ASP
An over-current device could be defined as a/an: electrical capacitor, with discharge resistor step-up transformer pendant push button control station, with metal messenger expulsion fuse
*expulsion fuse The basic overcurrent devices are the fuse and circuit breaker. They should be installed in every circuit to interrupt the current flow when it exceeds the safe capacity of the conductors. An expulsion fuse is intended for use in central distribution stations, in general plants, or on overhead lines. They are designed such that when they blow, the gases generated aid in quenching the arc.
in coal mining, overexposure to respirable coal mine dust can lead to coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), a lung disease that can be disabling and fatal in its most severe form. the best protective measure to control respirable coal dust during longwall mining shearer operations is face ventilation drum-mounted water sprays cutting drum bit maintenance directional water spray systems
*face ventilation historically, longwall operations have had difficulty in maintaining consistent compliance with the Federal dust standard of 2.0 mg/m3. on most longwall faces, the shearer cutting action is the primary dust source and the largest contributor to respirable dust exposure of face personnel. face ventilation: as with all mining methods, ventilation is the primary means to dilute liberated methane to safe levels. it is also the principle method of controlling respirable dust on the longwall face. providing adequate amounts of air to dilute and carry airborne dust down the face and prevent it from migrating into the walkway has been and continues to be a goal for longwall operators. drum-mounted water sprays: apply water for dust suppression directly at the point of coal fracture and add moisture to the product to minimize dust liberation during coal transport. although very effective at minimizing dust generation at the point of coal fracture, shearer drum water sprays can actually increase airborne respirable dust levels if operated at water pressures that are too high. cutting drum bit maintenance: previous research has sown that bits with large carbide inserts and a smooth transition between the steel shank and the carbide reduce dust levels. the prompt replacement of damaged, worn, or missing bits cannot be overemphasized. a dull bit rubs against the coal, which results in an ineffective use of available cutting force and the inability to penetrate the coal at designed rates. this results in shallow cutting, which greatly increases dust generation. directional water spray systems: water spras can be very efficient air movers and, if applied properly, can be used to augment the primary airflow and reduce the amount of shearer-generated dust that migrates into the walkway near the shearer. water sprays mounted on the shearer body act very much like small fans, moving air and entraining dust in the direction of their orientation. poorly designed shearer-mounted spray systems with nozzles directed upwind as the cutting drums actually force dust away from the face; where it mixes with clean intake air and is carried out into the walkway over shearer operations
A battery operated smoke detector is an example of what type of design? interlock fail active fail passive fail operational
*fail active
The System Safety design philosophy, given a failure, keeps the system energized in a safe mode until corrective or overriding action can take place intrinsically safe fail passive fail active fail operational
*fail active Intrinsically safe eliminates failure Fail passive knocks system to lowest energy level Fail operational allows system to operate without interruption
Fail-safe designs try to ensure that a failure will leave the product unaffected or will convert it to a state in which no injury or damage will occur. Which design does NOT meet this criteria? fail passive arrangements fail active design fail operational arrangements fail mode design
*fail mode design all of the following designs may be considered fail safe. FAIL PASSIVE ARRANGEMENTS are similar to fuses and circuit breakers; they reduce the system to its first level FAIL ACTIVE DESIGN maintains any condition that will keep the system in a safe mode until corrective or overriding action occurs FAIL OPERATION ARRANGEMENTS allow functions to continue safely until corrective action is possible
A system safety design concept that allows functions to continue safely given a failure is: intrinsically safe fail active fail passive fail operational
*fail operational A fail operational design allows a system that is experiencing a failure to continue to operate safely until corrective action is possible. Limited disruption, if any, is experienced
Water feed valves for boilers that remain open during a control failure to allow boiler to operate and not build up excess pressure are: intrinsically safe devices fail passive devices fail active devices fail operational devices
*fail operational devices
This system safety design reduces the system to its lowest energy level given a failure: intrinsically safe fail passive fail active fail operational
*fail passive
The effects of the failure are traced through the system and the ultimate effect on task performance is evaluated. This process is called: failure effects analysis fault hazard analysis failure modes and effects analysis critical item
*failure modes and effects analysis The effects of the failure are traced through the system and the ultimate effect on task performance is evaluated.
A formalized deductive technique that works backward from a defined accident to identify and graphically display the condition of failures and operational errors that led to the accident is called: fault tree analysis failure modes and effects analysis fault hazard analysis event tree analysis
*fault tree analysis "top down" analysis FMEA - "bottom up" technique, where failures are identified that can possibly lead to the "top event", the accident
guarding by means of rail enclosure which restricts access to a machine is called: point of operation protection fixed guard enclosure fencing
*fencing
this ailment is characterized by aches, pain, and stiffness of joints and muscles. the pain is felt in the muscles and the points where the muscles are attached to the bones. common tender points are the front of the elbow and hip joint, the rear of the knee or shoulder, the base of the neck, and along the vertebrae. which ailment is indicated? fibrositis tendonitis tenosynovitis carpal tunnel syndrome
*fibrositis
What is the most critical period in crisis management? first 24 hours first week first month first year
*first 24 hours Management's function is to explain problem, control rumors and control panic
One of the current principles of safety management states the key to effective line safety performance is having management procedures that: fix accountability for accidents identify and correct unsafe acts or conditions improve worker attitude through education and training engineer the hazard out of operations
*fix accountability for accidents fixing accountability is based on the belief that a line manager will achieve results only in those areas in which he is being measured. It has long been felt by professional safety practitioners that the lack of procedures for fixing accountability is safety's greatest failing.
What type of guarding should be installed at the approach zone to a fixed robotized workstation? chain link fence pressure sensitive mats fixed barrier with interlock gate kill switch
*fixed barrier with interlock gate a robotized work station is divided into a robot movement zone (work envelope) and the zone of approach to it. The boundaries of the zone can be defined so that the limits within which protection is provided are known. Fixed barriers with interlocked gates permit workzone entry into an area, free from robot movement, which are monitored by the interlock. More detail on safety requirements for industrial robots can be found in ANSI/RIA R 15.06 - 1986 and NIOSH publication number 88-108
in waste parlance the term "rubbish" and "garbage" have different meanings. rubbish is the portion of waste not containing: cloth paper wood food
*food "garbage" refers to food waste while rubbish refers to non-hazardous, non-food waste
the unit used as the unit of illumination equivalent to a lumen per square foot is which of the following? foot candle lumen candela LUX
*foot candle the classic unit of illumination is the footcandle which is equivalent to one lumen/square foot
in conducting pulmonary function tests, FEV is the acronym for: forced expiratory volume full expected volume forced expiratory velocity full expected velocity
*forced expiratory volume is the volume of air that can be forcibly expelled during the first or second exhalation. this test is used to detect obstructive diseases
a form of pulmonary function testing is FVC, which means full volume capacity forced vital capacity full vital capacity forced volume capacity
*forced vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled forcefully after a maximal inspiration, exhaling as fast as possible
An example of a fail-passive device is the fuse emergency generator high temperature light switch A & C
*fuse brings the system to its lowest energy state ("0" current flow)
What is the most appropriate coding method when identifying 15 items, from a human engineering view? color coding geometric shapes stereoscopic depth standard color coding chart
*geometric shapes
In organizing and implementing a successful safety and loss control program, it is essential that you: obtain adequate funding get top management support and participation acquire an environmental health and safety staff promulgate a formal safety policy and program to support it
*get top management support and participation An effective safety program must begin at the top. Only top management can assign the responsibility for safety and loss control and ensure its performance. Also, it's top management who can implement the controls of the workplace environment along with worker operations that will control accidents
Which of the following would be most effective in reducing dermatitis in electroplaters? barrier creams gloves local exhaust ventilation frequent hand washing
*gloves prevent contact with the offending agent
In doing a Risk Assessment for your hazard analysis, what is the most appropriate definition of risk? hazard severity x hazard probability psychometric hazard perception anthropologic perception of hazard hazard fault
*hazard severity x hazard probability psychometric hazard perception & anthropologic perception of hazard are social risk parameters that have little value in system safety
The NFPA 704 diamond has 4 classes of materials by position and color on the diamond. The classes are: Health hazard, flammability, reactivity, and specific hazards Toxicity, ignitability, corrosivity, and reactivity explosivity, health, flammability, and specific hazards health hazards, flammability, reactivity, and corrosivity
*health hazard, flammability, reactivity, and specific hazards health hazard - blue flammability - red reactivity - yellow specific hazards - white
HMIS labels contain which of the following information? health, fire, reactivity, toxicity health, fire, reactivity, PPE toxicity, fire, reactivity, PPE health, fire, reactivity, special precautions
*health, fire, reactivity, PPE HMIS uses a standard label for communicating hazards
in workers' compensation cases involving hearing loss, the term low fence is often heard. low fence also varies by state. what is the meaning of this term? minimum noise level the worker must be able to hear hearing threshold level at which impairment begins minimum acceptable dollar value related to the loss maximum acceptable dollar value related to the loss
*hearing threshold level at which impairment begins
the condition that results when the body's heat regulating mechanism fails to function is: heat cramps heat exhaustion heat stroke heat syncope
*heat stroke with heat syncope, cramps, and exhaustion the body is still capable of producing sweat and is, therefore, able to achieve some cooling
(lateral aspect): what is the common name for the point at the tip of the femoral trochanter, 1.0 cm anterior to the most laterally projecting part of the femoral trochanter? knee hip thorax lumbar
*hip the hip is the point at the tip of the femoral trochanter and meets the other two conditions described above
a primary sign of heat stroke on a worker is cherry red skin pale, clammy skin hot, dry skin nausea
*hot, dry skin there is no sweating with heat stroke. other answers are associated with heat exhaustion
All of the following are examples of malfunctions which cause an impact to a system EXCEPT structural mechanical power human
*human The potential malfunctions in any system include - structural failure - mechanical malfunctions - power failures - electrical malfunctions The human component, though critical, is not considered a malfunction
work operations, reach, operator's position and posture are all best analyzed by: civil engineers human factor engineers safety engineers environmental engineers
*human factor engineers would utilize these variables to conduct studies
the optimum locations for "components" would be predicated on which of the following? Anthropometric and biomechanical characteristics Human sensory, anthropometric, and biomechanical characteristics Performance of some operational activity Body dimension and reach
*human sensory, anthropometric, and biomechanical characteristics it is reasonable to hypothesize that any given component has a generally "optimum" location, which would be predicated on the human sensory, anthropometric, and biomechanical characteristics
Which of the following is not an oxidizer? fluorine hydrazine potassium permanganate hydrogen peroxide
*hydrazine Oxidizing agents generally are recognizable by their structures or names. They tend to have a high oxygen ratio in their structures and sometimes release oxygen as a result of thermal decomposition. Oxidizing agents often have per prefixes (perchlorate, peroxides, and permanganate) and end in -ate (chromate, nitrate, chlorate). Strong oxidizers have more potential incompatibilities than perhaps any other chemical group (with the possible exception of water-reactive substances). Oxidizers should not be stored or mixed with any other material except under carefully controlled conditions. Storing oxidizing and reducing agents where they could mix can be a recipe for disaster. Common oxidizing agents listed in decreasing order of oxidizing strength include: fluorine chlorine ozone sulfuric acid (concentrated) hydrogen peroxide oxygen perchloric acid (concentrated) hydrochlorous acid metallic iodates metal chlorates bromine lead dioxide ferric (iron +3) salts metallic permanganates iodine metallic dichromates sulfur nitric acid (concentrated) stannic (tin +4) salts
The main reason for safety inspections is to identify unsafe acts determine compliance with OSHA standards prepare for insurance audits identify and correct workplace hazards
*identify and correct workplace hazards
job safety analysis is a technique to establish safety procedures for each job determine physical demands of each job identify hazards associated with each step of the job improve the workplace environment
*identify hazards associated with each step of the job in addition, developing a solution for each hazard that will eliminate or control the exposure
The primary reason for conducting an accident investigation is to: reduce the cost for workers' compensation find and fix the blame identify the cause and take actions to prevent recurrence prepare reports needed for litigation
*identify the cause and take actions to prevent recurrence
Safety professionals use accident investigations to: prepare for OSHA inspections collect accident performance data identify the hazards that caused the accident prepare defense for litigation
*identify the hazards that caused the accident so that it can be corrected. Although the information obtained during an accident investigation may provide useful data, this is not the primary reason for the investigation
What is a disadvantage of having an external group evaluate the safety program? more objective fresh perspective image as "critics" non-prejudicial
*image as "critics"
A worker's hand has been exposed to liquid nitrogen. What is the correct first aid? immerse hand in ice water immerse hand in warm water immerse hand in hot water keep hand in ice
*immerse hand in warm water Per the "Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations", the hand should be placed in warm water of approximately 115degF (p. 81). The treatment is for frostbite.
consider the design placement of components. which of the following terms relates to the principle in which the performance of the activity with the component is vital to the achievement of the objectives of the system? importance principle functional principle sequence-of-use frequency-of-use
*importance principle the determination of importance is largely a matter of judgement
NIOSH has conducted over 500 IAQ investigations. The primary factor responsible for complaints is: building furnishings microbial contamination inadequate ventilation unknown cause
*inadequate ventilation responsible for 52% of complaints followed by contamination inside the building (16%), unknown (13%), and contamination from outside the building (10%)
Maintenance ground-keepers often use self-propelled machines to assist them with their work. The most protective type of guard used for this equipment is the: self-adjusting adjustable interlocked fixed
*interlocked self-propelled lawn mowers and snow blowers are interlocked with the source of power so that the machine cannot be operated without all guards in place. The interlocking guard prevents operation of the control that sets that machine in motion until the guard is moved into position, so that the operator cannot reach the point of operation or of the point of danger
human factors engineering is a technical discipline which includes any of the following except interrelationships between people design of the workplace to reduce mistakes and accidents design of tools to promote comfort reduction of injuries
*interrelationships between people human factors, also referred to as ergonomics, human engineering, bioengineering, and biomedics is a technical discipline mainly concerned with optimizing the relationship between people AND their work environment
In system safety design, which design philosophy is the closest to "perfect" safety? intrinsically safe fail safe fail passive fail operational
*intrinsically safe This design philosophy seeks to limit failures to an extremely small percentage. All of the others allow failure, but seek to engineer out the hazard a failure would bring
a "leaning forward" posture accentuates the pressure between the vertebrae. this posture is also called lordotic posture kyphotic posture popliteal posture lumbar posture
*kyphotic posture the kyphotic posture occurs without a seat back or with an inadequate back; this is a "leaning forward" posture
Eyes are sometimes affected by extremely small amounts of irritant, causing them to redden and water. An irritant of this type is called lachrymator epiphora dyspnea erythema
*lachrymator can be thought of a material that causes your eyes to produce tears = eye irritants
When designing a safety program, it is essential that psychological factors like: 1) individual differences 2) motivation 3) emotion 4) attitudes and 5) ______ be considered. reward punishment learning negativism
*learning Learning underlies much of what makes for differences and similarities among people. Through learning, people have developed certain kinds of psychological needs, habitual patterns of behavior, ways of reacting to emotion, and the attitudes which brought them into the workplace. It is essential to consider learning because training is a major consideration in safety programming.
