.

Portal

A _____ is an opening in the wall of a building where a door marks a usually grand entrance

Nave

A ______ is the center aisle of a church.

Lintel

A _______ is a horizontal beam used as a finisher piece that can be found over a door or window.

The Discus Thrower

A copy of an original Greek sculpture

Greek and Roman

A distinctive feature of the Renaissance is that it was a rediscovery of __________ culture.

Monastery

A mass assembly line in a _____ is called scriptorium.

empiricism

According to many historians, Locke's greatest contribution to the world was his belief called the "doctrine of ________."

Roman

Botticelli created large scenes from ________ mythology.

Stonehenge

Domesticated animals were possibly used to haul in the stones used to create ____

The holy innocents

Giotto di Bondone made this and it shows stacking

Lord Heathfield of Gibralter

Reynolds made this

Kraters

Sometimes used as grave markers

The bible

The Spanish focused on their most beloved book: ____________

Madame de pompadour

the famous and quite powerful mistress of Louis XV, took Boucher as her painter and commissioned several pieces from him.

created by a monk named eadfrith around 715 AD in honor of st. cuthbert

the lindisfarne bible is considered to be _________.

Aristocracy

After 1715, the ____________ made a surge into the societal and political realms.

positive

After the Council of Trent, the Church decided to sponsor artwork that would stir people's emotions in a _________ way; they wanted art to tell biblical stories and convey deep feelings, particularly to the illiterate.

Hals

Although his brushstrokes are visible and appear choppy and hurriedly done, they form natural-looking images from a distance.

unnatural

Although his works have a darker tone than many Renaissance artists, Titian accented them with strong, ________ colors which oddly make sense in the pictures.

index

Although the intentions of the ___________ were understandable, it actually had a reverse effect on the psyche of Europe.

Pompeii

Another reason for the big interest in the Classical style of art was the big excavations of Herculaneum (started in 1738) and _____________ (1748).

statement

Art is when anyone in the world takes any sort of material and fashions a deliberate ____ with it

invitation

Artists often extended a(n) _____________ to the viewer to become an essential part of the work, which gave the viewer a sense of ownership of the scene depicted.

Pilgrims

Aside from being a place for worship, many of the stone churches were built to provide shelter for ___ on their way to major religious destinations.

Vernacular

Authors of the Renaissance wrote so it was more accessible to more people. In other words, they wrote in the local ___.

frieze

Band on a building that contains sculptures

Northern baroque

Baroque art that depicted ordinary people doing ordinary things

Southern baroque

Baroque art that was more realistic than climactic, more genuine than theatrical

Italy

Baroque artists came from all over Europe to the country of

Emotional

Baroque painters employed the dramatic use of light and shadow to emphasize the __________ and psychological nature of its subjects.

geometric style

Basic style of prehistoric art focusing on patterns and abstract images

naturalistic style

Basic style of prehistoric art focusing on representations of animals and human beings

Napoleon

Because David seemed to be quite the adaptable painter and was fond of living, he figured out a way to paint for ____.

exotic

Because of the many vibrant colors included in The Garden of Earthly Delights, Bosch helps the viewer to see the _______ nature and excitement of the piece.

Survival

Because of the wave of invaders, the European serf's family had to restructure its priorities from "education" to "____________."

landscapes

Because of this enthusiasm, artists created a plethora of high-quality art, and many artists began to specialize in specific subjects like still lifes, _________, animals, and interior portraits.

Symbolism

Bosch's The Garden of Earthly Delights is full of ____________________.

Florence

Botticelli's principal patrons were the Medici family of the city of

Madame de pompadour

Boucher made this

energetic

Breughel the Elder's paintings often have a very ___________________ and amusing tone.

Michelangelo

Called the Hellenistic statue of The Death of Laocoon and His Sons the best sculpture ever made

The grand canal and the church of the salute

Canaletto made this

Conversion on the way to Damascus

Caravaggio made this

Supper at Emmaus

Caravaggio made this

The calling of saint Matthew

Caravaggio made this

The conversion of st. Paul

Caravaggio made this and portrays a man covering his eyes

Altamira Cave

Cave found in Spain discovered in 1879

Prayer before the meal

Chardin made this

renaissance

Charles Willson Peale certainly could be considered a _______ man; he was a painter, a naturalist, a soldier, a museum curator, and had interest in several other areas

dreamlike

Claude focused on painting idyllic landscapes and gave them a ___________________, almost unbelievable beauty.

