Art Test 5

Cantilever

A beam or slab projecting a substantial distance beyond its supporting post or wall; a projection supported only at one end.

Lost wax

A casting method. First, a model is made from wax and encased in clay or casting plaster. when the clay is fired to make a mold, the wax melts away, leaving a void that can be filled with molten metal or other self-hardening liquid to produce a cast.

Mold

A cavity created out of plaster, clay, metal, or plastic for use in casting. Taken from the original work. Materials that will harden can be used to make molds. Clay, molten, metal, concrete, or liquid plastic.

Arch

A curved structure designed to span an opening, usually made of stone or other masonry. Roman arches are semicircular; Islamic and Gothic arches come to a point at the top.

Vault

A curving masonry roof or ceiling constructed on the principle of the arch. A tunnel or barrel vault is a semicircular arch extended in depth; a continuous series of arches, one behind the other. A groin vault is formed when two barrel vaults intersect. A ribbed vault is a vault reinforced by masonry ribs. traditionally made of bricks or blocks.

Pendentives

A curving triangle that points downward; a common support for domes in Byzantine architecture.

Dome

A generally hemispherical roof or vault. Theoretically, an arch rotated 180 degrees on its vertical axis.

Concrete

A liquid building material invented by the Romans. Mixture of water, sand, gravel, and a binder of gypsum, lime, or volcanic ash.

Sans serif

A modern look due to their association with modernist designs. A font that has straight edges.

Feminism

A movement among artists, critics, and art historians that began in an organized fashion in the 1970's. feminists seek to validate and promote art forms that express the unique experience of women, and to redress oppression by men.

Curtain walls

A non-load-bearing wall, typical of the international style. Generally well-endowed with windows. Non bearing wall of glass, metal, or masonry attached to a building's exterior structural frame.

Buttresses

A projecting support of stone or brick built against a wall. A support, usually exterior, for a wall, arch, or vault that opposes the lateral forces of these structures.

Postmodern Architecture/Postmodernity/Global Art

A reaction in architectural design to the feeling of sterile alienation that many people get from modern architecture. Postmodernism uses older, historical styles and a sense of lightheartedness and eclecticism. Buildings combine pleasant-looking forms and playful colors to convey new ideas and to create spaces that are more people-friendly than their modernist predecessors.

Armature

A rigid framework serving as a supporting inner core for clay or other soft sculpting material. A support framework for the clay to help it hold its shape until it begins to harden.

Colonnade

A row of columns spanned or connected by beams. A series or row of columns, usually spanned by lintels.

Freestanding

A sculpture meant to be seen from all sides. A sculpture that stands alone and is visible 360 degrees and not attached to wall or structure.

Relief

A sculpture that is not freestanding but projects from a background surface. Projects from a flat background of which they are a part.

Kinetic sculpture

A sculpture that moves. Art that incorporates actual movement as part of the design.

Arcade

A series of arches supported by columns or piers. Also, a covered passageway between two series of arches, or between a series of arches and a wall.

Animation

A simulation of movement added to graphics or text. A visual or sound effect added to an object or text on a slide. Adding motion to an object.

India/Modern Art/Beyond the west

A small group of Indian artists hoped to create an art of global reach by synthesizing Asian and western technique into a seamless new style. A university was established and the program had a cosmopolitan influence on Indian culture, Urging artists away from over-dependence on the European academic styles then taught at the British sponsored art schools.

Neo-Expressionism/postmodern

A style of modern painting and sculpture that emerged in the late 1970's and dominated the art market until the mid-1980's. It reflects the artists' interest in the expressive capability of art, seen earlier in German Expressionism and Abstract Expressionism. This part of Post Modernism explores intensity of emotions, was related to the self-help movement, revisits German Expressionism.

Action Painting

A style of nonrepresentational painting that relies on the physical movement of the artist by using such gestural techniques as vigorous brushwork, dripping, and pouring.

Casting

A substitution process that involves pouring liquid material such as molten metal, clay, wax, or plaster into a mold. When the liquid hardens, the mold is removed, and a form in the shape of the mold is left.

Carving

A subtractive process in which a sculpture is formed by removing material from a block or mass of wood, stone, or other material, with the use of sharpened tools.

