ARTTest# i don't even know anymore this is so hard
A relief sculpture is similar to a painting because ______________ a. it uses the same tools and takes the same amount of effort to create. b. it is durable and retains its qualities over long periods of time. c. both were widely created by ancient artist, particularly the Egyptians. d. it has a singular point of view.
D
All of the following are examples of materials used for carving, except which? a. stone c. wood b. ivory d. clay
D
An arch carries the thrust of weight to its _____(1)______. With a _____(2)______, the horizontal part of the structure supports all the weight above it. a. (1) center; (2) post-and-bearing b. (1) base; (2) springing line c. (1) keystone; (2) groin vault d. (1) sides; (2) post-and-lintel
D
An installations sculpture is ____________________ a. a sculpture that has an integral relationship with the particular site where the exist. b. a sculpture that has a relationship with its surrounding. c. a group of interrelated objects that exist together in a space. d. a form of site specific work, which is designed to affect the way a space is experienced.
D
In sculpture in the round, the division of positive and negative space is dependent on the _______________________ a. technique and materials used by the artist. b. artist's perspective. c. focus and interest of the viewer. d. angle the sculpture is being viewed from.
D
The exterior of an architectural structure is called the _____________. a. skeleton c. facade b. post-and-lintel d. shell
D
A pendentive is ____________________ a. a set of projecting moldings that crown the top edge of a temple or building. b. a curved triangular architectural element that transfers the weight from the dome to the supporting curve. c. the part of an arch that projects slightly from the wall and where the arch springs from. d. the wedge shaped stone used in round arches.
B
An arch construction provides ______(1)______, because, the pieces that make up the arch apply force ________(2)________. a. (1) aesthetic appeal; (2) upwards towards the center b. (1) stability; (2) down the sides c. (1) suspension; (2) to the connected cables d. (1) height; (2) to the shell
B
Assemblage is ________________ a. a technique for casting where wax is carved then heated after a mold is made, then heated so that the wax melts, leaving an impression. b. an additive process where artists construct work by putting together objects and attaches them in some way. c. a substitution process in which the artist models an image in a soft medium such as wax, and then replaces it with something more durable such as bronze. d. the use of tools to chip away at a base in order to produce the sculpture.
B
If you examine the images below, you will notice they are examples of sculpture. Which would not be considered an example of an environment sculpture? a. c. b. d. Please select the best answer from the choices provided A
B
In this example sculpture in the round, entitled, David, the figure (David) is positioned so that he is standing with most of its weight on one foot. In sculpture, this style is referred to as ____________. a. staging c. silhouette b. contrapposto d. modeling
B
The part of an arch that projects slightly from the wall and the point where the arch springs from is called the __________. a. voussoir c. pendentive b. impost d. keystone
B
This example of architecture displays a(n) _____________. a. arch c. truss b. dome d. vault
B
Which of the following is not one of the three Greek orders? a. Doric c. Ionic b. Classical d. Corinthian
B
Which of the following is not true? a. The springing line of an arch is an imaginary line that goes between the two points from which the arch springs into its curve. b. Architects are concerned only on the aesthetic appeal of architecture. c. A corbel dome is essentially created by rotating corbel arches. d. The keystone of an arch is the last piece put in and holds the voussoirs in place.
B
Which type of dome is most commonly used in Islamic architecture? a. corbel dome c. tholos b. onion dome d. rotunda
B
Why is environment sculpture debated as a form of art by academic scholars? a. Art is not suppose to be dependent on its environment, for it to be fully experienced. b. Environment sculpture is a relatively new form of art, and therefore there are no concrete definitions or boundaries for it. c. All types of sculptures are designed to affect the way a space is experience, and therefore it is debatable whether there is anything unique about environment sculpture. d. The environment and nature is art in itself, and many scholars feel that it should not be destroyed in order to create artistic sculptures.
B
______________ is a type of sculpture that was inspired by forms and processes from nature. a. Sculpture series c. Installation sculpture b. Natural sculpture d. Site specific sculpture
B
A _____________ is a system that uses vertical posts which are separated to support a horizontal beam. a. truss c. post-and-lintel b. load-bearing d. crenellation
C
Look at the diagram above. What is part of the arch's anatomy is (A) labeling? a. impost c. keystone b. springing line d. voussoir
C
Picture 1: Picture2: Picture 3: Examine the three pictures above. Which type of relief is each? a. Picture 1: sunken relief; Picture 2: freestanding sculpture; Picture 3: high relief b. Picture 1: high relief; Picture 2: sunken relief; Picture 3: high relief c. Picture 1: low relief; Picture 2: freestanding sculpture; Picture 3: high relief d. Picture 1: sunken relief; Picture 2: high-standing sculpture; Picture 3: low relief
C
This is an example of a ________________. a. bas relief c. sunken relief b. high relief d. Egyptian standing relief
C
This is photograph of the Colosseum. Which of the following aspects of architecture are not a part of this construction? a. the three Greek orders (columns) c. crenellation b. arches d. post-and-lintel system
C
What is a groin vault? a. A groin vault is a structure that resembles the top half of a sphere. b. A groin vault comes from the extension of a round arch, similar to a long tube of arches. c. A groin vault has two barrel vaults of the same diameter which cross or intersect one another. d. A groin vault has two barrels which extrude into a two dimensional structure.