As an OSHA Compliance Officer, you are using a dosimeter with a 90 dBA threshold and a second dosimeter with a 80 dBA threshold to measure the same noise source. How should your 90 dBA threshold dosimeter's readings compare to your 80 dBA threshold dosimeter? greater than greater than or equal to less than less than or equal to
*less than or equal to
which of the following does not apply when one considers the design of physical space and arrangement of components? frequency-of-use sequence-of-use link principle importance principle
*link principle is not an appropriate term. the other terms all directly apply to the design of the physical space.
one protective signaling (fire alarm) system that does not notify the local Fire Department in event of alarm condition is: auxiliary remote local proprietary
*local the local fire alarm system is intended to warn local residents and usually only sounds an evacuation alarm. it does not normally ring in the fire protection service. the auxiliary system is a local alarm with the added feature of a circuit to the municipal fire alarm system (usually through a local master alarm box). the remote alarm system sends a signal to a remote location (usually manned 24 hrs/day) that group in turn notifies the local fire protection agency. the proprietary system is widely used in commercial occupancies. the term proprietary indicates that the alarm is recieved by someone with proprietary interest in the property as well as the fire department. this sytem coupled with a central alarm can allow on-site activation of protective devices (ex. closing of doors, vents for smoke control, control of elevators, startup of ventilators, etc.)
In product safety, the safety professional must give consideration to the design parameters involving malfunctions, operator errors, environmental differences and: safety margins ergonomics loss minimization structure failure
*loss minimization The design factors that must be considered include: - minimizing loss - malfunctions - operator error - environmental conditions Minimizing loss is a provision of protective methods which can be applied to product safety for the purpose of containment and damage minimization. Examples include bumpers, seat belts, explosion barriers and other forms of energy absorbing mechanisms or personal protective safety devices
Which of the following ergonomically related orthopedic problems leads to the greatest morbidity and cost? carpal tunnel syndrome low back syndrome ganglion formation trigger finger
*low back syndrome
a spirometer is used to measure stack velocities air flow from sampling equipment exhaust volumes lung respiratory volumes
*lung respiratory volumes to determine lung function A pitot tube with a manometer or a velometer is used to measure stack velocities and exhaust volumes air flow from sampling equipment is measured by a rotameter
what color is used to identify ionizing radiation? red magenta green orange
*magenta
Which of the following federal standards do NOT specifically address the component characteristic(s) of safety spectacles? lens impact absorption capability magnification side shield anchoring frame combustibility
*magnification
One function of management is to set goals and objectives. One way to do this is: performance review management by objectives (MBO) zero-based budgeting objective oriented outlook (OOO)
*management by objectives (MBO) is a well-recognized method to set goals and measure the results
The degree of safety achieved in a system depends directly on: good design practices employing systems safety techniques management emphasis meeting set objectives
*management emphasis Government and contractors will apply management emphasis to safety during the system acquisition process and throughout the life cycle of each system, making sure mishap risk is understood and risk reduction is always considered in the management review process
there are similarities and differences between motor-vehicle safety and industrial safety. which similarity or similarities stand out? supervisory control environment control management's policy employee policy
*management's policy a statement of management's intent bears the same importance in motor-vehicle accident control as it is in industrial safety. generally, the policy spells out: Management's statement that safety on the road is important; the company safety program includes the driver; the driver will support the program, and specific safety responsibilities will be assigned to management. Motor-vehicle safety is different from industrial safety in two ways; On the road employees are not under constant supervision as they are in the plant nor can the driving environment be controlled as effectively as it can within an industry setting
who is responsible for packaging and labeling hazardous materials for shipment? manufacturer carrier receiver distributor
*manufacturer
"Kaizen" is a Japanese-oriented method designed explicitly to improve: loss performance environmental compliance employee health manufacturing efficiency
*manufacturing efficiency Kaizen is a manufacturing/production system where continuous manufacturing improvement is made in small, incremental steps. Embracing kaizen requires a culture of sustained continuous improvement focusing on eliminating waste in all systems and processes of an organization
The design, development and delivery of a new product can be called: system engineering manufacturing system production cycle designing for manufacturing
*manufacturing system The system incorporates accidental loss consideration involving system integration of Man/Machine/Environment (occupational safety) with subsystems pre-production safety and quality reviews (product safety)
which of the following occupations has experienced the highest incidence of cumulative trauma disorders? laborers meat cutters assemblers metal finishers
*meat cutters from liberty mutual insurance statistics involving workers compensation claims/100 workers/year for cumulative trauma disorders: meatcutters and butchers - 0.4988 laborers - 0.1670 metal finishers - 0.0782 assemblers - 0.0593
the primary factors that influence thermal regulation of the human body are: metabolism, convection, evaporation, heat load metabolism, radiation, evaporation, convection metabolism, heat balance, and heat load convection and heat load
*metabolism, radiation, evaporation, convection
Which of the following is NOT an example of protective footwear? safety-toed boots metatarsal guards molders (foundry) shoes conductive footwear
*metatarsal guards Metatarsal guards are not shoes; they typically are strapped to the outside of a shoe to protect the instep area from impact and compression. Metatarsal guards are typically made of aluminum, steel, fiber or plastic
system safety is defined as: method to detect and eliminate potential hazards an engineering method analysis of major components statistical analysis of the safety system
*method to detect and eliminate potential hazards systems safety is the utilization of systematic scientific engineering and management principles to identify and minimize potential hazards
the incus is part of foot inner ear middle ear outer ear
*middle ear
the ossicles are located in the external ear middle ear inner ear ear drum
*middle ear
a mechanical filter respirator offers respiratory protection against gases gases and dusts gases and mists mists and dusts
*mists and dusts mechanical filter respirators offer respiratory protection against airborne particulate matter including dusts, mists, metal fumes and smoke. They do not provide protection against gases, vapors, or oxygen deficiency.
The elements of a contract include all of the following except: competent parties subject matter mutuality of agreement monetary duty
*monetary duty The elements of a contract include: - competent parties - subject matter - legal consideration - mutuality of agreement - mutuality of obligation
most muscles are joined by hundreds or even thousands of nerve fibers of the efferent (motor) nervous system. this contact between the end point of the axon of one motor-neuron and the sarolemma of the muscle is called reticulum switches cross bridges motor endplate motor muscle
*motor endplate
the term that describes muscle fibrie elements (polymerized protein molecules) capable of sliding along each other, thus shortening the muscle and, if doing so against resistance generating tension is called muscle contraction kinetics free dynamics muscle filaments
*muscle filaments
the best method for monitoring noise exposure of a long haul truck driver is through the use of sound level meter octave band analyzer noise dosimeter annual audiogram
*noise dosimeter sound level meters and octave band analyzers require constant readings. Annual audiograms are a measure of effect. Noise dosimeters measure dose and are easy to use
in considering horizontal work surfaces, the area that can be conveniently reached with a sweep of the forearm with the upper arm hanging in a natural position at the side is called: sweep area semi-sweep area normal area maximum area
*normal area
air line respirators are designed to be used in atmospheres: not immediately dangerous to life or health containing asphyxiants containing explosive vapors such as confined spaces, where an SCBA may be awkward
*not immediately dangerous to life or health ex. explosive atmospheres, asphyxiants, or confined spaces
carpal tunnel syndrome involves an injury to the median nerve. the nerve is compressed due to inflammation in the carpal tunnel. carpal tunnel will not result in which of the following? numbness in little finger pain in the wrist upon exertion pain in the second and third fingers numbness in the thumb
*numbness in the little finger the little finger is not served by the median nerve therefore the little finger is not affected by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel
the function of a slot in a slot hood is to decrease capture velocity reduce material required to build a system obtain proper air distribution increase capture velocity
*obtain proper air distribution capture velocity is essentially independent of its slot air velocity. the function of the slot is to provide proper air distribution by making the pressure drop if the slot is large relative to the plenum
Acclimatization to a hot environment includes controlled blood flow to the skin, facilitated sweating, and increased stroke volume of the heart without increase in heart rate. It can be accomplished in: one or two weeks one month 7 days 12 days
*one or two weeks
A process to identify hazards and recommend risk reduction alternatives in procedurally controlled activities during all phases of intended use is called: preliminary hazard analysis risk assessment operating and support hazard analysis fault tree analysis
*operating and support hazard analysis
what color identifies moving machine parts? red magenta green orange
*orange
the middle ear contains a group of bones called the stapes ossicles incus eustachian tubes
*ossicles the middle ear consists of the eustachian tubes, the mastoid air cell system, and the sound conducting mechanism composed of the incus, malleus, and the stapes. these three small bones comprise the ossicles
A standard that specifies an objective to be obtained but does not require a specific method is called a design standard performance standard vertical standard horizontal standard
*performance standard sets the objective to be obtained but leaves the details of how to achieve the objective up to the company or organization
The first consideration when you are the first person approaching an active spill is: stop the spill contain the spill move the drum personnel safety
*personnel safety for themselves and others. They are to determine what needs to be done to protect people.
the metacarpal is defined as the center point of the hand the most distal point of the hand pertaining to the long bones of the hand between the carpus and phalanges the muscle of the posterior lower arm
*pertaining to the long bones of the hand between the carpus and the phalanges
at high levels of illumination, the rods and cones both function and the eye is most sensitive to light wavelengths around 550nm. this effect is called photopic vision prkinje effect scotopic vision incandescent effect
*photopic vision occurs when the rods and cones are both functioning
Which of the following SCBA systems are required for IDLH atmospheres? demand negative pressure demand positive pressure demand gas masks
*positive pressure demand provide a continuous flow of positive pressure air to the facepiece of the respirator. the demand/negative air pressure demand respirators supply air to the facepiece only upon inhalation. gas masks are not SCBAs
the total inner hand surface is grasping the (often cylindrical) handle which runs parallel to the knuckles and generally protrudes on one side or both sides from the hand. this coupling is known as: power grasp enclosure hook grip lateral grip
*power grasp
what is the function of the ear's eustachian tube? pressure equalization transmission of sound waves collect dirt prevent infection
*pressure equalization the eustachian tube serves to equalize pressure in the middle ear with the external atmospheric pressure. it opens during swallowing and yawning
the flexing of the elbow, the biceps and brachialis on the front of the upper arm is the; non-fixation muscles prime movers ergon muscle anti-fixation muscles
*prime movers
the OSHA Process Safety Standard requires employers with applicable processes to implement a Contractor Safety Program. Elements of the Contractor Safety Program include the following EXCEPT: evaluate safety of contractor before hire process safety training explain Emergency Action Plan maintain a contract employee injury and illness log
*process safety training the employer is required to inform the contractor of the hazards associated with the process, but is not required to perform the process hazard training. The training is a requirement of the contract employer. The other answers are elements of the Contractor Safety Program. Additional elements include developing and implementing safe work practices and evaluation of contractors to ensure fulfillment of obligations
Incident investigations are required as part of the OSHA Process Safety Standard. Key elements of the Incident Investigation Program Requirements include the following EXCEPT near misses prompt investigation within 24 hrs incidents which did or could result in catastrophe incident report and recommendations
*prompt investigation within 24 hrs The investigation must be conducted within 48 hrs, not 24. The other answers are all part of the Incident Investigation Program. Also included in the program is a system to address the report recommendations, a review of the incident report, and recommendations with affected personnel.
during a workplace evaluation for combustible dust, which of the following is of least importance in the prevention of a dust explosion? A documented process hazard analysis and operator training Physical and chemical properties that establish hazardous characteristics of materials used in a facility Housekeeping and predictive/preventative maintenance programs Properly installed and operational sprinkler systems
*properly installed sprinkler systems
The main objective of the Consumer Product Safety Commission is protect consumers against unreasonable risks enforce regulations increase consumer awareness decrease consumer costs
*protect consumers against unreasonable risks in products
the shift in sensitivity from photopic to scotopic vision is called scotopic effect purkinje effect photopic effect photonic effect
*purkinje effect
the basic color used for designating radiation hazards is yellow orange blue purple
*purple examples include: radiation warning signs; containers of radioactive material; signal lights to indicate radiation machines are in operation the safety color code for marking physical hazards and the identification of certain equipment is detailed in ANSI Z53.1, 1967 and OSHA, 29 CFR 1910.144
a phenomenon that results in paleness of the skin from oxygen deficiency due to reduction of flow of blood caused by blood vessel and nerve spasms, and also results in decreased feelings in the hands is called carpal tunnel syndrome dupuytren's contracture raynaud's phenomenon reflex sympathetic
*raynaud's phenomenon (or syndrome) is a disorder of the hand and arm sometimes resulting from excessive vibration exposure, but not as a result of cumulative trauma. raynaud's phenomenon can develop from the single use of a vibrating tool, though it typically comes from long-term use. in addition, it can be caused by exposure to certain chemicals, exposure to cold, and excessive emotional stress. while doctors can diagnose and treat the signs and symptoms of raynaud's phenomenon, they are still not sure what causes it.
according to contemporary motivation theory, the strongest motivator is: fear of a boss status recognition of achievement pay
*recognition of achievement
When assessing the reliability of a system, all of the following are considered appropriate except part usage functional requirements environmental requirements reliability bonding
*reliability bonding
common job risk factors for the development of CTD include all of the following except excessive force abnormal postures mechanical compression repetition
*repetition althouth repetition contributes to the development of CTD, it is the repetition of the risk factors such as excessive force, abnormal postures, and mechanical compression that eventually causes the injury. repetition is a compounding factor that contributes to the risk for developing CTD
the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximum expiration is called tidal volume tidal/residual volume residual volume vital capacity
*residual volume
light passes through the crystalline lens in the eye and focuses on the cornea iris pupil retina
*retina light enters the eye through the pupil, travels through the crystalline lens, then travels through the vitreous humor (eyeball) and finally focuses on the retina
inflammation of the nasal passages is called asthma rhinitis laryngitis anthrarhinitis
*rhinitis inflammation of the internal nasal tissue
Political and socioeconomic factors are not important considerations in which of the following processes? risk communication risk assessment risk management risk acceptability
*risk assessment is the scientific discipline involved in characterizing and quantifying the magnitude of potential harm to human health from the use and/or presence of a particular agent in the environment. Unlike risk management, risk assessment does not take into account economic impact
Which of the following is not an element of risk assessment? hazard identification exposure assessment risk communication dose-response assessment
*risk communication Risk communication is the process of informing the public in an understandable and effective manner of the potential harm from a given exposure situation and/or particular agent. Hazard identification, dose-response assessment, and exposure assessment are all elements of risk assessment as outlined by NAS (National Academy of Sciences)
The process of determining safety goals, allowing supervisors a chance to perform, providing assistance along the way and rewarding them accordingly to their progress is known as: management by expression safety by objectives OSHA star program motivation-hygiene theory
*safety by objectives
a good safety design to overcome failures or malfunctions is the: safety margin safety factor maximum forseeable failure margin maximum permissible failure factor
*safety factor by definition, a safety factor is the ratio of the ultimate (breaking) strength of a member, or piece of material, to the actual working stress or to the maximum permissible (safe load) stress when in use. the magnitude of the safety factor depends on how great the cost of failure will be in terms of life or damage
An in-depth method that may be used to evaluate a safety program is a safety program audit safety inspection job-task survey safety check
*safety program audit The audit should provide insight into the effectiveness of the program and identify where improvements can be made. ASSE provides an outstanding safety audit process to evaluate and rate: Organization & Administration, Industrial Hazard Control, Fire Control & Industrial Hygiene, Supervisory Participation, Motivation and Training, and Accident Investigation, Statistics & Reporting Procedures
Industrial safety and systems safety start from a common base, a desire to: Identify, analyze, and control hazards Save lives and property Analyze and improve equipment Control and prevent accidents to employees
*save lives and property Whereas industrial safety directs itself to people, system safety is oriented toward analysis and improvement of hardware (ex. systems)
A Gantt Chart is used in manufacturing to: show product development schedule indicate competitor's products show management structure
*schedule Gantt Charts show how long each production process should take and when it should take place. It is widely used in project scheduling
occupational fatalities due to workplace violence (homocide) is the _____ leading cause of occupational fatalities in the US highest second highest fifth highest eighth highest
*second highest workplace violence has emerged as an important safety and health issue in today's workplace. its most extreme form, homocide, is the second leading cause of fatal occupational injuries in the US. nearly 1,000 workers are murdered, and 1.5 million are assaulted in the workplace each year. According to the BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), there were 709 workplace homocides in 1998, accounting for 12% of the total 6,026 fatal work injuries in the US. Environmental conditions associated with workplace assaults have been identified and control strategies implemented in a number of work settings. OSHA has developed guidelines and recommendations to reduce worker exposures to this hazard but is not initiating rulemaking at this time
the correct term for hearing loss that can be induced by occupational exposure to noise is presbycusis sociocusis sensorineural conductive
*sensorineural presbycusis is hearing loss due to age sociocusis is loss due to background noise conductive loss is a loss between the outer ear and the cochlea
What should SH&E professionals consider when evaluating ignition sources such as lift trucks and information technology equipment? electrical machines dust producing processes class IV forklifts several potential ignition sources
*several potential ignition sources several ignition sources can cause a dust explosion or deflagration. primary sources of ignition include electrical sparking from tramp metals or broken equipment pieces; heat from bearings, belts, and misaligned buckets; improperly prepared maintenance and hot work operations; forklifts and vehicles; and natural causes, such as lightning. first, identify the electrical classification of the area or room volume. NFPA 70, the National Electric Code (NEC), Chapter 5, Special Occupancies, addresses hazardous locations. It defines the classification of several special occupancies, such as flammable liquids, gases and vapors; combustible dusts; and other materials. it is meant to integrate with other NFPA standards that more fully address the particular occupancy. For electrical issues, the NEC defines what electrical devices are permitted in a given area. This section defines terms such as dust ignition-proof, dust tight, purged and pressurized.