Minarets

A tower outside a mosque where chanters stand to call the faithful to prayer.

Mobile

A type of sculpture in which parts move, usually suspended parts activated by air currents.

Balloon Frame

A wooden structural support system developed in the U.S in the middle 19th century in which standardized, thin studs are held together with nails.

Result sculpture

A work in three dimensions.

Conceptual Art/West/Postwar Modern

An American avant-garde art movement of the 1960s that asserted that the "artfulness" of art lay in the artist's idea rather than its final expression. It is a work in which the ideas are often as important as how it is made.

Installation

An art medium in which the artist arranges objects or artworks in a room, thinking of the entire space as the medium to be manipulated.

Minimal art

An art movement in sculpture and painting that began in the 1950s and emphasized extreme simplification of form and color. Art that excludes subject matter, symbolic meanings, personal content, and hidden messages of any kind. It is basically what you see is what you see.

Abstract Expressionism/Postwar Modern/West

An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and colors, lines and shapes. First coming together in New York City in the 1940's. Influenced many american painters to move away from realist styles, and to experiment with more expressive and inventive ways of creating. Began to paint in styles that were both stylistically innovative and personal.

Pier

An upright support for an arch or arcade. Piers fulfill the same function as columns, but piers are more massive and usually not tapered toward the top. More massive version of a column.

Site specific

Any work made for a certain place, which cannot be separated or exhibited apart from its intended environment.

Performance art/Postwar Modern/West

Artists do not create anything durable. Rather, they perform actions before an audience or in nature. Thus, this art form contains both visual art and drama. Dramatic presentation by visual artists (as distinguished from theater artists such as actors and dancers) in front of an audience, usually apart from a formal theatrical setting.

Masonry

Building technique in which stones or bricks are laid atop one another in a pattern. May be done with mortar or without. A built-up unit of construction or combination of materials such as brick, clay tiles, or stone set in mortar.

China/Modern Art/Beyond the west

Communists urged a socially progressive, low cost art that could be widely disseminated and that clearly depicted the current political and economic situation in the country at that time. Artist pursued these ideals by making woodcuts in a social realist style. They illustrated books and made posters that encouraged resistance to the Japanese occupation.

Poster

Concise visual announcement that provides info through the integrated design of typographic and pictorial imagery. An effective poster attracts attention and conveys its message. The creativity of a poster designer is directed toward s specific purpose, which may be to advertise or to persuade.

Color field

Consists of large areas of color, or dynamic balance.

Constructivism

Constructivists proposed to replace art's traditional concern with composition with a focus on construction. Objects were to be created not in order to express beauty, or the artist's outlook, or to represent the world, but to carry out a fundamental analysis of the materials and forms of art, one which might lead to the design of functional objects.

Constructions/Assembled Sculpture

Creating a work of sculpture by putting together pieces that are already formed by the artist.

Representational art

Depicts the appearance of things. Realistic.

Motion graphics

Designer uses visual effects, live action, and animation to create a two-dimensional project that moves. Began in 1950's with title sequences for Hollywood movies.

Steel and reinforced concrete/Construction methods

Development of high-strength structural steel, used by itself and the reinforcing material in reinforced concrete. Started steel frame construction, the movement began to take shape in commercial architecture, symbolized by early skyscrapers.

International Style

Expressed the function of each building, its underlying structure, and a logical plan that used only modern materials such as concrete, glass, and steel. An architectural style that emerged in several European countries between 1910 and 1920. International style architects avoided applied decoration and arranged the masses of building according to its inner uses.

Closed form/Open form

Form that does not openly interact with the space around/Interacts with the surrounding space.

Architects address what three issues?

Function (how a building is used), form (how it looks), and structure (how it stands up).

Overlap

Gives a sense of increasing distance between each of the shapes.

The Global Present

Globalization of culture had a profound impact on art. Contemporary art forms such as conceptual, installation, and performance art have spread around the world. Innovative work is emerging in unexpected places.

Architecture in Greece

Greeks refined stone post-and-beam construction. For more than 2 thousand years, the magnificence of the Parthenon and other classical Greek architecture has influenced the designers of a great many later buildings. Made temples and statues to worship the gods.