C
When the design for the Vietnam War Memorial (above) was chosen, what question was considered regarding the location and the environment of the memorial? a. Would the men who died during the Vietnam War feel honored by the memorial? b. Would the memorial be large enough to accommodate Washington, D.C.'s tourism? c. Would the memorial compliment and blend with the other surrounding monuments? d. Would the memorial be able to be relocated if necessary, and if so, where?
C
Which is not true of the sculpture above? a. This sculpture was made entirely of sandstone. b. This is an example of a sculpture series. c. This sculpture was originally designed to be built out of sand. d. This environment sculpture is located in a natural environment in New Mexico.
C
Which technique of sculpture was used to create the piece of art above? a. casting c. carving b. assemblage d. modeling
C
______________ is the art of building. a. Architect c. Architecture b. Design d. Construction
C
Answer the following question in 3-4 complete sentences. Define the following: - corbel dome - tholos - rotunda
Corbel dome, this type of dome is made up of rotating corbel arches along a central axis. Tholos, a small circular dome structure. Rotunda, a round, cylinder structure, usually toped with a dome. It can also be called a library.
What is a sunken relief? Where have many great examples of sunken reliefs been found?
Sunken relief is defined as a technique where the image is carved into a flat surface, so that the background is the raise portion and the sunken portions are the objects and subjects. Many great examples of sunken reliefs been found in Egyptian tombs. Many Egyptian sculptors used the sunken relief method to depict images. This is a type of relief technique where the image is actually carved into a flat surface. And so if we were to look at this from above, normally the ground surface is a straight line and we have things projecting out from it. In a sunken relief however, we are carving the shapes inside of the surface like this.
______________ is the process of forming a pliable medium with hands or tools. a. Modeling c. Casting b. Carving d. Assemblage
A
List the primary materials used in sculpture.
1. cast bronze (lost wax) 2. bronze(bonded or cold cast) 3. marble (bonded or cold cast) 4. sculptured marble 5. clay and terracotta 6. fiberglass 7. soapstone • aluminum • Durastone
A load-bearing architectural shell often has _________________ a. thick walls and wide base to support the weight of the structure. b. pieces arranges so that the weight of the structure is applied down the sides. c. arches, post-and-lintel, and Greek orders. d. unevenly distributed weight.
A
A site specific sculpture is __________________ a. a sculpture that has an integral relationship with the particular site where it exists. b. a form of site specific work, which is designed to affect the way a space is experienced. c. a group of interrelated objects that exist together in a space. d. a sculpture that has a relationship with its surrounding.
A
A truss is ________________ a. a structure made up of one or more triangular units, connected at the joints by long beams. b. the location where the weight and force rests in a construction. c. a type of bridge where the main load-bearing elements are hung from suspension cables. d. a rounded structure capable of supporting a significant amount of weight.
A
Of the three Greek orders, ______(1)______ is the oldest and most stable, ______(2)______ featured elegant columns with capitals of spiraled volutes atop the echinus, and ______(3)______ is known for its decorative capitals and fluted sides. a. (1) Doric; (2) Ionic; (3) Corinthian b. (1) Ionic; (2) Corinthian; (3) Doric c. (1) Doric; (2) Corinthian; (3) Doric d. (1) Corinthian; (2) Doric; (3) Ionic
A
The oldest known type of arch is the _________________. a. corbel arch b. groin arch c. round arch d. none of the above
A
The primary difference between a high relief and a low relief is that _________________ a. a high relief must project at least halfway off the background. b. a low relief is carved into the background, where as a high relief is projected out. c. low reliefs are found only in Egyptian tombs and in Grecian art. d. a high relief must project no more than one-half of its images from the background.
A
This relief sculpture is an example of a ________________. a. high relief c. freestanding relief b. low relief d. sunken relief
A
What type of environment sculpture is the above sculpture an example of? a. natural sculpture c. sculpture series b. site specific sculpture d. installation sculpture
A
What type of environment sculpture is this sculpture an example of? a. installation sculpture c. sculpture series b. natural sculpture d. site specific sculpture
A
Which of the following is not true of sculpture in the round? a. There are three main techniques of sculpture in the round which include, casting, carving, and assemblage. b. It is a three dimensional form of art that is meant to be seen from all sides. c. Sculptures in the round are usually posed in order to create an interesting composition from all viewing angles. d. When observing a sculpture in the round, the division of positive and negative space is depending on the angle it is viewed from.
A
Which of the following is not true? a. Sculpture is the oldest known art form, and continues to be popular among modern artists. b. Sculpture in the round is a form of representational art. c. Sculptures can communicate many aspects, including movement and dynamic forms. d. The materials an artists chooses to use is dependent on availability and cost.