Marriage of Issac and Rebekah

Claude made this

amphora

Commemorative vase used mainly to hold oils and wine

amphora

Commemorative vase with two handles and a narrow neck, used mainly to hold oils and wine

Carpet Pages

Commonly found at the beginning of each of the four Gospels in an illuminated manuscript

Queen Nefertili

Considered to be a "bust" statue

Paul Revere

Copley made this

The Lindisfarne Bible

Created by a monk names Eadfrith around 715 AD in honor of St. Cuthbert

Praxiteles

Credited for making his sculptures more at ease and laid-back

The death of marat

David made this

curator

Decides on pieces needed for the museum and acquires them

sarcophagi

Decorative coffin made of stone

Brunelleschi

Designed the dome of the Florence Cathedral

light

Despite the broad variety of what was "baroque," however, there was one trait common to all baroque artists: mastery in the use of _________ to achieve a deeply rich and emotional impact.

Contrapposto

Donatello brought back the _____ pose where the body stands upright in a relaxed pose.

David

Donatello made this

Neoclassicism

During the late 1700s and much of the 1800s, there were three big "isms" that overlapped each other and competed for the attention: ________, Romanticism, and Realism.

Burial of Count Orgaz

El Greco made this

Mannerism

El Greco's style is known as "_______________," which consists of intense, inward-looking emotion and figures that look posed, rather than in their natural state.

Christ from Junius Bassus' tomb

Example of the fading influence of Greek idealism

Lascaux Caves

Found in France and contain the Hall of Bulls

Chauvet Cave

Found in the ___, this stenciled image was made by blowing paint onto a hand placed upon the cave wall

The swing

Fragonard made this

The Laughing Cavalier

Franz Hals made this

facial expressions

Franz Hals was a Dutch artist who had the incredible ability to capture the personality of his model, largely through fleeting _______________.

Nature

French Baroque art was awe-inspiring, as it used big, open, landscapes and _______________ as its primary themes.

Contemporary

Gainsborough developed into an incredible portrait artist in his own right, usually having his sitters wear casual, ___________ dress, which echoed his easy-going, laid-back personality and style.

Mr. and Mrs. Andrews

Gainsborough made this

Judith slaying Holofernes

Gentileschi made this

biblical

Gentileschi painted scenes of ____________ females as seen in Judith Slaying Holofernes that served as metaphors for her own tormented life.

Magdalen with the smoking flame

Georges de la Tour made this

Flesh

Gilbert Stuart was another Neoclassic painter in America at this time, and his strong will against following the "rules" of painting __________________ made him one of the most memorable.

The village bride

Greuze made this

Country fair

Grimm made this and it has King Edward VI on it

The ambassadors

Hans Holbein the younger made this

Boucher

He added a sense of playfulness and sensuality to his portraits.

van Dyck

He called himself the gentlemanly painter.

Fragonard

He combined techniques from Watteau and Boucher in his own art.

Titian

He created devout religious scenes, mythological paintings, and atmospheric backgrounds

Howitt

He etched majestic creatures and competitive sports.

Hogarth

He focused on the hardships and the problems that people faced as opposed to the beautifying of people like many of his contemporaries.

Rubens

He put out over 2,000 masterpieces - a number that only compares to Picasso in works produced.

hunter

He was a doctor who pioneered anatomical drawings to be used as a teaching tool.

Rembrandt

He was admired by his contemporaries for his skill at capturing the natural effects of light.

Rembrandt

He was the foremost master of painting the elusive texture of skin.

The garden of earthly delights

Hieronymous Bosch created this

Raphael

His giant fresco The School of Athens embodies all the characteristics of Renaissance art.

comic strip

Hogarth invented an entirely new genre for himself that people of all socio-economic classes could understand and enjoy: the _______________.