Islamic Islands/Modern Art/Beyond the west

Had the first school in the Arab world to teach western art, The school of fine arts. A student Mahmoud planned to create a statue to embody the new spirit of a liberated Egypt. He later became a national hero for his monumental sculpture called Egypt Awakening. The statue shows influence from ancient styles that the Egyptians use to use, they Carved work from huge blocks.

Interactive design

Helps to organize info presented and keep the layouts attractive.

Truss

In architecture, a structural framework of wood or metal based on a triangular system, used to span, reinforce, or support walls, ceilings, piers, or beams.

Post-and-beam

In architecture, a structural system that uses two or more upright or posts to support a horizontal beam (or lintel) that spans the space between them.

Happenings

In this type of art an event is stage, usually with many participant, such as the Courtyard. An event conceived by artists and performed by artists and others, who may include viewers. Usually unrehearsed, with scripted roles but including improvisation.

Design disciplines

Includes, graphic design, interactive design, motion graphics, product design, textile design, clothing design, interior design, architecture design, and environmental design.

Modern artists outside the west

Interested in using art to explore cultural and national identity than were modern artists in Europe.

Cast iron

Iron supports made possible lighter exterior walls and more flexible interior spaces because walls no longer had to bear structural light. Used in factories, bridges, and railway stations.

What did buttresses do?

It could make cathedrals higher and lighter in appearance. Because the added external support of the buttresses relieved the cathedral walls of much of their structure function.

Japan /Modern Art/Beyond the west

Japanese artists went abroad with grants and returned to teach western painting techniques. Thus, Japanese art, which had influenced the development of impressionism in the west, was in turn influenced by that movement.

Kinetic art movement/West/Postwar modern

Kinetic art marked an important revival of the tradition of Constructivism, or Constructive art, that had been a presence in modern art since the 1910's. Parts of the movement also revived its utopian optimism, talking once again of the potential for art to spread into new areas of everyday life and to embrace technology in ways appropriate to the modern world.

Symmetrical and asymmetrical balance

Left and right sides are the same/Left and right sides are not the same.

Romans

Letter made with thick and thin strokes ending is serifs. Non italic.

Lines

Lines can indicate shadows, Vertical lines, Horizontal lines, Lines are used to build up mass and thickness, Diagonal lines, Cross hatching=x outlines, implied lines=suggest visual connection,

Assemblage Important/West/Postwar modern

Mid-1950's, artists began to acknowledge, confront, and celebrate the visual diversity of the urban scene; they wanted to move beyond the exclusive, personal nature of abstract expressionism. In their effort to re-engage art with ordinary life. these artists created loose conglomerations of seemingly random objects.

High-Relief

More than half of the natural circumference of the modeled form projects from the surrounding surface, and figures are often substantially undercut. A sculptural relief in which forms extend out from the background to at least half their depth. Pops out.

shapes

Organic shapes=irregular shapes,curved. Geometric shapes=Circles, triangles, and squares. Positive or figurative shapes= The dominant shapes.

Photography/postmodern

Photographers influenced by postmodernism show through their pictures that they know their medium is not an objective one and that today's cameras can easily lie. Even the most straightforward scenes can have hidden meanings. Postmodernists want to show us that the camera can influence us in ways we may not suspect, and the camera itself has a certain way of seeing.

Primary colors/Secondary colors

Red, yellow, blue./orange,green, violet

Graphic design

Refers to the process of working with words and pictures to enhance visual communication. Much of graphic design involves designing materials to be printed, including books, magazines, brochures, packages, posters, and imagery for electronic media. Graphic design is a creative process employing art and technology to communicate ideas. The graphic designer produces visual compositions meant to attract, inform, and persuade a given audience. Ex. advertising so it will attract us to the product they are selling. Convey Information easily.

Africa/Modern Art/Beyond the west

Rise of modern art is closely connected with Egypt and Sudan struggling for independence. Many first generation modern artists were trained in a colonial system that emphasized the techniques of the European old masters, ignoring local African traditions. As Nigeria prepared for independence, a group of students rebelled against the neglect of African traditions in their school curriculum. They formed an art society with the goal of expressing more of their African identity in their works.