A
Which sculpture technique is more commonly used by modern artists than by artists in the past? a. assemblage c. casting b. carving d. modeling
A
Which two types of architecture are shown in this photograph taken from inside the Blue Mosque in Iran? a. dome and arch structures b. arch and vault structures c. vault and post-and-lintel structures d. dome and pendentive structures
A
______(1)______ is a technique for ______(2)______ in which wax is carved then heated after a mold is made, then heated so that the wax melts, leaving an impression. a. (1) Lost wax; (2) casting b. (1) Modeling; (2) staging c. (1) Lost wax; (2) carving d. (1) Modeling; (2) sculpture
A
Compare and contrast a barrel vault and a groin vault.
A barrel vault comes from the extension of a round arch, similar to a long tube of arches. A groin vault has two barrel vaults of the same diameter which cross or intersect one another. A groin vault can span a broader, more varied space than a barrel vault. A groin vault can also be called a cross vault, since it is the crossing of barrel vaults.
Describe a corbel arch, including the type weight-bearing used. What is unique about a corbel arch?
A corbel arch is an arch carries the thrust of weight to its sides. It uses a postandlintel, in which the lintel supports all the weight above it. A corbel arch is unique because it is the oldest form of arch known in architecture. The corbel arch is one of the oldest arches. Now, this might not look like what you would think of when you think of an arch, but in fact the principal is still the same. You see, each of these stones that is progressively placed more inward, allows the weight to be distributed down the sides at angles like this. Now if we compare this to the original postandlintel system, we can see why this is clearly advantageous.
What is a dome? What is another term used to describe a dome? How is it similar to an arch?
A dome is essentially a half sphere that improves the load bearing capacity of a ceiling piece. It is an arch that has been spun around on its vertical axis. A dome is sort of a half sphere, if you want to think of it that way. Like a shell. If we were inside of an egg shell, for instance. a And a dome is essentially doing the same thing that an arch is doing, which is improving the load bearing capacity of some ceiling piece. And it's basically made by having an arch that we've spun around on its vertical axis. So if you think about it, we have the base of the dome is usually a circle. Domes can take a variety of forms, just as arches can too. And each of them have various different aesthetic considerations that come along with them, as well as varying capabilities in terms of their loadbearing capacity. Another important type of architectural design is what's called a truss set up.
What is a freestanding sculpture? How many points of view does a freestanding sculpture have?
A freestanding sculpture is surrounded by space on all sides. It is a threedimensional piece. A freestanding sculpture has multiple perspectives. Unlike a relief sculpture, which only has a set perspective.
Label the parts of the diagram using key terms from the lesson. Look at the diagram above. Label parts of the arch: A, B, and C.
A is keystone. B is voussoir. C is an impost. The keystone is the top center stone in a round arch which holds the voussoirs in place. The voussoirs are wedge shaped stone used in round arches. The impost projects slightly from the wall and the point where the arch springs from.
Define and describe the attributes of a low relief sculpture. What is another term used to describe a low relief sculpture?
A low relief sculpture has less projection from the background plane than high relief. A low relief can also be called a bas relief. Low reliefs are good for scenes with many figures or elements with an architectural or landscape background. Low relief can also be referred to as a bas relief. You can see here an example of a high relief sculpture that features sculptors at work, in fact. So let's start off by talking about the high relief form of relief sculpture. This is where we say a form extends at least halfway out of the background surface. That's because if we were to look at the ground surface of a low relief from above, as a flat line, nothing would really have more than a 90 degree angle coming out of the surface. So we're not going to get the deep shadows in the corners here, like this. So you can see some different examples of low relief sculptures here from very different cultures. On the left we have a low relief sculpture of a Mayan ballgame. Now this was a particular mythological story and a mythological game that had a variety of different purposes among the Maya people. It could be used for political purposes, or reenacting mythological stories, and so forth. And so this example here is just depicting one aspect of the ball game. On the right here, we have a dish created by the Sasanid people in what is now presentday Iran.
What is a natural sculpture? Name at least two forms of processes that exist in nature.
A natural sculpture is a sculpture that is inspired by forms and processes from nature. Forms and process could include: life cycles, weather, seasons, geographic changes, metamorphosis, etc. This is a sort of sculpture that is inspired by forms and processes that exist in nature. Things like life cycles, or cycles of the seasons, or metamorphosis, or ecology. We had natural sculptures, installation sculptures, sculpture series, and site specific sculptures. So think about this from now on. When you experience a sculpture or maybe even something that you wouldn't immediately think of as being a sculpture, how does the space where it exists affecting the way that you understand it?
Look at the diagram above. Explain what a pendentive is. Why is it important to the overall structure?
A pendentive is a curved triangular architectural element that transfers the weight from the dome to the supporting curve. It is important because the dome cannot hold all the weight and would likely collapse over time.
What is a post-and-lintel system of construction? What problem can occur with a post-and-lintel system? Provide an example of an ancient structure that used a post-and-lintel system.
A postandlintel system uses vertical posts which are separated to support a horizontal beam. The main problem that can occur with a postandlintel system is cause by the weight is unevenly distributed and the center is unsupported, which can cause sagging over time. Stonehenge is an example of an ancient structure that used a postandlintel system.