An election entertainment

Hogarth made this

Lion resting

Howitt made this and it portrays a lion

intersecting lines, meet

If you see ______________ like a cross, your eyes will drift to the point where the lines ______________

Trent

In 1542, Pope Paul III gathered high-level Catholic leaders to the city of ________, Italy, to discuss the ways in which the Catholics could address their doctrine.

Las Meninas

In 1985, the Illustrated London News held a contest to determine the "World's Greatest Painting" in which __________________ won.

studio

In Belgium, art moved out of the literature and into the painter's _______, where it took on an entirely new form.

divine-right monarchies

In the 17th century, the two most powerful countries in Europe were France and England. Both countries were run by

shadow

In the Baroque era, however, the use of light and _____________ becomes much more sophisticated.

Greeks

Influenced by the ___, Trajan's Column has wrapped images that tell of successful battles

Barbarians

Ingres defended vehemently against having these Romantic "______________," as he called them, affect the classic qualities of Neoclassicism.

The apotheosis of homer

Ingres made this

quartzite

Inlaid ___ make up the eyes in this Egyptian piece

Master Hugo

Invented the damp- fold style

Rembrandt

It was a time that was marked by the artistic geniuses of Velazquez, ____________, and Caravaggio, while at the same time it became more accessible to the ordinary person.

Medici

Italy was a great place for the Renaissance since, aside from the church, the government was loosely run by families of entrepreneurs, like the ________ family in Florence.

The Last Supper

Jacopo Tintoretto made this

The Arnolfini portrait

Jan Van Eyck

ingres

Just like David was inspired by the Pieta in his portrayal of Marat, _______________ had Raphael's School of Athens that gave him inspiration.

Cornelia presenting her children as her treasures

Kauffman made this

Humble

Kauffmann takes the ____________________ and sweet message that Greuze and his companions shared and placed it in an ancient setting.

Portrait

Kneller took ________________ painting to an industrial level.

docent

Knowledgeable person who volunteers their time answering questions and acting as a guide in museum

registrar

Knows where all the pieces are and keeps detailed records of where paintings can be found

Lady with an ermine

Leonardo da Vinci created this

The last supper

Leonardo da Vinci made this piece

Virgin of the rocks

Leonardo di Vinci made this

Versailles

Louis XIV's opulent palace

return from cythera

Made by Watteau

preparator

Makes sure that all art is installed in the gallery the best way

Middle ages

Many historians view the Renaissance as a bridge that connects the ____________ to the modern Europe.

Botticelli

Many of his works depict feminine, divinely inspired beauty while he often used nudes as his subject matter.

The trinity

Masaccio made this

Data

Newton's insistence on concrete proof and ________ became an important factor in The Enlightenment movement.

Scientific

Newton's theories and experiments took the ________ revolution to a whole new level.

Turpentine

Northern Renaissance artists used ________ to mix with oil paint in order to thin it to become almost transparent.

Marie antoinette

One of Vigée-Lebrun's most loyal patrons was

Royal Standard of Ur

One theory suggests that this was used as part of a musical instrument

Artist's names were seldom known

One thing that sets the medieval period apart is that ___ because it was thought that art was created for God.

Portal

Opening in the wall of a building where a door marks a usually grand entrance

Transept

Part of a cross-shaped church that runs at right angles to the long center aisle

The staircase group

Peale made this

Protestant

People like Martin Luther, John Calvin, John Knox, and Ulrich Zwingli pointed out the flaws in the Catholic way of doing things, and in protest started new _______ Christian faiths.

Ideal beauty

Peter Paul Rubens was one of the most outstanding Baroque painters, simply for the way he reflected the social representation of what he could call

Lincoln memorial

Picture is on the back of the five-dollar bill and penny.

The Arcadian Shepherds

Poussin made this

The marriage of the virgin

Raphael created this

the school of athens

Raphael created this

Portrait of Balthazar

Raphael made this piece

mold

Reasoning behind the closure of the Lascaux Caves; due to the introduction of air conditioning and outside elements from tourists

Pygmalion

Refers to a sculptor whose lifelike, painted sculpture supposedly came to life

Dutch

Religious-themed art was the norm in the Belgian south, while it was strictly forbidden in the strict Calvinist churches of the ___________________ north; the result in the Netherlands was a typically secularized subject matter.