responding to a high pressure fitting leak, you should specify which of the following to make repairs? tighten with wrench shut down and depressurize to ambient wrap with tape and make repairs patch with epoxy
*shut down and depressurize to ambient
the buildup of iron oxide in the lungs, such as could occur in welders, is called siderosis asthma metal monitis anthrasilicosis
*siderosis
a condition which results from exposure to welding fumes that is characterized by accumulation of metal oxides in the lung without apparent physical symptoms is called: pulmonary atresia siderosis idiopathic pulmonary distress byssunosis
*siderosis is a pigmentation of the lung due to iron oxide exposure. the pigmentation can be marked but there seems to be no physical detriment. however, some siderosis patients present with chronic bronchitis and dyspnea. differential diagnosis is difficult
A single item of hardware, the failure of which would lead directly to loss of life, vehicle or mission is called: critical hardware item risk item single failure point failure event
*single failure point
human factors engineering or ergonomics is concerned with fitting the worker to a task or the task to the worker. a man-machine system is considered a closed loop system. which of the following do not make up the closed loop system? reacts data input senses of man size of material
*size of material the closed loop system is made up of reacts, machine, data input and senses of man
which part of the body is the main one involved in maintaining the body's heat balance? lungs heart skin hair
*skin skin is the site of most thermoregulation activities including sweating, conductive and radiant heat transfer
In addition to shoring and shielding, what basic type of protective method is permitted to protect workers from a trench cave-in? sloping limiting the workers' exposure times in the trench posting a competent person as a safety observer outside the trench training
*sloping or benching decrease the effective depth of the trench
Heinrich's domino theory of accidents included: worker, perception, physical, social, injury the 5 B's social, fault, unsafe act, accident, injury men, machine, money, capital, accident
*social, fault, unsafe act, accident, injury
hearing loss attributed to listening to Rock music and walkmans is called psychogenic sociocusis sensorineural conductive
*sociocusis hearing loss due to social habits
Which of the following is not a Respirator Qualitative Fit Test? sodium chloride aerosol isoamyl acetate irritant smoke saccharin aerosol
*sodium chloride aerosol is used in Quantitative Fit Testing where the protection factor of the respirator is measured. Qualitative Fit Testing checks for leakage that results in the employee smelling or sensing the presence of the fit test material. The isoamyl acetate has a strong smell like bananas and the irritant smoke causes a sweet taste, if the respirator has a leak
within the three-dimensional envelope of a work space, more specific considerations of work-area design relate to: Specific features of horizontal, vertical, and sloping work surfaces Specific features of horizontal, flat and/or sloping work surfaces Specific features of horizontal, vertical, and flat work surfaces Features of the work situation are determined on the basis of non-anthropometric considerations
*specific features of horizontal, vertical, and sloping work surfaces
A command post established for managing a hazardous chemical spill should contain at a minimum all of the following EXCEPT: two radios spill clean-up equipment phone facility MSDSs
*spill clean-up equipment A command post is set up away from the spill area, therefore the spill cleanup equipment needs to be at the spill scene, not at the command post
Which of the following allows the engineer to understand the sources of variation in a process, and hence manipulate and control these sources to decrease variations in the product? statistical analysis statistical process control statistical variability analysis process control assessment
*statistical process control can be utilized for any process that is well defined, documented, and stabilized over time. It is extremely versatile in its ability to identify variation and out-of-control situations
the midpoint position of the palpable junction between the proximal end of the clavicle and the sternum at the upper border (jugular notch) of the sternum is called lumbar/sacral lumbar sub-link sternoclavicular thorax
*sternoclavicular
ultrasonic noise can not be heard by the human ear. what does the ear hear during ultrasonic operation? ultrasonic noise subharmonic noise ELF noise you think you hear something
*subharmonic noise you actually hear subharmonics of the ultrasonic noise which are generated in your hearing range. an ultrasonic welder emitting noise at 20 kHz (human limit) will be heard at 10 kHz, the first subharmonic
the most desirable method of employee protection would be: engineering controls such as ventilation education/training respiratory protection substitution of the process or material
*substitution of the process or material eliminates the hazard
What does a "Bird Cage" in a wire rope usually signify? repeated bending over sheaves jumping a sheave fatigue sudden release of tension and rebound
*sudden release of tension and rebound
melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer, the most important occupational cause of melanoma is: asphalt tar ultraviolet light due to black lights sunlight nitrosoamines
*sunlight in caucasian workers
The prime necessity for a system safety analysis is system models management cooperation CAD/CAM highly paid consultants
*system models a system safety analysis must have system models of the involved system. Before analysis of safety can be made a model of the system must be constructed
this technique utilizes a six-step process to analyze and control human errors. the process involves selecting an event, identifying the tasks associated with the event, separating specific behaviors of each task and assigning basic error rates is called: behavioral assessment job safety analysis technique for human error rate prediction operability study
*technique for human error rate prediction 6 step process to analyze and control human errors
the ancillary structures of the human skeleton are appendicular cartilage, ligaments, and axial tendons, ligaments, and appendicular tendons, cartilage, and ligaments
*tendons, cartilage, and ligaments the ancillary structures consist of: cartilage (gristle) - supporting structures that serve to reduce friction and absorb shock at joints ligaments - fibrous tissue, mainly collagen, that hold joints together tendons - fibrous tissue, mainly collagen, that attach muscles to the bone
in mechanics, the term equilibrium implies that: the body of concern must be at rest the body of concern is in constant motion the body of concern is either at rest or moving with constant velocity all forces acting on the body are not at rest
*the body of concern is either at rest or moving with constant velocity newton's second law of motion sets the relationship between the applied forces and motion: f=ma
A product safety factor is defined as: the extra margin of safety over intended use the product "Safeness" the product's cost factor override amount of product liability insurance needed
*the extra margin of safety over intended use
Responsibility for safety in day to day operations belongs to: the assigned safety engineer top management the line supervisor operations management
*the line supervisor the line supervisor or foreman is the key person who plays an important role as the link between management and the worker. The worker follows his/her orders and is responsible for their work quality and quantity
The point of operation for any machine tool is the place where a guard is usually placed where one moving part passes another the place where work is done on material both A & B
*the place where work is done on the material this is generally the area where injury can occur 29 CFR 1910.12(a)(3)
A registered (licensed) engineer is required to seal engineering plans before the plans can be released for construction. When a safety professional reviews these plans, to whom should the safety professional direct plan-related safety questions? the engineer who sealed the plans the builder the project manager the CSP's supervisor
*the project manager if necessary, the project manager can require the engineer to consider the safety professional's questions and make changes, if necessary
The skill of prompt hazard recognition is so important because: it allows quick spill clean-up the responder can protect themselves and others it allows plant management to understand the situation communication with the media is most efficient
*the responder can protect themselves and others
the sacrum is located upper spinal column below the lumbar vertebrae above the cervical vertebrae within the thorax
*the sacrum is located below the lumbar vertebrae
the carpus is defined as the collection of bones in the hand the wrist bones, collectively the bony eminerice at the distal pertaining to the palm of the hand
*the wrist bones, collectively
The reported concentration of a quality control sample derived from prior characterizations of the sample is called: target value theoretical value maximum value measurement value
*theoretical value AKA theoretical amount quality control sample OR calibration standard
A manager who utilizes an external reward and punishment system to affect performance is a ______ manager theory x theory y theory z theory a
*theory x holds that people must be motivated to work by external reward and punishment
metal fume fever is a delayed type of disease with flu-like symptoms. it has been associated with exposure to all of the following except: magnesium oxide fumes nascent zinc oxide fumes zinc oxide fumes thorium oxide fumes
*thorium oxide fumes metal fume fever has been shown to be caused by exposure to freshly generated (nascent) fumes of zinc and magnesium and their oxides. although zinc and magnesium are the most common causes, copper has been known to cause metal fume fever also
the amount of air breathed in and out during normal respiration is called tidal volume total tidal volume total vital volume total normal volume
*tidal volume
a condition which is caused by a very loud impulsive sound can cause a ringing in the ear and an immediate loss of hearing is called anacuses mastoidectomy lateral semnisci tinnitus
*tinnitus
large companies institute fleet safety programs: to prevent accidents to control insurance costs for public relations purposes because it's the right thing to do
*to prevent accidents additional benefits quick to follow the control of accidents is meeting its moral obligation to the employee and to the public. control of accidents has a direct affect upon insurance premiums which fluctuate with accident frequency and dollar losses sustained by the fleet
A metatarsal guard provides the following protection: toe toe to inseam toe to ankle toe to knee
*toe to ankle metatarsal guards are commonly used in foundries to protect employees from crushing injuries to the foot
the least important consideration in evaluating the length of time an air-purifying respirator can be used is the: concentration of the contaminant duration of exposure type of cartridge used toxicity of the contaminant
*toxicity of the contaminant
the conductive zone within the respiratory tree includes trachea trachea and bronchea alveoli and bronchea bronchea
*trachea and bronchea ref. Engineering Physiology
Biological exposure indices's data is important because they include type(s) of exposure in addition to inhalation. which of the following exposures are least likely to be assessed by a BEI? skin absorption injection ingestion transplacental
*transplacental BEIs measure certain biological functions to determine the "total" exposure from all routes. BEIs do not measure transplacental exposures. they may provide some useful information however on exposure of the fetus to workplace chemicals
based on tons of material emitted annually, which of the following sources accounts for the most air pollution in the US? industry electric power generation refuse disposal transportation
*transportation transportation, including private automobiles, accounts for approximately 60% of the air pollution int he US
theory x management assumes which of the following the worker is basically uninterested in work worker must be motivated to work work is natural and resirable two of the above
*two of the above theory x management holds that workers must be made to work by a set of external rewards and punishments. work is not a natural condition.
Which of the following types of interlocks requires 2 simultaneous physical actions by a person - sometimes within a specific time period - to activate the system? timed action interlock two-hand controls sequential controls simultaneous motion interlock
*two-hand controls
What is a bathtub curve? new product innovation cycle bathtub outline typical failure rate analyses for products atypical failure rate
*typical failure rate analyses for products
Evaluate the following to predict which set of circumstances will produce severe injuries if they are not identified and controlled: routine work tasks unusual and/or non routine work tasks supervised assembly operations mass-producing machine shop
*unusual and/or non routine work tasks A number of recent studies have shown that severe injuries are fairly predictable in certain situations. One of these involve unusual, non routine work. This includes the job that happens occasionally, a one-of-a-kind situation. Non routine work may arise in factory operations but, normal controls that apply to routine work have little effect in the non routine situation
the image formed by a convex mirror compared to the object appear: upright and smaller upright and larger inverted and smaller inverted and larger
*upright and smaller the convex mirror is commonly used as a rear-view mirror for motor vehicles because the objects always appear upright and smaller. they are able to provide a wider view of the roadway behind a driver than could be obtained from a plane mirror
blood is carried to the heart by the arteries capillaries spleen veins
*veins
What does a "3" in the health section of a HMIS label mean? poison moderate health hazard-use reasonable precautions non-hazardous very hazardous to health-avoid all routes of exposure
*very hazardous to health-avoid all routes of exposure HMIS is commonly used to identify chemicals. The rating scale is 0-4, 0 being the least hazardous and 4 being the most hazardous. Materials are rated for reactivity, flammability, and health hazards
the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation is called residual volume vital capacity tidal volume vital residue volume
*vital capacity
the term which defines the torque that a given muscle (or group of muscles) that develop voluntarily around a skeletal articulation which is spanned by the muscle(s) is called muscle span muscle torque voluntary muscle strength involuntary muscle strength
*voluntary muscle strength
If an SCBA is worn in an atmosphere that is immediately dangerous to life and health, the employee must: wear a safety harness and lifeline have a standby worker with a canister respirator have an escape pack not go into the area
*wear a safety harness and lifeline
what was one of the first incentives for management to ensure working conditions for employees? The Occupational Safety and Health Act Worker's compensation legislation Reduction in insurance premiums Increased productivity
*workers compensation legislation in 1911, the Wisconsin Workers' Compensation law was the first law of its kind that required compensation for injuries which occurred on the job, without regard to fault.
safety spectacles would be least effective in protecting an employee's eyes in which of the following situations? chipping rock pouring molten metals working in a high concentration of NH3 sparpening tools at a stand grinder
*working in a high conc of NH3 (ammonia gas)
the thumb and two fingers (often forefinger and index finger) oppose each other at or near the tips. this coupling is known as: writing grip tip grip side pinch pinch grip
*writing grip when the forefinger and index finger oppose each other at or near the tips, it is called the writing grip. arrange your fingers like this and you will see why.
the basic color used for designating caution in an industrial environment is: red orange yellow blue
*yellow applications include: aisle marking, "caution" signs, construction tractors and bulldozers, handrails, guardrails, marking for low beams, pipes and projections. The safety color code for marking physical hazards and the identification of certain equipment is detailed in ANSI Z53.1, 1967 and OSHA, 29 CFR 1910.144
ANSI Z-35.1 provides the specifications for industrial accident prevention signs. What is appropriate to indicate caution against lesser hazards? yellow background color; black lettering black lettering on white background light blue background color; black lettering black lettering on orange background
*yellow background color; black lettering
An engineering firm has performed a quantitative analysis on the reliability of your company's product. You are reviewing the analysis and see that the engineering company has determined that there are two key components contributing to failures of the product. The product fails when either Component A or Component B fails. Component A has a failure probability of 0.105 and Component B has a failure probability of 0.080. What is the overall probability of failure of your company's product?
0.177 When the failures are additive (as in this OR logic), the formula to determine the failure probability is (PA + PB) - (PA*PB)
An automobile travelling 55 mi/hr is slowing up at the rate of 5 mi/hr/sec. How many seconds will it take to stop?
11 sec V=At Velocity = Acceleration x Time t=V/A = 55/5 = 11
Given the fact that the probabilities of "heat", "fuel", and "oxygen" are each 1x10^-2, what is the overall probability of a fire?