What is a relief? How many points of view does a relief have?
A relief sculpture is a type of sculpture that contains objects embedded in a ground or surface. It has only one point of view, like a painting or drawing has. One of the most famous relief sculptures is Mount Rushmore National Memorial in Keystone, South Dakota. We're talking about a type of sculpture that is set into a surface. There are three subcategories of relief sculpture, low relief, high relief, and sunken relief.
Define the term, sculpture in the round. How is sculpture more representational and communicative than other forms of art?
A sculpture in the round is a three dimensional art that is meant to be seen from all sides. Sculpture allows the artist a greater degree of freedom. It also communicates forms, figures, movement, and dynamic shapes, among others. But a sculpture in the round is something that is designed to be viewed from different angles. And so the task of an artist, when an artist is working in sculpture in the round, is to ensure that the staging, or the silhouette, the pose of the figure that's being created, is interesting from all different angles that it can be perceived. And so that's why typically, you're not going to just see figures standing straight looking ahead, but they might be standing on one foot like David in this example, which is called Contrapposto. Or they might have their shoulders turned and their head looking another direction, like this. So that no matter what angle we view the figure from, we have different interesting details to take in. So, some different techniques for creating freestanding sculptures, include casting, carving, modeling, and assembling. You can see here an example of a carved sculpture. It was carved out of limestone, and then painted and gilded, which means that it had goal details applied to it. And so, based on the different materials that an artist uses, they might have to use a different technique.
Can a sculpture in the round be appreciated fully if it is viewed from only one angle? Explain what occurs, and what can be noticed, when a sculpture in the round is viewed from all angles.
A sculpture in the round is designed to be view, and cannot be fully appreciate or understood from a single angle. When looking at a sculpture in the round from all angles, our focus changes and we notice different features. We notice that the staging, or the parts that appear to overlap at a given angle, changes depending on the angle we are looking from. The division of positive and negative space changes depending on the viewing angle.
What is a sculpture series? What elements does the artist need to consider when creating a sculpture series?
A sculpture series is a group of interrelated objects that exist together in a space. The artist has to consider how to arrange the individuals pieces so that they convey whatever meaning or message the artist is seeking. A sculpture series is meant to be displayed together for visual effect. This is sort of a group of interrelated objects that exist together in some sort of space. This example that you see on the slide right now comes from a 20piece sculpture series in New Mexico. And in this series we have a variety of sculptures distributed throughout this garden. And so the artist has to make design decisions in terms of how will all of these sculptures be arranged, oriented, and positioned with respect to one another. So the meeting would be completely different if all 20 of these pieces were arranged in a straight line versus all of them in a circle facing each other or all of them in a circle facing away from the center, and so forth. So you can get some idea of how a sculpture series involves a different set of considerations that are still part of this category of environmental sculpture.
What is a site specific sculpture?
A site specific sculpture is a sculpture that has an integral relationship with the particular site where the exist. So think about this from now on. When you experience a sculpture or maybe even something that you wouldn't immediately think of as being a sculpture, how does the space where it exists affecting the way that you understand it? Was it designed to be in that specific space? Like this instance here from the Media Lab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, this was designed to be in this specific building and so it's there to be experienced in a specific way with all the parts arranged in a particular configuration. Think about how the surrounding environment affects the way that we understand the meaning of a piece of artwork but also how we appreciate its artistic qualities.
Describe the example displayed above of a site specific sculpture and the environment it is located in. How would the meaning of this sculpture change if it was removed from its natural environment?
A site specific sculpture is a sculpture that has an integral relationship with the particular site where the exist. The photograph shows a site specific sculpture, which is located in an environment with lots tree which are covered in leaves like the ones in the picture. The leaves are red, which indicates fall or perhaps a type of tree, and they are in water surrounded by rocks. It may be part of a stream or river bed. If the sculpture was removed from its natural environment, away from the trees, the meaning would be completely different because it would be separated from its place of origin.
Define these two types of construction: truss and suspension. What are the benefits of using each type of construction? What do these two types of construction have in common?
A truss is a structure made up of one or more triangular units that are connected at the joints by long beams. The triangles of a truss structure keep the structure from sheering and collapsing. A suspension is a type of bridge where the main loadbearing elements are hung from suspension cables. The load is distributed to the cables, which continue beyond the structure. Both types of construction are most commonly used in bridge building.
What is a vault? Describe its parts and/or functions.
A vault is an arched structure that springs from a cornice, which is supported by both a solid wall and four columns. The cornice is a set of projecting moldings that crown the top edge of a temple or building. Vaults provide increased space in the ceiling and create a selfformed roof for a building.
What must an artist consider before creating a sculpture in the round? Why do you rarely see figures, in sculptures in the round, unposed (standing straight up)?