Earthworks

Sculptural forms made of materials such as earth, rocks, and sometimes plants. they are often large, and they may be executed in remote locations. Earthworks are usually designed to merge with or complement the landscape.

Subtractive process

Sculpture made by removing material from a larger block or form. Cutting away stone from a block to make a sculpture.

Assemblage

Sculptures made by assembling found or cast-off objects that may or may not contribute their original identities to the total content of the work. A collection of artifacts from a site.

Serifs

Short lines with pointed ends, at an angle to the main strokes.

Logo

Sign, name, or trademark of an institution, a firm, or a publication, consisting of letterforms or pictorial elements.

Site-specific

Site-specific art is created to exist in a certain place. Typically, the artist takes the location into account while planning and creating the artwork. In site specific works, the artist's response to the location determines the composition, scale, medium, and even the content of each piece. Site works are environmental constructions, frequently made of sculptural materials, designed to interact with, but not permanently alter the environment.

Dry masonry

Stone construction in which no mortar is used to attach the stones.

Dressed

Stone used for building that is cut, trimmed, or ground down to fit into a masonry wall.

Typography

The art and technique of composing printed materials from Letterfroms (typefaces or fonts).

Architecture

The art or science of designing and creating buildings. A method or style of building. The art or practice of designing and building structures and especially habitable ones.

Product design

The characteristics or features of a product or service that determine its ability to meet the needs of the user. How a product is conceived, planned, and produced.

Western world/Pointed arch/Gothic

The pointed arch was a great structural advance in the western world. It's effect on the buildings of cathedrals was spectacular. Vaults based on the pointed arch made it possible to build wider aisles and higher ceilings.

Additive process

The process of creating an object by adding small pieces or layers together to make a final product. Sculpture made by joining or combining materials.

Low-Relief

The projection from the surrounding surface is slight. As a result, shadows are minimal. Ex. Coins are works of low-relief.

Sculpture

The range of options available to sculptors had rarely been wider. Partly in reaction to the simplicity of minimal and conceptual art, sculptors today draw on a range of techniques and materials. Many sculptors today are exploring the symbolic value of shapes. How can a shape mean something? what range of memories and feelings are viewers likely to attach to a given figure?

Keystone

The stone at the central, highest point of a round arch, which holds the rest of the arch in place.

Issue-Oriented Art

These works comment on a range of issues from advertising, racism, class bias and even common practices of museum display. What we see is what we think, influence us.

Pop Art/West/Postwar Modern

Use real objects or mass-production techniques in their art. Pop artists wanted to challenge cultural assumptions about the definition of art; they also made ironic comments on contemporary life. The subject matter was based on visual cliches, subject matter and impersonal style of popular mass media imagery. Andy Warhol and Claus Oldenburg were two of the important pop artists. Pop art includes, comic strips, advertising layout, and famous name brand package.

How architecture helped with the ancient times/ Nomadic hunter gatherers.

When the hunters became farmers and village dwellers, housing evolved from caves, huts, and tents to more substantial structures.

Mixed-Media

Works of art made with more than one medium.

Public Art

Works of art that are designed specifically for, or placed in, outdoor spaces or areas physically accessible to the general public.

Abstract art

Works the depict natural objects in simplified, distorted, or exaggerated ways.

Saturated colors

green, yellow, orange, and cyan are considered the best to capture attention. Catch attention. Bright.

Street Art

often blurring the lines of legal and illegal, these bold works are created by artists using pseudonyms who make statements in a widely understandable language.

Neo-Dada/West/Postwar modern

style of art that melds painterly abstraction with Dada's emphasis on culture and society. unites painterly abstraction with objects from everyday life. Art movement that bridges the gap between abstract expressionism and pop art.

Color scheme

the choice of colors used in design for a range of media. An arrangement of colors designed to create a specific response

Green building

the practice of increasing the efficiency with which buildings use resources, energy, water, and materials while reducing building impacts on human health and the environment. Creating homes and other buildings that have as little impact on the environment as possible.

Modeling

working pliable material such as clay or wax into 3D forms.