1x10^-6 multiply because AND
Arrange the following steps in hazard control in the proper sequence: 1. guard the hazard 2. engineer the hazard out if possible 3. educate personnel
2, 1, 3
A two piece block and tackle with 5 parts of rope to lift a weight of 3000 lbs requires how much force for lift (no friction)?
600
IDLH means
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health this is a term NIOSH defines as an atmosphere in which staying greater than 30 mins will cause irreversible effects of hinder the workers ability to exit
What is the appropriate interlock that can detect the presence, absence, excess, or inadequacy of pressure, temperature, flow or other parameters and either permits or stops action? Parameter sensing Transducer Interlock Trip Device Proximity Device
Parameter sensing
An effective fire loss control program must include objectives that prevent loss of life and personal injury, prevent inception of fire, protect property, and: Provide means to extinguish fire Provide uninterrupted operations Incorporate the use of fire resistive building materials Effect controls that limit the fire load (amount of combustibles)
Provide uninterrupted operations In any fire loss control program, there is a necessity for a plan that protects against a business interruption. Generally, there is a condition of insurance that you reduce the loss resulting from a business interruption by resuming complete or partial operations on the fire damaged premises and/or making use of other property and materials at another manufacturing facility
If A = {5,6} and B = {1,2,3,5}, then A + B =
{1,2,3,5,6} The union of A & B is the set whose numbers are members of either A or B. Note that 4 does not appear in either set and is therefore not a member. "Union" is denoted by a plus sign "Intersection" is denoted by multiplication "OR" is also used to denote "union" "AND" is also used to denote "intersection"
A light curtain safety interlock system is being proposed for an automatic metal shearing machine. Assuming a standard hand speed of 63 in/sec, and a machine shut down time of 0.5 sec, what is the minimum acceptable distance from the point-of-operation to the sensing field of the light curtain? 31.5 in 47.3 in 63 in 126 in
*31.5 in standard hand speed x time necessary for the interlock to shut down the equipment
on vehicles used for transporting hazardous cargo, placards are used as a warning. A placarded vehicle must have at least how many identical placards? 1 2 4 6
*4 placards show hazard class front, rear, and both sides must be readable from all 4 directions 19 DOT specifications placards 10 & 3/4 inches square
An event tree analysis is best defined as: A method for identifying various possible outcomes A system of numerical analysis A method utilizing true and false options A system of statistical analysis
*A method for identifying various possible outcomes An event tree analysis is a logic method that breaks down the possible outcomes of a single event.
A simple definition for hazard, as it applies to system safety is A source of danger Risk, peril, or jeopardy A potential to do harm A dangerous condition which can interfere with the orderly progress of an activity
*A potential to do harm simple, abbreviated version of a hazard. A more detailed definition is "a potential condition, or set of conditions, either internal and/or external to a system, which when activated by a stimulus (set of events or conditions that transforms a hazard from its potential state to one that causes harm to the system) or series of events which culminate in a loss (accident)"
Change analysis is A method for understanding how an incident occurred A method for understanding how a change in a system could cause problems later on A method for understanding how a management system change will affect the system All of the above
*All of the above Change analysis is an excellent investigative tool for incident investigation as well as a proactive tool for performing risk assessments when a system change is anticipated
The "systemic, documented, periodic and objective review by regulated entities of operations and practices related to meeting environmental requirements is considered: A monitoring program An environmental objective An environmental audit An environmental inspection
*An environmental audit
In heat stroke, the Body temperature is lowered Body temperature is elevated Body temperature is normal Patient sweats profusely
*Body temperature is elevated In heat stroke the patient has an elevated temperature and does not sweat
Risk analysis generally consists of all of the following steps except Estimation of the likelihood of events Construction of a fault tree Estimation of the consequences Selection of specific scenarios
*Construction of a fault tree One doesn't have to construct a fault tree to conduct a risk assessment. However, event flow should be defined. The other 3 steps are referred to ask the "RISK TRIPLET"
A tornado has just struck your multi-building facility where you have several hazardous processes operating. There appears to be substantial damage; however, you are unharmed. Since the coordinator of emergency management is not onsite, what are your first priorities as the acting emergency management coordinator? Safeguarding personnel at all costs while abandoning all systems Shutting down all systems and evacuating the site Determining the local emergency response incident commander and turning over incident command to that person Safeguarding personnel and safeguarding all systems, without further endangering other personnel
*Determining the local emergency response incident commander and turning over incident command to that person There should never be a question about safeguarding personnel and safeguarding the public in any situation. However, emergency planning requires organizations to consider how the organization's property, operations, and the environment can also be safeguarded in an emergency
Which system design is intrinsically safe? A non-redundant system Double parallel system Cost effective system Single parallel system
*Double parallel system The only redundant system listed is a double parallel
A technique which is a bottom-up, deductive technique that explores different responses to "challenges" is called: Event tree analysis Fault tree analysis Logic analysis Bottom-up assessment
*Event tree analysis
The system safety technique that starts with an undesired event and analyzes the way the undesired event occurs is: Event tree Fault tree Pert Job safety analysis
*Fault tree starts with the undesired event AKA the FAULT
Implied warranty involves: Statement Implication Negligence Tort
*Implication An implied warranty revolves around the implications of a manufacturer or dealer that a product is suitable
What functions do corporate safety groups normally not perform? Safety policy development Safety procedure development Corporate safety manual Investigate plant accidents
*Investigate plant accidents
The term incident encompasses first-aid cases, recordable cases, restricted workday cases, lost-workday cases, permanent disability cases, near misses and property damage cases. Which of the following represents an indirect cost? Incident review Workers' compensation premiums Ambulance Service Drug Testing
*Incident review Direct Cost Categories: 1. Workers' Compensation - Ex. WC premiums 2. Medical Bills - Ex. Treatment by physician, nurse, hospital costs 3. Medical Treatment Supplies - Ex. Bandages, splints, antiseptic 4. Ambulatory Service - Ex. Established fees 5. Drug Testing - Ex. Fees for off-site testing 6. Job Accommodations - Ex. Equipment or tool redesign or replacement; ergonomically designed chairs, keyboards 7. New Equipment - Ex. Cost of new equipment/parts purchased as a result of an incident Indirect Cost Categories: 1. Healthcare Professional - Ex. Consultation with the victim; treatment time; recordkeeping and filing; follow-up consultation(s) 2. Injured Worker - Ex. All time spent away from the job attributable to the incident. One way to determine this is to ask the nurse of supervisor. Be sure to include travel time to/from the nurse's office, waiting time, treatment and follow-up, and time spent visiting the offsite doctor's office. - Ex. An important, yet often overlooked contribution to indirect cost estimates is the percent reduction in efficiency due to restricted work. Often, an injured worker can return to the job at 100 percent; occasionally, however, the worker is only able to work at 90 percent until fully recovered. Once the percentage of restricted work has been determined, it can be incorporated into the direct cost summary. Example: Hourly rate = $10; cumulative time lost due to incident = 2 hours. This yields an initial $20 indirect cost. Ex. Restricted work efficiency level = 90% for 8 hrs. Since $10 x .9 yields work at a level for only $9/hr, there is a $1/hr indirect loss for each hour worked at the restricted level. Therefore, that $1/hr x 8 hrs yields an additional $8 loss, which should be added to the original $20 calculation; thus, the ultimate indirect cost is $28. 3. Supervisor - Ex. Consultation with the victim; recordkeeping and filing; follow-up consultation; disciplinary action 4. Return to Work - Ex. Consultation, work process modification 5. Lost Production/Productivity - Ex. Lost production represents the expected income that would have been received from maintaining production/service that was lost and is attributable to the incident. Often, this cost amounts to the highest of all indirect costs. Also consider the lost productivity of witnesses and colleagues in discussing and investigating the incident. 6. Incident Review - Ex. Sum hourly rates of the incident investigation team, multiply by the average time needed to complete a thorough investigation for each cost category. 7. Human Resources - Ex. Managing the case back to 100-percent duty, consultation, recordkeeping and filing. 8. Cost to Hire - Ex. The cost in terms of all necessary activities to bring in a replacement employee to work while the injured employee recovers 9. Manager - Ex. Consultation with the victim; recordkeeping and filing; follow-up consultation; disciplinary action 10. Process Delays/Interruptions - Ex. Represents lost income expected or lost personnel productivity when a process is delayed or interrupted as the result of an incident 11. Security - Ex. Since security is not involved in all cases, one must first determine the percentage of involvement. - Ex. Assume 900 cases occur and security is involved in 10 percent (or 90) of them. 90 cases x 1 hour of time devoted x $10/hr = $900 for all cases worked on. If security contributes $900 to the total, the cost for 900 cases = $900/900 = $1 contribution/case 12. Training - Ex. Include new or retraining efforts, instructor costs, paperwork, recordkeeping and tracking. For new/retrained employees on a new job, one can also perform an efficiency analysis similar to that of an injured worker (see above). 13. Legal
What is the first thing to do when a water sample comes into a lab? Smell it Take pH Log it in Analyze it
*Log it in
Safety Program evaluation can be defined as An exercise designed to placate management An audit to highlight deficiencies Measure of the effectiveness of safety programs Method to get rid of unsafe supervisors
*Measure of the effectiveness of safety programs A safety program evaluation is defined as as systematic method of measuring the effectiveness of a planned group of activities aimed at improving workplace safety. It is important to note that most evaluation programs look at both the good and bad aspects of the program (ex. a balanced evaluation)
Which of the following pass through the carpal tunnel? Medial nerve and radial artery Ulnar nerve and ulnar artery Ulnar nerve and flexor tendons Median nerve and flexor tendons
*Median nerve and flexor tendons The carpal tunnel or carpal canal is the passageway on the palmar side of the wrist that connects the forearm to the middle compartment of the palm. The tunnel consists of bones and connective tissue. Several tendons and the median nerve pass through it.
Interlocks are one of the most commonly used safety devices. Identify the appropriate interlock device below. Nonalignment of two or more parts prevents further action. Path Separation Position Interlock Key Interlock Path Coding
*Position Interlock
The tendency for an individual to give up - to withhold any sense of emotional or personal involvement in the situation is called: Resignation Aggression Regression Reactivity
*Resignation
Dealing with the uncertainty and unpredictability of personal injury, property or damage loss, business interruption and liability is identified with: Casualty insurance Loss prevention Risk management Loss control management
*Risk management risk management is the decision-making process whose objective is to identify the proper mix of loss control, risk retention and risk transfer that the organization should use in dealing with its risks of personal injury, property loss or damage and damage and liability including the expense and revenue losses associated with these exposures
which of the following is likely to increase proneness to skin problems? dry skin oily skin fair skin all of the above
*all of the above dry, oily or fair skin make the individual more susceptible to one form or another of skin disorders
If a bar magnet were to be pulverized into dust, the particles would: become unmagnitized become tiny bar magnets neutralize each other a & c
*become tiny bar magnets
The analysis technique where individuals are interviewed about accidents, near misses, and hazardous conditions is known as: event tree fault tree critical incident system safety analysis
*critical incident
What kind of industrial hazard can lead to an accident resulting in either death OR an accident with no severe lasting effects? chemical mechanical electrical ionizing radiation
*electrical depending on a number of conditions (ex. skin thickness, surface moisture, part of body involved, duration of current flow through the victim, etc.), an electric shock can result in either death or no lasting effect except for body burns that generally heal
A design that automatically reduces the system to its lowest energy level is considered: fail safe fail passive fail ceased fail non-operational
*fail passive
the primary office hazard is falls VDTs paper cuts alcoholism
*falls
the end goal of ergonomic/human factors engineering includes any of the following except increase workers' compensation costs reduce worker errors and accidents control stresses affecting worker's psychic comfort increase worker productivity
*increase workers' compensation costs ergonomics, traditionally human factors engineering, int he US is a multidisciplinary activity dealing with interactions between individuals and their total working environment, plus stresses relating to such environmental elements as atmosphere, heat, light, sound in addition to workplace tools and equipment
in which part of the ear is mechanical energy transferred to electrical energy? outer ear middle ear inner ear ear drum
*inner ear the inner ear contains the cochlea, which contains tiny hair cells, which vibrate when exposed to sound waves and transmit electrical impulses to the brain along nerves attached to the hair cells
The least likely reason accidents generally occur is a result of: personality factors environmental factors physical limitations lack of a safety policy or program
*lack of a safety policy or program Accident causation is very diverse, but generally each accident is a result of a combination of factors
a tank truck has been involved in a fire. by the time you arrive the label ont he truck only indicates that the material has a pH of 12. what does this tell you? material is flammable material is acidic material is basic material is neutral
*material is basic
one example of a class "A" incident includes a fire involving ordinary combustibles flammable liquids combustible metals live electrical equipment
*ordinary combustibles Class A fires involve ordinary combustibles. Examples of Class A extinguishing agents are mono-ammonium phosphate and ammonium phosphate Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids. Class C fires involve live electrical equipment. Class D fires involve combustible metals.
the most sensitive and accurate method of physiologically measuring work is: heart rate oxygen consumption respiratory volume electromyography
*oxygen consumption
the main part of the body involved in maintaining the body's heat balance is: skin heart lungs hair
*skin skin is responsible for dissipating heat load through the blood flow of the capillaries. the capillaries expand and contract depending on load.
A graphical presentation showing changes in frequencies, percentages, or proportions over time is called? trend chart model PERT chart frequency chart
*trend chart
Shortly following a gas manifold cleaning operation in which alcohol was used, an explosion, followed by fire occurred. The cause was traced to which of the following? Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Chlorine
Oxygen is the oxidizer and it participates in the combustion with the alcohol
risk is an expression of probable loss over a specific time period. it can be expressed in accidents, deaths, dollars, or other units. if a company operates a fleet of 25 trucks worth $22,000 each, and each operates 1,600 hours/year, what is the risk due to total loss per year if the replacement cost for a new truck is 1.2 times the old truck, and accidents occur 4.5 times per 10,000 hrs of operation?
Risk = D*M*N D = loss per accident M = accident rate N = time of measurement = (1.2 * $22,000 / truck) (4.5 x 10^-4 / hr) (25 trucks * 1600 hr/yr) = $475,200/yr
HMIS:
hazardous material information system
In system safety you would use which gate to connect the causitive agents "exothermic reaction"/"outside source" to end product "heat". "AND" "OR" Either Neither
"OR" OR gate because either an "exothermic reaction" OR "outside source" will cause heat
human performance is a function of age and sex attitude and motivation training and motivation (aptitude + training) * motivation
*(aptitude + training) * motivation
Fuel and oxygen cylinders in storage locations must be separated by a minimum distance, or a firewall must be provided. If a firewall is provided the fire resistance rating of the wall must be at least 0.5 hr 1 hr 2 hrs 3 hrs
*0.5 hr firewalls separating fuel and oxygen cylinders must have at least a 30-minute rating and be at least 5 ft high. Fuel and oxidizers can also be segregated by 20 ft as per OSHA and NFPA
under foundry conditions, the numerical value of the WBGT Index is calculated using the formula: 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB 0.7 WB + 0.1 GT + 0.1 DB 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + velocity
*0.7 WB + 0.3 GT the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is calaculated indoors or outdoors with no solar loads: WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT Foundry conditions would exclude the solar load. Had the question asked for the formula outdoors with solar load, the answer would have been: WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB WB = natural wet bulb temperature GT = global thermometer temperature DB = dry bulb temperature
An inspector checklist for a dry-pipe sprinkler system requires opening the inspector test valve and timing before delay before water discharge. NFPA 13 requires that dry systems must deliver water to inspector test pipe outlet in not more than: 3 minutes 15 seconds 1 minute 30 seconds
*1 minute NFPA 13 establishes the maximum size for dry-pipe systems at 500 gallons for gridded systems and 750 gallons for non-gridded systems. However, these maximums can be exceeded if delivery of water to inspectors test pipe does not exceed 60 seconds. Many times to ensure rapid delivery of water, "quick opening" devices are installed. These devices generally consist of accelerators, which cause the deluge or dry pipe valve to cycle more rapidly or exhausters, which dump air more rapidly
the tongue guard on a grinding wheel should be ___ away from the wheel 1/4" 1/2" 3/4" 1"
*1/4" this is necessary to prevent the object being ground from being caught between the wheel, possibly injuring the operator
pressure-demand SCBAs have a protection factor of 10x 100x 1000x 10000x
*10000x
the step-across distance from the nearest edge of a ladder to the nearest edge of equipment or structure shall be not more than ____ inches, or less than ___ inches 10 & 5 12 & 2.5 12 & 3 16 & 8
*12 & 2.5
You are evaluating a lifting task in your facility that involves moving tote boxes containing parts from a lower conveyor to an upper conveyor at right angles to each other. The tote boxes have 2 handles and are easy to grasp. The tote box handles, when on the lower conveyor, are 10 in. from the floor. When the tote box is on the upper conveyor, the handles are 40 in. from the floor. The center of the belt of both conveyors is 10 in. from the feet of the worker. One lift is required every minute during the full 8-hr shift. The tote box weighs 4 lb. How much material can be placed in the tote box?