An artist must consider how the sculpture will look from all angles, in other words whether the sculpture will be interesting and pleasing from all angles. Figures are rarely unposed because the artist wants the viewer to have different and interesting details to take in, no matter what angle the sculpture is looked at from. Form is very important and makes sculptures more interesting. But a sculpture in the round is something that is designed to be viewed from different angles. nd that really helps you take in all the details. You can see in this example here. This is Michelangelo's David, which is one of the most famous sculptures, most recognizable in the Western world. Looking at him from slightly different angles, reveals different details. It makes us focus on different things. This introduces an important concept, which we can refer to as staging, which is basically the way that all the different forms overlap or the type of silhouette that's created, when we're viewing this image from a certain angle. So you can see, when we view them from the front, how we have a division of positive and negative space. And the type of interesting form this creates. And then how that division of positive and negative space changes when we're viewing him from another angle. And so the task of an artist, when an artist is working in sculpture in the round, is to ensure that the staging, or the silhouette, the pose of the figure that's being created, is interesting from all different angles that it can be perceived. Because in other forms of art, like painting for instance, you control the perspective. So you know exactly how the viewer is going to see the different figures. And you can establish, basically, the pose and the silhouette of the figures very easily.
Define the term, environment sculpture. Is it a universally accepted form of sculpture?
An environment sculpture is a sculpture that has a relationship with its surrounding environment. It is not universally accepted by all artists and critics because it is a new concept and needs more time to develop.
Define the following parts of an arch: - impost - keystone - voussoirs
An impost projects slightly from the wall and the point where the arch springs from. A keystone is the top center stone in a round arch which holds the voussoirs in place. Voussoirs are wedge shaped stone used in round arches.
What is an installation sculpture? Provide an example of an installation sculpture.
An installation sculpture is a form of site specific sculpture work, which is designed to affect the way a space or environment is experienced. It can create space as well as interacting with the space. An example of an installation sculpture would be, Bethel white granite benches, by Jenny Holzer. Installation sculpture is usually a temporary showing. This is a type of sculpture that is designed to affect the way that a space is experienced. And so this might be a sculpture that is creating space as well as interacting with the space.
Define the terms, architecture and architect. What is required of an architect to produce great pieces of architecture?
Architecture is the art of building or constructing. An architect is a person who designs pieces of architecture. An architect must understand the technical skills of design and construction, as well as what is required to make a piece of architecture functional and/or aesthetically pleasing. Architecture is a creative discipline that requires both an understanding of aesthetic sensibilities as well as a variety of technical skills.
In sculpting, what is assemblage? What feature is unique to assemblage sculpture? In what type of art is assemblage most common?
Assembling is an addictive process in which artists construct work by putting together objects and attaching them in some way. Assemblage is an additive process where artists construct work by putting together objects and attaches them in some way. Assemblage sculpture can include a variety of materials in the same sculpture, where as other types of sculpture may only be made out of one or perhaps two materials. Assemblage allows the artist a great degree of freedom. Assemblage sculpture is most common in modern art. These types of pieces can be composed of a variety of different materials. Whereas a carving might be entirely out of marble, or entirely out of ivory, or a casted sculpture might be entirely out of bronze. An assemblage can use a combination of different things. These can be materials at the artist has just made on their own, or objects that they found, or whatever. An example of an assemblage is by John Chamberlain called Debonair Apache. It is an instance of an assemblage sculpture where he has combined a bunch of different elements into a finished piece. This is particularly prevalent among a variety of modern artists.
A form or technique of sculpture where by the image is carved into a flat surface is technically known by artists as a ______________. a. relief sculpture c. high relief b. sunken relief d. bas relief
B
A freestanding sculpture _________________ a. is the type of sculpture which most resembles painting. b. is surrounded by space on all sides, allowing it to be viewed from multiple perspectives.. c. contains objects embedded in a ground surface. d. has less projection from the background plane than high relief.
B
A group of interrelated objects that exist together in a space is called a(n) _____________. a. installation sculpture c. natural sculpture b. sculpture series d. site specific sculpture
B
A high relief is _________________ a. a type of sculpture which contains objects embedded in a ground surface. b. a form that extends at least halfway out of the background. c. a relief that has a lower projection from the background than high relief. d. a form or technique where the image is carved into a flat surface.
B
In sculpture, what does carving refer to? What influences the materials an artist chooses when creating a carving? Provide one example of a carving from the lecture, including the name and material it was sculpted out of.
Carving is the use of tools to chip away at a base in order to produce the sculpture. The materials an artist chooses depends on cost, and availability of both tools and materials. An example of a carving is, Fu Lions, which was sculpted out of ivory. And now carving, can use a variety of different media, things like stone, or ivory, or wood even. And what this is going to do is, produced a nice finish that has interesting shadows, and as you can see in ivory figures here. Now, the choice of materials can also be influenced by cost and availability. Different cultures have different things available to them, based on where they are geographically. Some people have types of stone like limestone or marble available. Whereas, other cultures have things like ivory or wood in high availability. And so that's going to affect the cost. And that's another consideration the artists have to keep in mind when they choose the materials or the technique, that they're going to use.
How is casting done in sculpture? What is the lost wax method?