Belshazzar's feast

Rembrandt made this

Melodramatic

Rembrandt's early paintings are based on physical action, ____________ emotion, and used dramatic contrasts of dark and light to add to the emotion of his pieces.

intelligence

Renaissance art engages our attention, our _______, and our imagination.

The grand style

Reynolds was well known for his portrait paintings where he emphasized what was called "____________" which paradoxically brought perfection to imperfect traits.

Natural

Rousseau's views were known and widely read, and many think it was because of his influence that the taste of the art world went from the flashy Rococo to a more simplistic and ___________ style.

The Three Graces

Rubens made this

Constantine

Ruler whose reign helped transition art from paganism to Christianity

Venus and mars

Sandro Botticelli made this

Lysippus

Sculptor whose original art does not exist

kouros

Sculpture of a young man

kore

Sculpture of a young woman

portraiture

Since religious art was prohibited in the Puritan churches of England, English Baroque art took the form of ________________ that defined and elevated one's status in the eyes of others.

Depth

Some of the distinguishing features in Neoclassical paintings are severe, carefully drawn figures which are usually in the foreground as there is not as much interest in ____________.

metopes

Square blocks at the top of the walls in a temple

The athenaeum

Stuart made this

One of Ireland's most highly praised national treasures.

The Book of Kells is considered to be _______.

Indulgent

The Enlightenment was occurring and people began to question the Rococo whimsical, ______ style of art.

Statues

The French Revolutionists beheaded several ____ that they thought were of French kings but really turned out to be biblical kings.

Doric columns

The Lincoln Memorial has 36 _________________ that represent the 36 states that existed when Lincoln died

Nature

The Northern Renaissance drew inspiration from

Venus of Willendorf

The Old Stone Age statuette that exhibits exaggerated female features

Fully

The Renaissance emphasized that life should be lived for the present. Not recklessly, but _______________.

Bologna

The University of _______ provided direction in the early studies of humanities.

Book of Kells

The ___ contains the image of the Virgin and Child, the oldest image of the Virgin Mary found in a manuscript.

Chartres

The ______ Cathedral stands out from a historical viewpoint in that it is so incredibly well preserved for a structure of its time.

black death

The _______ of the 1340s ravaged Italy and most of Europe

catholic

The ___________ Church took a huge hit in the early 1500s.

Italians

The ____________ highlighted the meaningful mythology that colored their classical heritage.

Catholic

The _________________ church dominated the political, social, and economic areas for much of the people in the Middle Ages.

3

The amount of money spent on the relics to be stored in the Sainte- Chapelle cost _____ times more than what it cost to build it.

Rococo

The architecture of the time set the stage for a new, softer, more feminine style that was appropriately called

Praxiteles

The art of Lysippus and ____ shows an understated softness and suppleness

Lysippus

The art of ____ and Praxiteles shows an understated softness and suppleness

Miniature from the travels of Marco Polo

The artist is unknown and contains bad perspective

Humanism

The celebration of genius as great individuals bask in success and also the potential man has to achieve more is called

Florence

The city of _________ was the epicenter of the Renaissance movement

realism

The crisp lines and details of many Renaissance paintings add to the __________ of the piece.

Obelisk

The design Mills came up with for the Washington Monument did not escape controversy when he sent in a design that was a(n) ______-shaped monument and very elaborate statues.

Florence Cathedral

The dome of the ________ still remains the world's biggest dome made of brick.

Little Jewel Box

The effect of the stained glass in the Sainte- Chapelle is so breath taking that it is often called ______.

Late Period

The four major chronological categories of Egyptian studies: 1. Old Kingdom 2. Middle Kingdom 3. New Kingdom 4. ____

New Kingdom

The four major chronological categories of Egyptian studies: 1. Old Kingdom 2. Middle Kingdom 3. ____ 4. Late Period

Middle Kingdom

The four major chronological categories of Egyptian studies: 1. Old Kingdom 2. ____ 3. New Kingdom 4. Late Period

Old Kingdom

The four major chronological categories of Egyptian studies: 1. ____ 2. Middle Kingdom 3. New Kingdom 4. Late Period

Apotheosis of Washington

The fresco in the united states capitol is called the __________ and has telling signs of how much our Nation's art and architecture has roots in Classic art.