*16 lb The NIOSH lifting equation is: RWL = LC * HM * VM * DM * AM * FM * CM LC = 51 lbs HM = (10/H) VM = [1-0.0075 * absolute value of (V-30)] DM = [0.82 + (1.8/D)] AM = (1-0.0032*A) **^ All of the above is part of the lifting equation before we start applying numbers from the problem** These are the numbers we will use in the RWL equation: H = 10 in. (this is the horizontal distance from the feet) V = 10 in. (this is the vertical distance from the floor) D = 30 in. (this is how far the item is lifted vertically) A = 90deg (this is the asymmetry AKA body twisting) FM = 0.75 (this is the frequency factor) CM = 1.00 (this is the coupling factor) RWL = (51 lb)*(10/10)*[1-(0.0075(absolute value 10-30)]*(0.82+(1.8/30)*(1-(0.0032*90))*0.75*1.00 = 51*1*0.85*0.88*0.712*0.75*1.00 = 20.37 lbs Product Weight = RWL-tote weight = 20.37-4 = 16.37 lbs
what is the minimum ice thickness in inches for clear sound ice for a one person load? 1.5 2 2.5 3
*2 Ice Thickness Requirements: from Table 46-1, Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations, NSC 7th Edition
ANSI recommends the lighting level for corridors in industrial facilities should have a minimum of _____ foot-candles: 10 20 30 40
*20 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard Practice for Industrial Lighting (ANSI A22.2-1984) provides minimum lighting levels for safety purposes. The minimum they recommend for corridors in industrial facilities is 20 foot-candles. The Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) publishes a Lighting Handbook which recommends higher illumination levels to maximize productivity
most people, especially the young, can hear sounds between 10 HZ & 12,000 HZ 10 HZ & 20,000 HZ 20 HZ & 12,000 HZ 20 HZ & 20,000 HZ
*20 HZ & 20,000 HZ HZ = cycles/second a steady loss of hearing occurs as people grow older. a person in their sixties often cannot hear frequencies above 12,000 HZ. this phenomenon is known as presbycusis
a paint spray booth operation, according to OSHA, should provide enough dilution air to reduce the vapor of flammable materials to ___ of the LEL 10% 15% 20% 25%
*25% OSHA at 1910.94(c)(6)(ii) states "the total air volume exhausted through a spray booth shall be such as to dilute solvent vapor to at least 25% of the LEL of the solvent being sprayed". The standard gives an example of calculation for a typical solvent.
Which of the following statements concerning the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is true? 1. The CPSC consists of five commissioners appointed by Congress 2. The CPSC adjudicates contested enforcement actions resulting from Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA) violations 3. Commence a proceeding for the issuance, amendment, or revocation of a consumer product safety rule 4. Maintain an injury information clearinghouse and conduct studies and investigations of incidents resulting from accidents involving consumer products 1, 2, 3, & 4 1, 3, & 4 3 & 4 1 & 2
*3 & 4 The CPSC is appointed by the president The CPSC is not involved with adjudicating contested enforcement actions The CPSC may take actions involving issuance, amendment or revocation of consumer product safety rules CPSC is required to maintain an injury information clearinghouse and when deemed necessary, conduct studies and investigations of accidents involving consumer products [Public Law 92-573, October 27, 1972]
Heat acclimatization can be effected by: 1 hour out of heat 3 day weekend 2 weeks off Is not effected by time away
*3 day weekend Some loss of acclimatization may be seen after 3 days off
If the annual audiogram shows a standard threshold shift, the employee can obtain a retest within: 7 days 14 days 20 days 30 days
*30 days
NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, requires emergency lighting to illuminate the means of egress in some occupancies (places of assembly, educational buildings, health care facilities, etc.). When required, these lights must provide not less than 1 ft-candle for a period of 1.5 hours if the normal lighting fails. what are the periodic testing requirements for these lights? 30 second functional test every 30 days and 1.5 hr test annually 30 second functional test monthly 5 minute functional test every 30 days and 1.5 hr test annually 1.5 hr functional test annually
*30 second functional test every 30 days and 1.5 hr test annually NFPA 101, Chapter 31, states that a functional test shall be conducted on every required emergency lighting system at 30-day intervals for a minimum of 30 seconds. An annual test shall be conducted for the 1.5 hr duration. equipment shall be fully operational for the duration of the test. written records of visual inspections and tests shall be kept by the owner for inspection by the authority having jurisdiction. Exception - self-testing/self-diagnostic, battery-operated emergency lighting equipment that automatically performs a minimum 30-second test and diagnostic routine at least once every 30 days and indicates failure by a status indicator shall be exempt from the 30-day functional test, provided a visual inspection is performed at 30-day intervals
voluntary muscle is controlled at will and comprises what percentage of body weight 10% 20% 30% 40%
*40%
What is the intensity of illumination on top of an assembly bench at a distance of 2 ft from a 200 candle power light? 400 foot-candles 200 foot-candles 100 foot-candles 50 foot-candles
*50 foot-candles The intensity of illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the light source. Expressed as a formula: Intensity of Illumination = CandlePower of Source/(Distance^2) = 200/(2^2) =200/4 =50 foot-candles
How many foot-candles of illumination are necessary for work that requires fine assembly? 5 ft-candles 50 ft-candles 500 ft-candles 5000 ft-candles
*500 ft-candles is necessary for the performance of visual tasks of low contrast and very small size over a prolonged period of time, e.g., fine assembly, very difficult inspection. 5 ft-candles is very low light, not for most working environments; 50 ft-candles is a typical office environment lighting level; and 5,000 foot-candles is well beyond the lighting necessary for the task described
a disposable dust mask has a protection factor of approximately 2x 5x 10x 50x
*5x 5x - disposable masks (ex. dust masks) the protection factor is the ratio of the concentration outside the mask compared to the concentration inside the mask 2x is less than most respirators 10x is the protection factor for half mask cartridge respirators 50x is the protection factor for demand supplied air respirators
It has long been recognized that human error has a substantial impact on the safety of complex systems. In aviation, shipping, and the process industry, human malfunctions play a dominant role in the progression of accidents. What percent of accidents are related to human error in the above industries? 20% - 30% 60% - 70% 70% - 80% 70% - 90%
*60% - 70%
A small automobile traveling at a constant velocity of 55 mi/hr accelerates to pass a tractor-trailer. The tractor-trailer is 60 ft long and is also travelling at 55 mi/hr. Assuming that the driver of the small automobile accelerates to a constant velocity of 70 mi/hr when he pulls into the left lane 20 feet BEHIND the tractor trailer, how far will the small automobile actually travel in the left lane until it is 60 ft in FRONT of the tractor trailer and moves back into the right lane? 350 ft 450 ft 550 ft 650 ft
*650 ft determine the relative distance that the small automobile must travel. this is the length of the tractor-trailer plus the buffer distances behind and in front of the tractor-trailer. 60 ft + 20 ft + 60 ft = 140 ft determine the relative velocity at which this distance will be traveled by the small automobile. this is the difference between the tractor-trailer's velocity and the small automobile's velocity. in other words, this is the velocity at which the small automobile appears to be traveling relative to the driver of the tractor-trailer. 70 mph - 55 mph = 15 mph for how long will the small automobile need to travel 140 ft (the relative distance) at 15 mph (the relative velocity)? convert 15 mph to ft/sec. 15 mi/hr *5280 ft/mi * 1 hr/3600 sec = 22 ft/sec divide 140 ft / 22 ft/sec = 6.36 sec = the small automobile will traverse this distance in 6.36 sec how far did the small vehicle actially travel at 70 mph for 6.36 sec? s = vt + at^2 / 2 no acceleration (constant velocity), so the at^2/2 term is 0 70 mi/hr * 6.36 sec * 5280 ft/mi * 1 hr/3600 sec = 653 ft (the last 2 terms are conversion factors)
You are preparing a driver's training course and want to discuss the danger of excessive speed while driving. When driving, a driver's reaction time in an emergency is divided into three parts: the time required for the driver to recognize the presence of an emergency, the time required for the driver to make a decision on how to handle the emergency, and the time required for the driver to actually implement the decision. You discover that the combined total of these segments is about 0.6 seconds for the average, unimpaired driver. How far will an automobile going 80 mi/hr travel during 0.6 sec?
*70 ft 80 mi/hr * 1 hr/60 min * 1 min/60 sec = 0.0222 0.0222 mi/sec*.6 sec = 0.0133 mi convert mi to ft (1 mi = 5280 ft) = 70 ft
What is the wet bulb-globe temperature to which an industrial assembly worker is exposed if the following temperatures are obtained? Dry bulb = 89degF Natural wet bulb = 84degF Globe = 81degF
*83.1degF Use the WBGT for indoor applications WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT = 0.7 (84) + 0.3 (81) = 83.1degF
workstations should be designed to accommodate the specific persons who are actually on a given job. if the specific person is unknown, to what minimum segment of the work force should work stations be designed to accommodate? 50% of the work force (the "average" employee) 68% of the work force (plus or minus one standard deviation) 90% of the work force 95% of the work force
*95% of the work force it is not adequate to try to design a system to a so-called "average" person. one attempts to design to 95% of the expected work force
Flammable inside storage locations must be provided with all of the following except: A clear aisle at least 22 inches wide A raised 4 inch sill Self-closing fire doors Either gravity or mechanical exhaust system
*A clear aisle at least 22 inches wide Storage using inside storage rooms must normally comply with NFPA 30 which requires that every room inside storage room be equipped with one clear aisle at least 3 feet wide, not 22 inches. The standard also requires a raised 4 inch sill to prevent run off of any spilled material, self-closing fire doors and some type of exhaust system. The minimum width of an exit access in most new business construction is 36 inches.
System availability is defined as A measure of the degree to which an item is in an operable and committable state The hardware which maintains the higher state of productivity The average degree of reliability needed to maintain status quo Simply stated by the formula: As = An * As * Ai
*A measure of the degree to which an item is an operable and committable state
Which of the following components are not specifically required in a process hazard analysis A. Facility inspection procedures B. Facility siting C. Human factors D. The hazards of the process E. An assessment of the worst-case release into the environment of the covered process materials F. The identification of engineering and administrative controls for specific process hazards G. Consequences of failures of engineering controls H. Consequences of failures of administrative controls E, F, G, H A, F, G, H A, E B, C
*A, E depending upon the actual analysis, these items may come up
A quantitative risk analysis (QRA) was performed on a single process. The results of the analysis indicate that the process will fail, causing catastrophic consequences once every 10,000 years. Your plant has seven of these processes operating at all times, and your company has 11 other plants similar to this one around the country. Also, your company has three other competitors with similar numbers of facilities with very similar processes. Assuming that the results of the QRA can be extrapolated to the other similar process throughout the industry, how often should you expect a catastrophic accident in your company's industry related to this process? About once every 30 years About once every 80 years About once every 150 years About once every 180 years
*About once every 30 years The results of the QRA are associated with a single process. Your company has 84 of these processes (12 facilities x 7 processes/facility). Your company's competitors bring in another 252 such processes (84 processes x 3). This is a total of 336 such processes in the industry. That means we can expect 336 catastrophic accidents in 10,000 years, or about one accident every 30 years
Work surface height for standing work places should be designed as follows for precision work: Below wrist height with padded rests for elbows Shoulder height with a back rest Above elbow height with padded forearm rests Standing work places should be discouraged
*Above elbow height with padded forearm rests The work should be placed above elbow height for best posture and provide padded forearm rests to allow resting of arms on surface. Work surfaces below elbow height may cause arm fatigue and shoulder height work will cause back and shoulder fatigue. Standing work places can be well designed to allow for low stress work with low fatigue. Adjustability will allow the employee to determine the best height for their needs.
One of the new principles of safety management states that certain sets of circumstances can be predicted to produce severe injuries. Which of the following does NOT apply? High energy sources Nonproductive activities Usual, nonroutine activities Accidents are by chance and cannot be predicted
*Accidents are by chance and cannot be predicted The traditional approach to safety states that once an accident occurs, the severity of injury is dictated by chance. The new principle states that certain sets of circumstances can be predicted to produce severe injuries. Essentially, we can attack severity directly instead of hoping the attach on accident frequency will also affect severity.