Casting is defined as the substitution process in which the artist models an image in a soft medium such as wax, which is then replaced with something more durable such as bronze. Some different types of expandable mold castings include sand, plastic, shell, plaster, and lost wax casting. his is basically the process of creating a mold, which is sort of like a outlined shape for the sculpture, then filling that with molten hot metal. So when the metal dries inside that shape, it's in the form of this sculpture. Basically, what happens is, a sculpture will create sort of a clay base for the object, where it's really basic and kind of blocked out. Not a lot of the surface details are on it and the volumes might be a little shrunken inward from the final product. And the reason for this is, because what the sculptor will then do on the outside of this clay sculpture, is sculpt on details in wax. So the final outer surface of this sculpture is completely created in wax. And when this is dried, then the sculptor can create the mold on the outside of this in plaster or clay or whatever. And then what happens is, when they heat this mold, all the wax melts out and they can fill that in with bronze. And so then when they chip away the mold, they're left with basically a hollow, bronze model, where all that wax used to be. And so you can see, this is a technique, that allows them to easily create a casted metal sculpture. The lost wax method is particularly used for bronze sculptures. A sculpture will create sort of a clay base for the object, where it's really basic and kind of blocked out. Not a lot of the surface details are on it and the volumes might be a little shrunken inward from the final product. And the reason for this is, because what the sculptor will then do on the outside of this clay sculpture, is sculpt on details in wax. So the final outer surface of this sculpture is completely created in wax. And when this is dried, then the sculptor can create the mold on the outside of this in plaster or clay or whatever.
The image above shows Mount Rushmore, which is located in the U.S. state of South Dakota. Mount Rushmore is considered a relief sculpture because _____________ a. it was carved into a rock surface on one side. b. it can only be viewed from a front perspective, rather than from all around. c. parts of the sculpture were carved so that over half of the image extends from the background to create shadowing. d. of all of the above reasons.
D
The two main architectural systems of frame construction are ________________ a. the skeleton and the post-and lintel. b. the materials and the truss. c. the design and the architect. d. the shell and the skeleton.
D
When the Romans first began constructing arches like the one above, they were _________________ a. intended to be the gateway to the city. b. designed to be used only by the Emperor as he entered and exited his palace. c. suppose to display Roman power and intelligence to any possible enemy. d. positioned so the Emperor could lead his men through the arch upon returning from a successful battle or war.
D
Which of the following is not true of relief sculpture? a. There are three primary types of relief sculpture. b. A relief sculpture contains objects embedded in a ground surface. c. Many examples of sunken reliefs have been found in Egyptian tombs. d. The carved images in relief sculptures always extend at least halfway off the background.
D
Define and describe the attributes of a high relief? Examine the relief sculpture above. Explain what attributes make it an example of a high relief.
High relief is defined as a form that extends at least halfway out of the background. High reliefs, or altorelievo, can be seen in the pediments of classic temples like the Parthenon. So let's start off by talking about the high relief form of relief sculpture. This is where we say a form extends at least halfway out of the background surface. Well the key thing that distinguishes a high relief sculpture, why we get all of these really deep shadows, like in here or beneath these horse's legs, why things appear to be overlapping so much the way they do, is because forms are sometimes carved out so that we have these spaces in here, in behind, that can fill in with shadows basically. So we're not just creating things here that are flush with the surface, or at sort of a wide angle, but they can actually curve back in on the surface to create deep shadows. And so they appear to be projecting more out of the surface.
icture 1: Picture 2: Examine the two environment sculptures photographed above. For each, name its title or its description, and the type of environment sculpture it is. How does each relate to its individual environment.
In the first picture, this sculpture is an example of a natural sculpture. It is entitled Sand Sculpture. This sculpture was made entirely out of sand, and is located in a sandy or coastal area. It would look abnormal in the middle of a metropolitan city, for example. In the second picture, this sculpture is an example of a sculpture series sculpture described as a 20 piece sandstone sculpture is located in New Mexico. This sculpture series is in a part area, which provides a sense of peace and serenity, which is also convey by figures and images in the sculptures. The message may be missed if the sculptures were not placed carefully in this environment, but instead haphazardly in a museum.
Name the sculpture shown above and its artist. Where is this sculpture located? What can we notice about this sculpture?
Michelangelo's Pieta is one of the most wellknown, freestanding sculptures. This sculpture is entitled Pieta, and was sculpted by Michelangelo. It is located inside St. Peter's Basilica, inside the Vatican. The main thing we can notice is that the light hits the different figures and parts of the sculpture so that each casts shadows onto one another. You can see how, because Michelangelo used freestanding sculpture to create this, we get a variety of dynamic interactions in terms of how the light strikes the different figures, and cast shadows onto each other. This is one of the types of considerations the artists keep in mind when they're going to proceed with this sculpture.
In sculpture, what is modeling? Name two benefits to this technique of sculpture.