Ikhnaton

The influence of ___ in the Egyptian art world can be seen in the exaggerated features which give the impression of a looser and expressive feel

Fluid

The lines in the panels of the walls were more ____________________ than earlier art, and the influence of the shell shape with the curving sprays of leaves gives off a very lighthearted feel.

inquisition

The mission of the Holy Office of the ______________ was to round up heretics, especially in Spain and Italy, and deal with them.

Jesuits

The mission of the ___________ was to build an order on a very strict set of rules for living and developing spiritually.

Gabbro

The modern style Lin chose for the Vietnam Veterans Monument included the use of a stone called ____________ which is a black, shiny stone.

Trade

The multiple ______________ routes that usually have an outlet in Italy also made it a prime place for disposable income.

Athena

The name of the goddess portrayed in this Greek statue

Finial

The ornament at the top of a peak of a roof is called a ______

reasoning, questioning, experimentation

The renaissance emphasized these three things

Negative space

The space that surrounds an object in a painting, setting it apart from the background is called ___.

Constantine

The subject of this sculpture

atmospheric perspective

The technique where the artist increases the distance by capturing how colors lose their intensity as distance increases.

Perspective

The term _______________ means adding the perception of depth to a piece by incorporating lines that lead to a vanishing point

facial features

The terms of movement in Young Man and Calf make up for its lack of ___

Reason

The true essence of The Enlightenment was based on using _____ to look at the world.

geometric

The two basic styles of prehistoric art are the ____ style and the naturalistic style

naturalistic

The two basic styles of prehistoric art are the geometric style and the ____ style

Secular

The word ___________ literally means "worldly."

Human figures

There are 340 ___________ depicted on the Sistine Chapel's ceiling.

buccheros

This Etruscan piece with a glossy appearance

The Lindisfarne Gospels

This illuminated manuscript is from _____.

oil on canvas

This innovation led to bolder, brighter shades and a wider range of colors from which to choose.

Tutankhamen

This is the burial mask of King ___

Isms

This is the period that many art historians will call the age or birth of the "____."

Horus

This statue shows a falcon that is supposed to symbolize the god ___

Rococo

This throwback and "new" interest was, again, a reaction to the fancy, overdone _____________________________ art

Tribute money

Thomas Masaccio made this piece

Man with a glove

Titian made this

Buildings

To commemorate the AIA's 150th anniversary, the organization wanted to get a sense of America's favorite ___.

texture

To his credit, Rembrandt was the foremost master of the most elusive __________ to perfect: human skin, especially on the hands and faces of old people.

King Tut

Tomb of this individual is the smallest one found by Egyptologists

pediments

Triangular end pieces above the rows of columns in buildings

Declaration of Independence

Trumbell made this

Brunelleschi

Two great contributors to the art world, Ghiberti and Brunelleschi, were the main competitors in a competition to be the architect for the structural design of the Florence Cathedral dome; ________ was the winner.

Pope julius II

Two of Raphael's biggest patrons were __________ and Pope Leo X

King Ikhnaton

Under his rule, for the first time Egyptians were instructed to worship one god

reason

Underlying all of Poussin's art is the search for ideal beauty and form, which he believed he could reveal through the understanding of ___________.

Stone Churches

Vast number of these were built the Romanesque period.

Las Meninas

Velazquez made this

The allegory of painting

Vermeer made this

Lady writing a letter with her maid

Vermeer made this and portrays a woman writing

kraters

Vessels used for carrying and mixing wine with water

Marie Antoinette

Vigee-lebrun made this

docent

Volunteer who gives information and directions in a museum

Palace of Versailles

Was built for King Louis XIV

Color

Watteau's use of _______ is unparalleled from this era.

The death of general wolfe

West made this

Battlefield

West was well known for his _________________ scenes that showed his attention to details and realism.

John Locke

What Newton did for mathematics and science, a man named _______________ did for political and social philosophy.