Water is immediately available in sprinkler piping in a wet pipe system in the event of fire. The sprinkler head fuse is melted by heat from the fire and water is delivered to control or extinguish the ensuing fire. In a pre-action fire sprinkler system: Air under pressure is maintained in the system piping Piping includes open sprinklers Building occupant manually opens a deluge valve, thereby taking pre-action Sprinkler heads are connected to a rate of rise detector which assures a dual fault tolerance
*Air under pressure is maintained in the system piping In a pre-action fire sprinkler system, system piping is pressurized. The piping is charged through the activation of supplemental detection systems located in the same area as the sprinklers. Water is then free to flow through the piping to sprinkler heads. If a sprinkler head has fused (through heat from a fire) water will be delivered to the fire. Pre-action systems are used when there is a danger of serious water damage to the protected area. Calcium carbide combines with water to create the corrosive calcium hydroxide and liberates acetylene (ethyene). Therefore it is not recommended to use a water system with calcium carbide.
when welding immovable objects in an area with a fire hazard, OSHA 1910.252, which action is least appropriate? Suitable fire extinguishing equipment shall be maintained in a state of readiness All moveable objects must be covered with a fire resistive material Whenever there are floor openings or cracks in flooring that cannot be closed, precautions shall be taken so that no readily combustible materials on floor below shall be exposed to sparks potentially dropping through floor Before cutting or welding is permitted, the area shall be inspected by the individual responsible for authorizing cutting and welding operations by means of written permit
*All moveable objects must be covered with a fire resistive material According to OSHA 1910.252, if an object to be welded or cut cannot be readily moved, all moveable fire hazards in the vicinity shall be taken to a safe place
If your production facility embraces the Japanese-derived "5-s" system, which of the following will you likely see in your production areas? Very clean machines and workplaces Visually obvious locations to store portable equipment Machines and tools neatly ordered All of the above
*All of the above 5-s practice is to establish and maintain a high-quality environment in an organization. The 5-s method is based on 5 Japanese words that all start with "s" and loosely translate in English to: 1. Organize everything clearly and throw away unneeded things 2. Keep everything neat 3. Everyone must keep his or her equipment very clean 4. Everything should be stored where it belongs 5. Everyone must be disciplined to continuously maintain these activities
What is the purpose of organizations such as Underwriters' Laboratories (UL) and Factory Mutual (FM)? To perform independent product safety evaluations on products sold to consumers To certify that products sold to consumers meet a minimum level of product safety To certify that safety-related products will perform as expected All of the above
*All of the above These organizations also maintain listings of the products that they certify so that individuals with questions can request information about how the product performed in the tests that were conducted on it
System safety and occupational safety considerations are frequently not considered early in a system's design process. Why is this? Some design engineers and project managers do not consider system safety and occupational safety issues as design engineering components (ex. design intent and how to achieve design intent do not require input from system safety and occupational safety professionals) Some design engineers and project managers believe that system safety and occupational safety considerations can be addressed once a system is in operation Some design engineers and project managers perceive that involving system safety and occupational safety professionals early in the design process will slow down the design process All of the above
*All of the above Unfortunately, many project managers and design engineers have no formal training in system safety and occupational safety and are unaware of the value (and ultimate savings) that can be realized by integrating such considerations
The loss of life from buildings equipped with sprinklers has been: Almost negligible Very low Low Moderate
*Almost negligible Automatic sprinkler protection is a particularly important factor in safeguarding life from fire. NFPA records show that the loss of life by fire in buildings equipped with automatic sprinklers has been almost negligible. The few deaths that have occurred have been unusual circumstances where the sprinkler system was shut off for some reason or where the fire was confined to clothing and did not generate enough heat to fuse sprinklers
In designing workplaces, some compromises are almost inevitable because of competing priorities. Here is an accepted order of priorities. Which one of the following priorities is not in the appropriate order? Arrangement of elements to be used in sequence Primary visual tasks Primary controls that interact with primary visual tasks Control-display relationships
*Arrangement of elements to be used in sequence is the 4th priority after control-display relationships
The precursor of the NSC was the American Society of Safety Engineers Association of Iron and Steele Electrical Engineers American Industrial Hygiene Association American Safety Council
*Association of Iron and Steele Electrical Engineers
A conveyor belt that runs parallel to a walkway has smooth rods rotating beneath the belt and rods sticking out 3/4 inch past the belt edge. What is the best action to protect workers from this potential hazard? Do nothing, because 3/4 inch isn't enough for concern Place caps over the ends of each rod Paint rod ends yellow to warn of possible hazard Attach a guard the full length of the conveyor belt that covers rod ends
*Attach a guard the full length of the conveyor belt that covers rod ends OSHA says rods can protrude 1/2 the diameter of the shaft Answers A and C do not provide sufficient protection from the hazard. Answer B is a possible solution, but not enough information is given as to the size/coverage of the caps and whether they are spinning or not. Answer D may be overkill, but is the best choice available.
Which of the following statements is not true concerning human behavior? There is not such person as an average person Best approach is to design systems to fit percentiles of the population In fitting personnel to a job consider both physical and personality characteristics Attitude is not an important characteristic of fitting the worker to the task
*Attitude is not an important characteristic of fitting the worker to the task
Your plant has a storm sewer runoff pond which is not fenced. A young child drowns in it. What type of liability is it? Negligence Attractive nuisance Homicide Manslaughter
*Attractive nuisance doctrine holds that a person is under the duty to prevent injury to children that may be attracted to something which could cause harm
In conducting a Link Analysis, link values can be developed for a wide range of operational relationships. "Movement Links" consider all but which of the following? Eye movement Auditory, nonvoice Body movements Manual movements
*Auditory, nonvoice this is a communication link. All the other choices are movement links.
When performing a process hazard analysis, which of the following need to be included in the analysis? Off-site utilities that support the process On-site utilities that support the process All equipment associated with the covered process B & C
*B & C If on-site utilities can affect the integrity of the process and potentially cause a hazard with the process, it must be covered in the process hazard analysis, just as the process equipment itself. Off-site utilities that are not int he control of the facility would not be included; however, part of the analysis must include provisions for loss of power and other utilities.
Strict liability places the responsibility upon the manufacturer because: There is no one else you can sue The manufacturer is best able to distribute the loss if sued The manufacturer is in the best position to prevent accidents by improving the safety of the product B & C
*B & C Strict liability places the responsibility upon the manufacturer because: 1. The cost of accidental injuries caused by defective products can be passed along to the general public by means of insurance or price structure 2. IT is the manufacturer who is in the best position to prevent accidents by improving product safety by design or planning
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 is produced by: ANSI ISO ASSE BSI
*BSI The British Standard Institute led the development of 18001 as a health and safety management system standard that is compatible with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001
Three approaches for evaluating manual material handling tasks and implementing acceptable workload criteria are: anthropometric, psychological, physical physiological, cardio-vascular, psychological anthropometric, physiological, ergonomic biomechanical, physiological, psychophysical
*Biomechanical, physiological, psychophysical Biomechanical: calculation of compressive forces at the L5/S1 lumbosacral disc from internal forces of the back-extensor muscles and intra-abdominal pressure used to resist the load moments of lifting Physiological: measures the effect of tasks on body functions (ex. heart rate, oxygen updake, etc.) Psychophysical: holds all but one variable constant and allows workers to adjust the variable to their preference
the primary organization dealing with compressed gas cylinder safety is ANSI CGA ASTM NFPA
*CGA Compressed Gas Association Some of the CGA documents are incorporated by reference into the OSHA standards on compressed gas safety
Which of the following agencies can initiate a consumer product recall? OSHA NIOSH CPSC MSHA
*CPSC The EPA also has limited authority to initiate consumer product recalls on certain hazardous chemicals
A technique that provides formal documentation and feedback of safety analysis performed on changes to the end product throughout the life-cycle is called: Life-cycle analysis Critical path analysis Change analysis Root cause analysis
*Change analysis is a technique that provides feedback throughout the life cycle of the product (as changes are made)
effective temperature is defined as: A non-comfort index which combines the effects of body temperature, humidity, and air movement Any specific temperature, the vapor pressure, and absolute humidity The rate in which temperature effects the body Comfort index which combines the effects of body temperature, humidity, and air movement
*Comfort index which combines the effects of body temperature, humidity, and air movement
In fault tree analysis, the examination of cut sets reveal some causes which can cause the system to fail in spite of many redundancies. This analysis is called: Redundancy analysis Fault tree analysis Common cause analysis Fault hazard analysis
*Common cause analysis A common cause failure results in total loss of the system (or sub-system), regardless of expected redundancy. The analysis discussed above is Common Cause Analysis
A good company safety policy will include all of the following except: Responsibility Accountability Authority Company accident history
*Company accident history A company safety policy should include: - responsibilities - accountabilities - authority - scope - intent - standards
which of the following is the best way to reduce unsafe acts? The swift and sure application of negative reinforcement for unsafe acts Studying the behavior pattern and its underlying root causes Consistently applying positive consequences to reinforce appropriate behavior Encouraging behavior avoidance through the application of rewards
*Consistently applying positive consequences to reinforce appropriate behavior studies have shown that the systematic positive reinforcement of appropriate behavior (including behavioral changes) is highly effective toward improving employee attitudes and behavior
You are a safety professional in a large corporation with a high-rise corporate office building. The building is occupied totally by employees of your company except for a few service contractors and first floor space leased by store tenants. Life safety is one of your principle concerns. Strategies for evacuation that you may consider include all the following EXCEPT: Relocating occupants Constructing a vertical exit Constructing a horizontal exit Staging, or phasing, the evacuation
*Constructing a vertical exit Relocation means to move people away from the fire floor, generally two floors up or down from the fire. A horizontal exit on the same floor is possible when fire walls, ceilings, and floors exist that allow people to evacuate through a fully protected enclosure before arriving at a stairwell. Staged evacuation can take several forms but essentially means to evacuate people in stages and to perhaps use a series of safe areas in the staging. There is no such term as a vertical exit.
You are conducting a formal safety inspection of a manufacturing plant with your newly hired safety engineer. During your inspection you observe an employee, without eye protection, working at a bench installing parts. This is not a hazardous operation but it is in a posted "Eye Protection" area. Which one of the following is the best course of action? Contact the supervisor and discuss the situation Test the skills of your new safety engineer by letting him handle the situation Confront the employee and determine "Why" eye protection is not being used Note the discrepancy and do not discuss it until the outbrief when the CEO and the supervisor are both present
*Contact the supervisor and discuss the situation
Based on the results of the Process Hazard Analysis, the various procedures for the process should identify the hazards with the materials and processes as well as the accident consequences. These considerations should contain at a minimum: properties of the chemicals used; precautions to prevent exposure; any special or unique hazards that may exist and _____. Control measures for physical contact hazards Control measures to be taken if physical contact or airborne exposure occurs A Hazard Control Program Plan Engineering controls listing
*Control measures to be taken if physical contact or airborne exposure occurs
A person who keeps, maintains, transports, or stores a dangerous creature, device or substance is liable for injury or damage, regardless of fault, even when he exercises due care. This principle is known as: Care Dangerous privity Dangerous instrumentality Res ispa loguitur
*Dangerous instrumentality If a person keeps, transports, etc. dangerous "things" they can be held liable under this principle
A group of foundry workers are exposed to an air temperature of 105degF. Which control would be least appropriate? Wear more clothing Decrease the air movement Increase air velocity Decrease the humidity
*Decrease the humidity Wearing more clothing is a physical barrier that blocks radiant energy (i.e. energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation). Air movement and humidity have almost nothing to do with radiant energy control (though they do have a lot of effect with convective energy control). You still get sunburned when the wind is blowing or the humidity is high or low. You don't if you have clothes on (or some other UV barrier). Infrared radiant energy is simply a lower wavelength of the same kind of energy. Instead of causing burns, it just heats the skin.
Manual materials handling tasks can be designed to avoid injuries. Modifications to the object to be handled could include all of the following EXCEPT Design objects so the arms can be easily extended around it Handles or hand holds should be used wherever possible Avoid lopsided weights and loose contents Use hoists or other lift assists when object weight is excessive
*Design objects so the arms can be easily extended around it Extension of the arms around objects should be avoided. Alternatively, use handles, lifting devices, and even weighting to improve the task
once ergonomic hazards are identified through the systematic worksite analysis, which of the following is the next step? Design an Ergonomics Program Design out the hazards Conduct a verification survey Apply Administrative Controls
*Design out the hazards
Experience has indicate the most effective way to reduce accidents is: Training employees to be more safety-conscious Behavior modification Designing safety features into systems Job rotation
*Designing safety features into systems Hazards can be more effectively reduced or eliminated through system design, whereas hazard reduction through changing human behavior is limited and requires continuous reinforcement
when designing an ergonomically desirable work place, which of the following is a good design practice? Allowing room for employees to lean forward or to the side to reach objects Designing the work so that employees can move about and use different muscle groups Placing objects within close reach to discourage movement Designing work which requires the arms to be held up or out
*Designing the work so that employees can move about and use different muscle groups helps prevent overuse of any one muscle group. leaning, restricted movement, and extension of arms all can cause injury over the long-term
For budgeting purposes, how do you calculate the value of a loss control program (neglecting the time value of money)? One cannot calculate the value of a loss control program since one cannot place a value on human injury or death Determine the initial and recurring costs of the loss control program Determine the expected magnitude of loss reduction Determine the expected magnitude of loss reduction and subtract the initial and recurring costs of the loss control program
*Determine the expected magnitude of loss reduction and subtract the initial and recurring costs of the loss control program The value of a loss control program is the result of the expected magnitude of loss reduction, minus the initial and recurring costs of the loss control program
A system safety analysis can clarify a complex process by: Making a step-by-step evaluation of each component that makes up the system Developing a conceptual model of the system Employing the use of applicable statistics A & C
*Developing a conceptual model of the system An analysis of the system can clarify a complex process by devising a chart or model that provides a comprehensive, overall view of the process by showing its principal elements and the ways in which they are interrelated.
Methods of minimizing rates of repetition in jobs include all of the following EXCEPT Dividing jobs to reduce the number of job elements Allow alternate use of limbs Allow self-pacing Allow frequent rotation between jobs which use different postures and muscles
*Dividing jobs to reduce the number of job elements The goal is to increase the number of job elements to reduce the repetitiveness of the task. This can only be done by combining jobs, not dividing them. The other answers help to reduce repetition through allowing change and alternative to using the same muscles continuously
What are two primary situations where biomechanics analysis should be performed? During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of body postures During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of work rest cycles During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of dynamic loads During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of static loads
*During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of body postures Body postures are an important consideration when performing biomechanical analyses
The National Electric Code (NEC) utilizes a Class I, II, III etc. hazard identification system. Class II hazards involve: Flammable liquids Dusts Fibers Powders
*Dusts Class I - flammable liquids or gases Class II - combustible dusts Class III - fibers
The major cause of on-the-job fatalities in the US is Employee slips, trips, and falls Employee motor vehicle use Logging Machinery
*Employee motor vehicle use account for ~1/3 of all deaths for on-the-job fatalities
Under Worker's Compensation Laws: Employee has to prove negligence by the employer Amount of compensation is decided by the employee and employer under arbitration Employer assumes responsibility and compensation for accidents, regardless of fault Employee may sue employer if the compensation provided is not adequate
*Employer assumes responsibility and compensation for accidents, regardless of fault under worker's comp laws, the employer assumes responsibility for all accidents and compensation to the employee, regardless of fault. The employee does not have to prove negligence and is not allowed to sue for damages beyond what is allowed to be compensated as set by state law
Management is committed to reducing accidents and has embraced the concept of performing root cause analyses on all accidents and near misses. Currently, you estimate that about one out of every ten minor accidents is reported (minor accidents do not require professional medical intervention). Likewise, you believe that more than 4 near misses have ever been reported in 4 years. You know that getting employees to report minor accidents and near misses is fundamental to preventing accidents through root cause analysis. Which of the following is NOT suitable for encouraging employees to report accidents and near misses? Ensuring employees see operational/management system changes as a result of the root cause analysis Ensuring that the root cause analysis process will never blame employees Ensuring that employees can easily report accidents and near misses without complicated paperwork and explanations Ensuring each employee is recognized for the number of near misses he/she reports
*Ensuring each employee is recognized for the number of near misses he/she reports Employees who report accidents and never see any resulting good come from the report are not likely to go to the trouble of reporting any further accidents or near misses. The root cause analysis process MUST be blame-free or employees will not make reports. The root causes of accidents are management system weaknesses - employees who perceive the root cause analysis process as a way to "get" employees will never participate in it. If the reporting process is complicated and requires the employees to spend a lot of time with complicated forms and explanations, then employees are not likely to continue reporting accidents and near misses. Finally, peer pressure is a key reason employees do not report accidents and near misses. Recognizing employees for such things is akin to embarrassing them publicly.
The responsibility for a defective product as it moves from the manufacturer to the customer rests with the ____. Manufacturer Distributor Wholesaler Entire chain from raw material on
*Entire chain from raw material on can be held liable for a defective product
In reviewing designs for product safety, the foremost environmental consideration(s) must be directed to the affect of: Environmental conditions on product operations Product operations on the environment Product disposal on the environment Environment
*Environment The environment must be considered in designs for product safety because the ambient environment (temperature, humidity, corrosivity) will affect the condition and operation of the product; the operation of the product (noise, particles, toxic vapors, liquid effluent) would, without proper controls, pollute the environment; and product disposal, should it contain hazardous materials (mercury, lead, beryllium) has the potential to contaminate soil and groundwater.