Modeling is the process of forming a pliable medium with hands or tools. Modeling is one of the least expensive and easiest of sculpting techniques. Clay is an excellent medium for modeling because it is soft and easily manipulated. This is basically taking some sort of pliable material that you can form in your hands, and then creating a finished shape with it. This is also one of the easiest sculpting techniques and is also the least expensive. If you look at this example here, this is the terracotta figure of a Maya ballplayer. This was created by the Maya people. And so, you can see how this was not carved out of something. But they probably created this by actually shaping clay in their hands, and then firing this, or heating it, so that it became a hardened, finished shape. And this is something that you can do on your own very easily, without a lot of expensive supplies. The final technique that we're going to talk about is what's called a Assemblage. This is a process where we are assembling different components into a finished piece. So we're sort of constructing objects. These types of pieces can be composed of a variety of different materials. Whereas a carving might be entirely out of marble, or entirely out of ivory, or a casted sculpture might be entirely out of bronze.
Explain the importance and attributes of three Greek Orders.
The Doric Order was the oldest and most stable because of its wider style that was not fluted or adorned. Its capital consisted of an abacus and a curved, trapezoidal echinus. The Ionic Order was much more slim and elegant than the Doric Order and had a more decorative capital with spiraled volutes atop the echinus. Finally, the Corinthian Order was the most slender with the most decorative capital, featuring smaller volutes and acanthus leaves.
Which civilization was the first to construct round arches? What was their purpose?
The Romans were the first to use round arches. They were positioned so that when the Roman emperor returned from a successful battle, he could parade his men through the arch into the city.
Describe the sculpture above, including the technique used to create it? How does it interact with its natural environment?
The artist has arranged stones in an assemblage. The stones are ordered from light out to dark. The sculpture was created in the same environment where the stones were found. Part of the reason why this symbology has meaning is because of where this exists. You see, Goldsworthy created this sculpture in the same environment where he collected all these stones. And so the sculpture itself has a certain inseparable relationship with the place where it exists. This is another assemblage that he's created with elements in this environment where he's found them. Now a site specific sculpture is a type of sculpture that has an integral, inseparable relationship with the particular site where they exist.
Example 1: Example 2: Examine the two example of reliefs above. What type of relief sculpture is each? Justify your answers.
The first example is an example of a low relief sculpture. Low relief can also be referred to as a bas relief. You can see that from a top view, there are shadows meaning the objects are still lifted. This is a low relief. Its images are projected off the background, but not so much that they extend at least onehalf, or that they curve back into the background creating shadows. The second example is an example of a sunken relief sculpture.You can see that the objects are carved. From a top view, the sculpture looks flat. Its figures and images are carved into the flat background.
Look at the pictures below. What type of arch, vault, or dome is each? A) B) C) D)
The first picture and the third picture are domes. The second picture is a vault. The fourth picture is an arch. The first picture is specifically an onion dome. And these are used specifically in a lot of Islamic architecture. Both on top of buildings, like the Taj Mahal here, as well as on the top of what are called minarets, which are these sort of watchtowers or towers that would have light emitting from them. The second picture is a barrel vault. And so, the way that we can make the dome meet up with a shape like this, or with a series of barrel vaults, is by the creation of what's called a pendentive. You can think of this as sort of an intersection of barrel vaults at a T junction. The third picture is a rotunda dome. And a rotunda is a rounded structure that's usually capped with a dome. So if be looking at the top of the US capitol building here, you can see that this structure here, in combination with this this is referred to as the Rotunda, it's sort of a cylinder, like a soda can or something. The fourth picture is a corbel arch. Now if we compare this to the original postandlintel system, we can see why this is clearly advantageous. You see, in a postandlintel system, we have two posts supporting a lintel. And if you think about this, you have some weight from that lintel that gets distributed down into each of these posts. However, there's a great deal of weight in the middle that is going to just be pulled down, it doesn't have a post supporting it. And so what happens is, over time, you can get sagging of that lintel, because there's so much weight getting pulled down the middle. And sometimes, they could even crumble under a great deal of pressure and stress. And so, hopefully you can see why it was so important in the creation of arches why the weight got distributed down the sides.
Define and explain the term, load-bearing, in construction. Describe a typical load-bearing construction. What potential problem exist with load-bearing?
The loadbearing element of an construction is the location where the weight and force rests. A typical loadbearing construction would have thick walls and a wide base, made of materials such as stones or bricks, which are stacked. The potential problem with loadbearing is that the stacked materials have a limit on the amount of weight they can hold, and therefore that puts limitations on the height a structure can be.
What does the photograph above show? How is it an example of an environment sculpture?
The photograph shows the Vietnam War Memorial. It is located in Washington, D.C., which has a variety of other monuments within the city's geographic boundaries. When this was originally designed, they didn't just consider it in a vacuum. They didn't think about what the piece was going to look like because they also had to think about how it was going to fit in with all the other monuments in the city. And you can see here how you can view the Washington Monument in the background from the Vietnam War Memorial. And so this was one of many of the different types of considerations that people have to make when they're creating environmental sculptures.
Explain the difference between the shell and the skeleton in architecture.