Copley

What _________________ did was to give attention to the "new" honest American public

It prompted Christianity

What is the importance of Constantin's Edict of Milan?

Symbolism

While Boucher's portraits were well known, he was also famous for his use of ______ and allegories.

The Spirit

While Romans focused on realism, early Christian art focused on ___.

Trumbell

With a little help from the famous Thomas Jefferson, ________ began his work on Declaration of Independence.

2,000

With over _______ windows in the palace of Versailles, it looked more like a lavish hotel than a royal residence.

Catholic church

With the help of great patronage from the ______________, Italian and Spanish artists in the Baroque era had the financial backing and wherewithal to experiment in new ideas like facial and spiritual emotion

Industrialism

With the science movement spurred on by The Enlightenment that also brought about ______________, people were trying to catch up with all the exciting and unpredictable progress.

Politically

Women were holding higher positions ____________.

Donnatello

Working primarily in bronze, he carved sculptures so realistically that he said he could hear them speaking to him.

Jan Van Eyck

You can find _________'s signature in the inscription above the mirror in his The Arnolfini Portrait

Gislebertus

_____ is a name that has been identified as being one of the greatest Romanesque artists of all time.

Charles V

_______ specifically asked Titian to paint portraits to celebrate his most important victories.

Gargoyles

_______ were actually used to divert rainwater from some of the joints.

Michelangelo

________'s The Pieta depicts a seated Mary holding her recently crucified son on her lap.

French

__________ Baroque was flamboyantly detailed, while Dutch artists emphasized the economic strata of its prosperous population.

Flanders

____________ was dominated by the Catholic Church and a ruling monarchy, while Holland was an independent democracy with Protestant ties.

Mirrors

_______________ start popping up more and more in art of the Baroque era, as they started to become a symbol for the competition between artists and nature in producing an image that is as real as possible.

Patron

a person, family, or organization who supports an artist financially.

protestant

a religious movement started by leaders who questioned the Catholic Church of the time

Canaletto

ability to paint detailed scenes became quite popular with tourists who were traveling Europe on their "Grand Tour."

self portrait

albrecht durer made this

counter-reformation

an "image makeover" for the Catholic Church where they could be more appealing to the public

Danse macabre

an art style that featured death or skeletons as its major theme.

Mona lisa

arguably the most famous painting in the world

Diderot

became the editor of the famous Encyclopidie which was a compilation of more than 100 of the most influential writers and leading thinkers of the time.

Reynolds

captured many military heroes using "The Grand Style" technique.

Greuze

embraced Rousseau's philosophy and painted "simple" moments.

Chardin

found inspiration in the country life of families.

Newton

insisted on solid proof when it came to scientific research.

Vermeer

loved complex special arrangements and often created precise visual illusions of objects in a confined space.

Bacchus

made by Caravaggio

The night watch

made by Rembrandt

The girl with a wineglass

made by Vermeer

baroque

movement in art that came about during then Counter-Reformation

Copley

painted the portrait of Paul Revere.

Masaccio and Raphael

pioneered new styles in perspective.

chiaroscuro

technique used by Baroque artists that added light to a dark canvas

quattrocento

the 1400s; Italians separate this century from all the others to reflect its greatness and preserve its unique place in history

inquisition

the Church's attempt to rid what they saw as acts of heresy

Renaissance

the rebirth of art, literature, and science in Europe, c. 1400-1600 AD; began in northern Italy in the 14th century then eventually spread northward into the rest of the continent

Geoffrey Chaucer and Dante Alighieri

two of the most accomplished writers of the Renaissance.

King Charles I at the hunt

van Dyck made this

Kneller

was a major portrait artist of the time and painted all of the Kit-Kat members.

Masaccio

was known for rejecting the elegant Gothic style and concentrated on creating three-dimensional human bodies.

Masaccio

was nicknamed "Clumsy Tom" because he neglected his hygiene when he immersed himself so deeply in his work.

Kauffman

was part of the Blue Stocking organization.

Paris

was the social capital in the 18th century.

studio signature

when an artist does his work mainly in his studio which gives the piece a recognizable feature

council of Trent

where high-powered Catholic leaders met to discuss their doctrine, their practices, and their image