A supervisor's job responsibilities include the 3-E's principles. Which of the following would not be included under the 3-E's? Make sure employees comply with safety rules and procedures Instruct employees in how to work safely Establish a safety program Determine ways for eliminating injury/illness potential out of the job
*Establish a safety program The supervisor's job involves: ENGINEERING - to determine the most effective way of doing the job and designing the injury/illness potential out of the job EDUCATION - to instruct the employee in the right method and through training improve job skill, knowledge and behavior ENFORCEMENT - to make sure the employee follows the prescribed work practice and complies with safety rules and procedures
In determining the probability of a cause/effect relationship between an illness and an agent in the workplace, the first consideration must be to: Examine the interplay between the physical environment and biological effects Examine dose relationships in terms of time and place Establish that a disease condition does exist Determine toxicity of chemical agent
*Establish that a disease condition does exist The first consideration in determining the probability of a cause/effect relationship between an illness and an agent in the workplace is to establish that a disease condition does exist or that the particular manifestations of the disease are the result of exposure to a specific harmful agent
The TLV-TWA Committee in the 1991-92 TLV booklet proposed which of the following changes in the designation of carcinogenic chemicals? No change No longer designate carcinogens Established 5 categories of occupational carcinogens No longer publish exposure limits for carcinogens
*Established 5 categories of occupational carcinogens to better reflect degrees of uncertainty and scientific knowledge A1 - Confirmed Human Carcinogens A2 - Suspected Human Carcinogens A3 - Animal Carcinogens A4 - Not classifiable as a Human Carcinogen A5 - Not suspected as a Human Carcinogen
What is the key to effective safety management? Compliance with OSHA standards Establishing accountability Engineering control of workplace hazards Safety Committees
*Establishing accountability management must hold supervisors accountable for the unsafe acts committed by the employees they supervise
Which of the following is the first step in establishing an effective process safety management program? Employee training Hazard analysis Written process safety management program Establishing the safety culture
*Establishing the safety culture An effective process safety management program cannot be achieved without first establishing a culture in which safety is a priority and is part of the daily routine of the employee. The hazard analysis and written program will not be implemented, and employee training is not effective without the commitment of the work force or management.
You happen to be in the building at the time of an industrial fire emergency. The fire department has been notified, the building alarm has activated, and you are attempting to extinguish the incipient fire with a nearby 20-pound dry chemical fire extinguisher in accordance with your training. You are unsuccessful. You should Evacuate and await the fire department Search for another fire extinguisher and make another attempt to extinguish the fire to provide time for the fire department to arrive Remain near the fire to prevent evacuating people from inadvertently entering the danger area Enter the fire and smoke area to search for trapped people
*Evacuate and await the fire department Holding paramount the safety and health of people requires you to hold paramount your own safety. Even though the other 3 answers imply you are holding paramount the safety and health of people, each of the other 3 disregards your own safety
In the case of short term spills, in-place protection is used when? Evacuating the public would cause lesser risks Evacuating the public would cause greater risks Is not recommended Is not feasible of short term spills
*Evacuating the public would cause greater risks or when an evacuation cannot be performed. (1993 Emergency Response Handbook)
This analysis considers initiating events, their consequences through consideration of system failure and success alternatives. It is called: Event tree analysis Fault tree analysis Cause consequence analysis Event/causal analysis
*Event tree analysis is an analytical tool that can be used to organize, characterize, and quantify accidents in methodical order; considering success and failure states
Every person has a legal duty to exercise due care for the safety of others and to avoid injury to others if possible; this principle is called: Exercise of due care Slight care Non gross negligence Great care
*Exercise of due care is the principle that every person has a legal duty to exercise due care for the safety of others and to avoid injury to others if possible.
In the theory of fire extinguishment, all of the following are believed appropriate, EXCEPT: Extinguishment by cooling Extinguishment by oxygen dilution Extinguishment by fuel removal Extinguishment by fire break
*Extinguishment by fire break
An example of an inductive analysis technique would be fault tree logic tree FMECA event tree
*FMECA = bottom up analysis
In developing a safe maintenance guide for robotic workstations, which method, useful for predicting potential injury situations, would apply to: determining the combinations of human actions and equipment conditions that could lead to a robot related injury? SADT JSA FTA FMECA
*FTA Fault tree analysis begins with defining the unwanted injury event and proceeds graphically constructing the sequences of events and conditions that would lead to that event. When failure rates and human reliability values are available, the probabilities of the various sequences can be computed.
A design which allows the system to function safely until corrective action is possible is called: fail safe fail passive fail operational fail non-operational
*Fail operational
Which of the following designs will NOT allow equipment to operate? Fail active Fail passive Fail safe Fail operational
*Fail passive
A system that is designed to shut down when one or more critical components fail is called Fail safe Interlock Circuit breaker Fuse
*Fail safe There are times when a system, guard, elevator, and other high risk equipment are designed to shut down when one or more critical components fail. When this occurs, it will do so in a safe position or condition without the experience of a major loss
A method that tabulates each system or unit of equipment, along with its failure, the effect of each failure on the system or unit, and the degree of risk posed by the individual failure is called: Failure effects analysis Failure modes and effects analysis Fault tree analysis Failure hazard analysis
*Failure modes and effects analysis defined above as applied in Process Safety. Note that there are extensive inductive versions of FMEA, such as Failure Modes and Effects Critality Analysis (FMEACA) which is utilized within aerospace reliability analysis. Criticality is an attempt to define the System Safety related risk associated with the specific failure.
The technique in which the failure or malfunction of each component is considered and the effects of the failure traced throughout the system is identified with: Failure modes effects analysis Fault hazard analysis Fault tree analysis THERP
*Failure modes effects analysis is an analytical technique in which the failure or malfunction of each component is considered, including the mode of failures. The effects of the failure are traced through the entire system and its effects on the system performance is evaluated. Failure modes effects analysis is very similar to failure hazard analysis, except it is performed for every component in the system without regard for outcome.
The manufacturer of any product faces an environment in which: Fault without negligence exists Present court rulings favor the company Product liability is not a significant financial burden Product liability claims are generally decreasing
*Fault without negligence exists Legal history shows a movement from "buyer beware" to "seller beware"
A chemical with a molecular weight of 88 evaporates from a chemical process. Where would it most likely accumulate? Floor Ceiling Neither A nor B, it will mix uniformly Insufficient Information
*Floor For gases, density is proportional to molecular weight. Air is approximately MW=30. Therefore the gas should sink.
Which of the following is not correct? Intensity - How much light a source gives off in a given direction Lumen - unit of light output from a light source Footcandle - Quantity of a light falling on a surface Footlambert - How much light is reflected from a surface
*Foodlambert - How much light is reflected from a surface Footlambert - Amount of light emitted or reflected from a surface. A surface emitting one lumen per square foot of surface has a luminance (brightness) of one footlambert. Reflectance - How much light is reflected from a surface. A perfectly white surface has a reflectance of 1 or 100%
Good ergonomic design for standing workstations would include the following EXCEPT Opportunity for frequent adjustments in posture Anti-fatigue floor mats Foot rests or a bar rail Foot controls for adjustments of work
*Foot controls for adjustments of work Foot controls should be avoided for standing workstations, since this can cause shifting of weight to one leg and abnormal postures. Frequent adjustments, floor mats, and foot rests allow the employee to pick and choose the most comfortable position as needed.
Any foreseeable act that places a rescuer in the same danger as an injured person the rescuer is attempting to aid is considered negligence by the person who committed the initial act. This principle is called: Foreseeability Foreseeability applied to rescue Foreseeability for safety Inherent danger
*Foreseeability applied to rescue allows damages to rescuer if someone could have foreseen that their actions were going to cause an incident where aid would be needed
FOIA is Federal Occupational Injury Administration Federal Occupational Illness Administration Federal Occupational Injury/Illness Act Freedom of Information Act
*Freedom of Information Act allows the public to obtain information created or maintained by agencies of the federal government. Though there are restrictions on the type of information that can be distributed, if a member of the public can define the information that he/she wants, then the relevant agency is obligated to address the request. FOIA requests from agencies are frequently an excellent way to obtain internal memos, directives, and other information that would not normally be published, but may provide valuable information.
At one time it was considered that a plaintiff could not recover damages unless injury was due to physical contact. This principle has been modified or repudiated over the years to permit a plaintiff to collect damages for neurological or emotional disturbances that occurred without physical injury. This principle is known as: Fright without physical contact Privity without contact Strict liability Tort
*Fright without physical contact allow for damages in cases where there was emotional or similar damage and no physical injury was made
The degree of care that must be exercised by common carriers, such as airlines, bus companies, and railroads, is defined as: Reasonable care Great care Slight care Care
*Great care Great care must be exercised by common carriers. Great care is that high degree of care that a very prudent and cautious person would undertake for the safety of others
An early form of preliminary hazard analysis was known as: Fault hazard analysis Primitive hazard analysis Gross hazard analysis Naked man analysis
*Gross hazard analysis now referred to as preliminary hazard analysis
What provides the best protection when transferring an extremely flammable liquid from a 55 gallon drum via a hand pump to a small metal safety can? Ground both containers Bond containers together Bond containers together and ground each to a separate low resistance ground Ground each container to a single low resistance ground and then bond them to each other
*Ground each container to a single low resistance ground and then bond them to each other Bonding is the process of connecting 2 or more conductive objects together by means of a conductor to minimize the potential electric difference between them. Grounding is the process of connecting the the conductive object to the ground, and is a specific type of bonding. A conductive object may also be grounded by bonding it to another conductive object that is already connected to the ground. Bonding minimizes potential differences between conductive objects. Grounding minimizes potential differences between conductive objects and the ground. The purpose of grounding or bonding in this question is to insure that there is no potential differences between the containers and earth ground; therefore, all objects must be connected to the same grounding point and bonded together. Alternatively, the same objective could be accomplished by insulating the drum and can from the earth ground and then bonding the drum to the can.
Guides and observers (ex. regulators or other interested parties) may accompany the audit team. Which of the following best describes the roles of these parties? Guides are appointed by the auditor Observers can assist the auditors with suggestions Guides ensure that rules concerning location safety and security procedures are known to audit team members Observers cannot be denied from taking part in audit activities
*Guides ensure that rules concerning location safety and security procedures are known to audit team members They should not influence or interfere with the conduct of the audit. If this cannot be assured, the audit team leader should have the right to deny observers from taking part in certain audit activities. For observers, any obligations in relation to health and safety, security and confidentiality should be managed between the audit client and the auditee. Guides, appointed by the auditee, should assist the audit team and act on the request of the audit team leader. Their responsibilities should include the following: - assisting the auditors in identifying individuals to participate in interviews and confirming timings; - arranging access to specific locations of the auditee; - ensuring that rules concerning location safety and security procedures are known and respected by the audit team members and observers The role of the guide may also include the following: - witnessing the audit on behalf of the auditee; - providing clarification or assisting in collecting information
The specific PHA (process hazard analysis) technique that brings together a multi-disciplinary team, usually five to seven people, to brainstorm and identify the consequences of deviations from design intent for various operations and uses specific guide words is called: Process hazard analysis Preliminary hazard analysis HAZOP analysis HAZWOPER analysis
*HAZOP analysis The hazard and operability study or analysis applies the use of specific guide words, such as NO, MORE, LESS, REVERSE, etc. which are applied to parameters like: Flow, Pressure, and Temperature to systematically identify hazards throughout the process
A process hazard analysis (PHA) will be conducted at your facility. The covered process for which this PHA is being conducted is actually being revalidated - the initial PHA for this process was performed about 3 years ago, and a HAZOP methodology was used then. The PHA leader has decided that a what-if/checklist methodology will be used for this PHA. You always thought that any PHA required performing a HAZOP. When you ask the facility's senior process safety engineer about this, what will you likely be told? HAZOP is the only accepted method for conducting any PHA HAZOP is only one of several methods (including what-if/checklist) that OSHA specifies for conducting PHAs A HAZOP is only required by OSHA to conduct the process's initial PHA. The what-if/checklist mehod may be used for revalidating/updating the process's PHA A what-if/checklist methodology should have been used for the first PHA and a HAZOP is only used for a covered process that processes one or more highly hazardous chemicals.
*HAZOP is only one of several methods (including what-if/checklist) that OSHA specifies for conducting PHAs Fault tree analysis, failure mode and effects analysis, what-if, checklist, and what-if/checklist are the specifically permitted methods. More info can be found in Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures, 2nd Edition published by the Center for Chemical Process Safety (a division of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers) 29 CFR 1910.119(e)(2)
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, which vaccine was identified as important for personnel at risk of exposure to BBPs? Tetanus HIV HBV HAV
*HBV was determined to be critical to offer to healthcare workers In 1991 it was made mandatory for workers at risk of exposure to BBPs in the US
Back belts (braces) used for support: Are recommended by NIOSH and required by OSHA if back strain is possible Are considered a form of PPE for prevention of back injuries Have not been shown to lessen the risk of back injury among uninjured workers Must be provided at no cost to employees who request them
*Have not been shown to lessen the risk of back injury among uninjured workers The use of lifting belts for professional material handling does not seem to be an effective way of preventing overexertion injuries. When preparing to lift or lower a load, we instinctively develop intra-abdominal pressure within the trunk cavity. The pressure is believed to help support the curvature of the spine during the lifting or lowering effort. An external wrapping around the abdominal region might help to maintain the internal pressure because it makes the walls of the pressure column stiffer. A large number of studies have been performed, summarized, and reviewed by McGill (1999)m Lavender et al (1998), and Thoumier et al (1998). Their conclusions neither summarily support nor condemn the wearing of support belts in industrial jobs.
Employee motivation or change, a primary behavior model, does not include which of the following? Specifying objectives and goals Having the ES&H department write procedures Giving reinforcement and feedback Gaining commitment from employees and management
*Having the ES&H department write procedures The Organization Behavior Model (OBM) approach to employee motivation or change includes specifying objectives and goals, giving reinforcement and feedback and gaining commitment from employees and management. Goals are frequently incorrectly developed, which makes them likely to fail. They must be attainable and employees must believe they are relevant and worthwhile.
A process of examining a system, design or operation to discover inherent hazards, characterizing them as to the level of risk and identifying risk-reduction alternatives is called: Failure modes and effects analysis Job safety analysis Fault tree analysis Hazard analysis
*Hazard analysis
In responding to a spill of hazardous materials, which of the following is not a good source of information for prompt hazard recognition? MSDSs Hazardous waste manifest Manufacturer label Symbolic labels
*Hazardous waste manifest does not contain hazard information
The most serious form of heat disease is considered to be Heat stress Heat syncope Prickley heat Heat stroke
*Heat stroke Heat stroke is life threatening and therefore the most serious. The body temperature rises to dangerous levels causing potentially irreversible damage and possibly death
some common causes of eye injury are: High energy arcs, compressed air, dilute boric acid High energy arcs, methanol, compressed air Compressed air, metal filings, deionized water Deionized water, dilute boric acid, compressed air
*High energy arcs, methanol, compressed air dilute boric acid is used to treat eye inflammation
After establishing the required management systems, to become formally registered as compliant with the ISO-9000 or ISO-14000 standards, a company must: Certify in writing to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that the company complies with the relevant standards Hire an ISO-certified third-party registrar to perform an external audit of the company's facilities at which point the third-party registrar will certify to the ISO that the company complies with the relevant standards (if the company is compliant) Hire an ISO-trained auditor to perform an external audit of the company's facilities at which point the external auditor will certify that the company complies with the relevant standards (if the company is compliant) Simply maintain compliance with the relevant ISO standards and submit an annual certification fee to ISO
*Hire an ISO-certified third-party registrar to perform an external audit of the company's facilities at which point the third-party registrar will certify to the ISO that the company complies with the relevant standards (if the company is compliant) A registrar formally certified by ISO as a registrar must be retrained for the audit and subsequent certification to ISO that the company meets ISO requirements
The least likely term which describes designing the job to fit the worker is: human factors human engineering ergonomics human systems
*Human systems Ergonomics, human factors, human engineering, biomechanics and engineering anthropometry are terms common to the objective leading to designing a work station, display, or job, to fit the worker and avoid unnecessary environmental stresses. The desired results of this design is a decrease of injury/illness and an increase in productivity.