The shell is the exterior of the structure. The skeleton is the main interior support and is made of a sturdier material than the exterior. The shell provides an outer layer of support much like the shell of an animal. The skeleton hold the shapes of the structure like our skeleton maintains our shape and hold our organs. Basically the skeleton in architecture is like a skeleton in the human body. It's all the internal components that build up a sturdy structure upon which we build things like walls and so forth. And these walls what we see on the outside is all referred to as the shell. This is the part of the architecture that we visually recognize when we are inside the building or looking at the front, for instance. Basically the skeleton in architecture is like a skeleton in the human body.
Regarding the anatomy of an arch, what is the springing line?
The springing line is an imaginary line between where the curves of the arch begin on each side. It isn't necessarily a physical attribute. You can't photograph it per se. It's something that exists in our imagination. Basically, the springing line is this horizontal line right before the arch starts to curve. So it's right there. And at the base of the springing line are what are called imposts.
Name the three main types of relief sculptures. Which do you think would be the most difficult to create? Why?
The three types of relief sculptures are high relief, low relief, and sunken relief. High relief is a form that extends at least halfway out of the background. Low relief has less projection from the background plane than high relief. Sunken relief is where the image is carved into a flat surface. I think high relief might be the most difficult to create because the is more clay or stone or material to carve out to get the high relief. In low relief and sunken relief, the objects carved are closer to the background plane. There is a lot of depth in high relief sculptures.
How does an artist decide what type of sculpture to create? Imagine you are a sculptor who has been asked to create a sculpture. What influences and circumstance would you consider before deciding the type of sculpture to make?
The type of sculpture depends on the design and final product the artist wishes to produce. The decision of what type of sculpture may be influenced by the environment it will be shown in, the tool and materials the arts has to work with, the time an artist has to create a piece, and/or the purpose of the sculpture. I would have to remember what type of sculptures I can create. I can choose between creating a freestanding or a relief sculpture. I have to consider there are three subcategories of relief sculpture, high, low, and sunken relief. I would also consider if I want a multiple perspective or a single perspective sculpture. I would have to consider what the art piece or idea is. If I am creating a sculpture with details around the whole object/s, I would probably choose to do a freestanding sculpture.
What type of construction is this an example of? Why might this type of construction be chosen?
This an example of a vault. A vault is originally from Roman architecture, it is a half crescent shape usually formed over doorways, and made from brick or concrete. This is a barrel vault. This type of construction is very stable because of its weight bearing capacity. Therefore the structure is likely to be longlasting. It is the simplest form of vault and resembles a barrel or tunnel cut in half. A vault is essentially an arch that has been repeated and stretched out. And so you can think of it as an arch with more depth. Something like this. And so this is typical in a lot of hallways or meeting halls, as you can see here on the right.
Describe the architecture of the image above show? (Be sure to clearly define the type of construction used) Why was this type of architecture common amongst Medieval castles?
This castle is built in a square form, with the sides cornered off. At the top, there is a platform for soldiers and guardsmen to stand on. Surrounding the platform is a type of wall construction known as crenellation. Crenellation is rectangular spaces cut out of the top of a wall. This provided spaces through which weapons could be fired during medieval times, when attacks from opposing kingdoms were common.
A relief sculpture is a type of sculpture that contains objects embedded in a ground or surface. It has only one point of view, like a painting or drawing has. One of the most famous relief sculptures is Mount Rushmore National Memorial in Keystone, South Dakota. We're talking about a type of sculpture that is set into a surface. There are three subcategories of relief sculpture, low relief, high relief, and sunken relief.
This is a high relief sculpture. It is an example of a relief because projecting from the background are square panels, placed sideways and forward. It would be an example of a high relief because the squares are entirely projecting from the red background. High relief is defined as a form that extends at least halfway out of the background.
Examine and describe the image above. What type of relief sculpture is it? Justify your answers.
This is a sunken relief sculpture. A sunken relief sculpture is a technique where the image is carved into a flat surface. You can see the ridges around the figure that have been carved so the images appear lifted. There are symbols around the object that have been carved to create those shapes. If you look at the object from the top perspective, it will look flat unlike high relief or low relief sculptures. There are there figures, two of which look like females who are looking at the center figure, placing his hat/crown on his head. There are many carved symbols surrounding the figures that are most likely some type of language. This is a sunken relief. Its figures and images are carved into the flat background.
Name the above environment sculpture. Examine the sculpture. Describe the relationship it has with its environment based on your observations.
This sculpture is the media lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This sculpture would look nothing like it does without the lighted that is used in this environment. The darkness and simplicity of the room it is in also add to its overall appearance. The semicircle columns appear massive, largely because of its environment. It they were outdoors for instance, it is likely they would not have the same towering presence.
What technique was used to create this sculpture? What materials were used?
This sculpture was carved out of limestone. After it was carved, it was painted and gilded, meaning it had gold details. It was carved out of limestone, and then painted and gilded, which means that it had goal details applied to it. And so, based on the different materials that an artist uses, they might have to use a different technique. So if an artist wants to have a metal sculpture, or they want a nice matte finish, something like limestone or marble, then they have to choose the method that is appropriate for using that type of material.