EH&S Audits are not designed to Identify weak performers in plant manager roles Ensure legal and corporate program compliance Advise top management of compliance status Identify strengths and weaknesses of the facility's EH&S program
*Identify weak performers in plant manager roles In addition, a compliance assurance plan is generated
The implication by a manufacturer or dealer, that the product is suitable for a specific purpose by: (I) placing it on sale for that purpose, (2) advertising that it will satisfy that purpose, or (3) indicating in operating instructions that it will accomplish that purpose is best described by which term? Intended use Implied warranty Expressed warranty Warranty
*Implied warranty is an implication by the manufacturer or dealer that a product is suitable for a particular purpose, will satisfy that purpose, or will accomplish that purpose
When incurring a Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) due to a noisy workplace, most of the TTS occurs: Right before the end of the exposure period In the first few hours of exposure Towards the end of the first week of exposure Occurs within minutes of entering the data
*In the first few hours of exposure 1-2 hrs
For event A to occur a preliminary, intentional action B, is needed; for example, lifting the cover that protects a critical switch, permitting it to be thrown. Such a design is called: Interlock Isolation device Lockout Lockin
*Interlock This is a description of the concept of an interlock in terms of probabilities and systems terminology
A key advantage of Boolean algebra is considered to be: It is superfluous It is deceptively simple It can utilize AND/OR/NOT connectors A calculator is not needed
*It can utilize AND/OR/NOT connectors widely used to develop probabilities involving AND/OR/NOT etc. type situations
Why is it a good idea to have a formal safety and health statement of policy? Safety and health should be of primary concern to everybody It is the starting point for all activities in the safety and health program It expresses management's attitude toward safety and health It publicizes the safety and health function
*It expresses management's attitude toward safety and health The formal safety and health statement of policy is an endorsement of top management's commitment and support. It is management's expression of the direction to be followed.
In developing a safe maintenance guide for robotic workstations, which method, useful for predicting potential injury situations, would apply to: Determining which hazards are present in each step of a task in the work zone and is there a control in place against them? SADT JSA FTA FMECA
*JSA Job safety analysis is a procedure to make a job (robotic workstations) safe by breaking down the robot technician's job into different tasks that are done, identifying the hazards or potential injuries of each task and develop solutions to eliminate or control the exposure.
There are several management theories of motivation, such as Theory X and Theory Y. Which of the following is NOT true? Theory X - The worker is uninterested and unmotivated to work Theory Y - The worker is interested and motivated to work Job Enrichment Theory of Herzberg - Work environment, benefits, and work conditions are all-important Job Enrichment Theory of Herzberg - Work must be meaningful, must provide recognition, give responsibility, and allow for professional growth in order to motivate the worker
*Job Enrichment Theory of Herzberg - Work environment, benefits, and work conditions are all-important Herzberg believed that hygiene issues (such as work environment, benefits, and work conditions) are necessary before motivation and resultant productivity increases can occur but do not result in motivation. Instead, workers are motivated by work that is meaningful, provides recognition, gives responsibility, and allows for professional growth.
When an injury is caused by two or more persons, each of which failed in a legal duty, they are in: fault contributory fault contributory negligence joint tort liability
*Joint tort liability
Manual materials handling tasks can be designed to avoid injuries. Modifications to the task could include all of the following EXCEPT Keep loads as close to the body as possible during lifting Keep loads off the floor by using platforms or stands Keep all repetitive lifts between knee and waist height Avoid twisting, stretching, or leaning with the load
*Keep all repetitive lifts between knee and waist height Repetitive lifts should be kept between knuckle and shoulder height to reduce bending and reaching for the load. Keeping the loads close to the body, off the floor, and avoiding twisting, stretching, or leaning will help avoid the musculoskeletal, crushing, or falling injuries frequently caused by manual materials handling.
Manipulative tasks are highly repetitive and can cause an overload on muscles and joints. The following are good design guidelines for manipulative arm and hand work EXCEPT Keep movements of arms and hands well within the full range of motion of body joints Don't force body joints to the extreme of their range of motion Keep elbows at 60 degrees and at or above mid-torso height Keep wrists straight
*Keep elbows at 60 degrees and at or above mid-torso height Elbows should be kept at 90 degrees and below mid-torso height for maximum comfort and least strain on the muscles and tendons. Keeping body joints within the range of motion and away from extremes reduces potential for strains and sprains. Straight wrists will prevent repetitive motion injuries.
In evaluating software related errors, most errors occur during: Data handling User interface Logic development Computational
*Logic development 21.29% Input/output errors account for 14.74% Computational errors account for 8.34% User interface errors account for 7.7% Routine-to-routine interface errors account for 5.62%
If the identify of the material in a pipe were unknown, one could determine the hazard of the piped material by referring to all of the following except: MSDS process diagrams SOPs Other employees familiar with the process
*MSDS can only be used if the identity is already known
Which is not correct concerning MSDSs? Title III requires MSDSs to be submitted to the State Emergency Response Center Worker's Right-to-Know requires employers to make MSDSs available to employees Worker's Right-to-Know requires chemical manufacturers to develop MSDSs MSDSs provide accurate and appropriate data all of the time
*MSDSs provide accurate and appropriate data all of the time may be in error, out of date, etc. the data should be cross-checked when possible
Of the following, the least likely reason to perform a health and safety audit is Determine if codes, laws and regulations are being complied with Assess the over-all program and its conformance to accepted safety and health practices Determine if company policies, procedure, and standards are being met Make sure company is prepared for an OSHA inspection
*Make sure company is prepared for an OSHA inspection The purpose of an effective health and safety audit is to conduct a systematic, objective analysis of a company's health and safety practices that is directed toward well defined goals, namely; regulatory compliance, accident-injury/illness risk control, program activities, record analysis and company policies. Following the audit, a report is prepared in which a written assessment is made along with recommendations to improve health and safety management of any significant risks that were identified
Which of the following is a key objective for the staff safety professional? Making every effort to ensure that management retains responsibility for safety Making every effort to be personally acquainted with line employees Making every effort to retain direct responsibility for the corporate safety function Making every effort to directly investigate all accidents and near misses
*Making every effort to ensure that management retains responsibility for safety staff safety professionals should ensure that the fundamental principles of loss control are followed by the company. In this case, the fundamental loss control principle of fixing accountability for line safety performance is facilitated by answer A
Hazardous processes confined in buildings pose a serious threat to life safety and property when gases, vapors, and/or dusts are inadvertently released. MEC defines which of the following? Maximum environmental control Maximum environmental concentration Maximum explosion concentration Minimum explosion concentration
*Minimum explosion concentration for dusts when a process is installed inside a building
An AND gate implies division addition multiplication introspection
*Multiplication
Pressure piping of flammable or combustible liquids or gases can pose a serious threat when such piping is exposed to fire. Where can minimum standards be found for natural gas piping, including pressure limits? ANSI/ASME B31.1 NFPA 51B NFPA 54 ASME, Section IX
*NFPA 54, the National Fuel Gas Code
Explosion prevention systems, when required for flammable gases, vapors, or suspended flammable dusts, should be installed in accordance with which of the following NFPA codes? NFPA 70 NFPA 69 NFPA 68 NFPA 67
*NFPA 69 Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems
The Accident Prevention Manual is published by which of the following organizations? OSHA NIOSH NSC NFPA
*NSC
An analysis technique that involves envisioning a primitive or unprotected system and systematically evaluating the effect of adding various controls is called: HAZOP study Job safety analysis Naked man Gross hazard analysis
*Naked man this technique appears to be primarily a brainstorming approach designed to detect gaps and areas of overlapping protection to aid in identifying the most cost-effect control measures
No proof of negligence is required since it involves acts or the omission of acts of which no careful person would have been guilty. This statements defines which of the following terms? Negligence per se Negligence Proof per se Res ispa loguitur
*Negligence per se As the terms imply, no reasonable person would have done it
the following defines the upper respiratory system in appropriate order: Nose, epiglottis, trachea, lobes of lungs, pleura and bronchi Nose, pharnyx, larnyx and trachea Nose, pharnyx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, lobes of lungs, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi and alveoli Nose, pleura, pharnyx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea, lobes of lungs, primary bronchi and secondary bronchi
*Nose, pharnyx, larnyx and trachea the upper respiratory system is generally agreed to consist of the nasal cavity, pharnyx and larnyx. the lower respiratory system consists of the trachea, primary bronchi and the lungs
The technique of probabilistic risk assessments was developed by what industry? Electronics Transportation Retailing Nuclear power
*Nuclear power Many of the techniques in PRA were applied and developed by the Nuclear Power industry in the 1970s. The techniques were developed to estimate failure rates, develop maintenance schedules, assess population safety, etc.
The best example of a proactive approach is which of the following? Analysis of past injury/illness to identify trends Use of a medical history questionnaire to identify workers with preexisting conditions Implement a strength testing protocol to select workers based on physical demands of the job Observations and use of employee symptom surveys to identify problem jobs and tasks
*Observations and use of employee symptom surveys to identify problem jobs and tasks Both reactive and proactive worksite analysis approaches are used when identifying existing or potential ergonomic hazards and conditions. Reactive worksite analysis by definition means analysis of past incidences while proactive means identification of problem jobs and tasks before injury or illness has occurred. Reviewing past injury records is an example of a passive or reactive approach as you are analyzing incidences which have already occurred. Observations and symptom surveys are used to identify workers who might be in pain but who have not yet reported an injury. Ergonomics interventions can be implemented before an injury occurs. Medical histories and strength testing are often used to screen workers who might be at risk of injury but there is little data to show these techniques are effective.
A manufacturer is not required to warn prospective users of products whose use involves an obvious peril, especially those that are well known to the general public. This principle is known as: Obvious peril Inherent danger Foreseeability Responsibility
*Obvious peril
CRM is a technique to properly use all of the operations professionals on a team to reliably meet mission objectives. It is derived from efforts to make aircraft cockpit crews more team-oriented versus the highly authoritarian environments in which cockpit crews formally found themselves. Of the following, which dynamic human environment is the best candidate for applying the principles of CRM? Offsite incident command staff-onsite incident command staff during an emergency Trainer-trainees during a class Employee-supervisor during a performance appraisal Passengers-flight attendants during a flight
*Offsite incident command staff-onsite incident command staff during an emergency Incident command could greatly benefit from applying the principles of CRM. In this environment, all of the incident command professionals have the same goal; however, culture, work habits, and other non-relevant issues can cloud the efficient exchange of information to meet the mission objectives
Which of the following is the BEST method for conducting interviews associated with an incident investigation? One interviewer and one witness in a room with audio recording Three interviewers and one witness in a room One interviewer and three witnesses in a room One interviewer and one witness in a room
*One interviewer and one witness in a room Audio and video recording should always be avoided as this will typically make the witness nervous and less likely to be fully open. Having three interviewers is intimidating to the witness. Interviewing multiple witnesses at the same time should be avoided since frequently, a dominant person will speak for the group. The other witnesses with information will reason with themselves that other witnesses in the room have better information - particularly if the information is contradictory
Of the following, which is the least effective way for a manager to maximize his/her safety program? Written safety policies Supervisory safety training Audit of safety program One-on-one meetings
*One-on-one meetings Common elements to maximize a safety program include: written policies supervisor training auditing investigation of all hazards and accidents formation of safety committees
As a manager, how would you discipline a minor rule infraction? Oral reprimand Written reprimand Ignore it Suspension
*Oral reprimand most logical way to deal with a minor rule infraction for the first offense
Building fire safety is achieved by all of the following except: Separating ignitors from ignitable materials Managing the impact of a fire through building design Take measurements to control products of combustion Organizing a fire brigade
*Organizing a fire brigade Building fire safety may be achieved either by fire (ignition) prevention or, if a fire does occur, by managing its impact through building design. Fire prevention is accomplished by separating ignitiors from ignitable materials. The products of combustion that must be considered by the building designer are categorized as thermal (flame and heat) and nonthermal (smoke and gases).
Which of the following is a management tool that displays graphically the network of relationships between program objectives and the tasks, time, and resources required for their achievement? MORT PERT CPA PET
*PERT = Program evaluation and review technique
All of the following are steps in Chemical Risk Analysis except? Identification of risk Dose-response Exposure assessment PPE required
*PPE required Risk analysis classically involves risk identification, quantifications, dose-response development and exposure assessment.
Which of the following is not a General Boiler Category of the ASME Code? PVG: Requirements for non-organic fluid vaporizers PMB: Requirements for miniature boilers PFT: Requirements for fire tube boilers PEB: Requirements for electric boilers
*PVG: Requirements for non-organic fluid vaporizers
The reliability of a system is enhanced by adding a component in: Parallel Series Sequence Progression
*Parallel The addition component, which performs the same function within a given system, makes it redundant (or parallel). Conversely, the reliability of a system is diminished by adding a component in series
Which of the following is considered a direct cost when defining hidden costs of an accident? Time lost from work by injured Time lost by fellow workers Payment and benefits for lost time Loss of production
*Payment and benefits for lost time The direct costs are medical and compensation. The indirect or hidden costs are: time lost from work by the injured, loss in earning power, economic loss to the injured family, lost time by fellow workers, loss of efficiency due to break-up of crew, lost time by supervision, cost of breaking in a new worker, damage to tools and equipment, time damaged equipment is out of service, soiled work, loss of production, spoilage, failure to fill orders, overhead costs and miscellaneous.
The purpose of this analysis is to provide a technique to model systems components at a wide range of abstract levels. This analysis can be defined in purely mathematical terms, and is in such form that the analysis can be automated. Fault tree analysis Petri network analysis Digraph analysis Event tree analysis
*Petri network analysis can be used to model an entire system, subsystem, or components at a wide range of abstract levels through conceptual, top level and detailed designs
The operational relationships between people and/or physical components usually can be expressed in terms of "Link" values. All but one of the following are versions of "Link" types. Communication links Physical links Movement links Control links
*Physical links not a version of a link between people and/or physical components
In workers compensation cases for hearing loss the term high fence is often used. High fence also varies by state. What is the meaning of the term high fence? Point the worker must reach Point of 100% hearing impairment Point of 0% hearing impairment Point of 50% hearing impairment
*Point of 100% hearing impairment = hearing loss Varies by state law
What is one disadvantage of having an internal safety program evaluation group? Evaluation staff knows plant workers Less obtrusive audit Potentially less objective Harder to work with
*Potentially less objective One main drawback of an internal safety program audit group is the fact that they are less likely to be totally objective due to personal knowledge
What is JSA? Procedure of reviewing methods, hazards, and safety A type of job description A private company Joint Safety Authority
*Procedure of reviewing methods, hazards, and safety Job Safety Analysis written procedure for reviewing job methods, uncovering hazards, and recommending safe procedures
What is the name of the American Society of Safety Engineer's Journal? Professional Safety ASSE Journal Hazards Safety Management
*Professional Safety
An employer who elects to establish a fire brigade must do all of the following except Prepare and maintain a written organizational statement Provide education and training for all fire brigade members commensurate with assigned duties Provide protective clothing to employees at no cost Provide CPR training
*Provide CPR training Requirements for the organization, training and protective equipment for fire brigades, industrial fire departments and private or contractual type fire departments are covered by OSHA [29 CFR 1910.156]. OSHA mandates that an organizational statement which establishes the existence of a fire brigade; the basic organization structure; the type, amount, and frequency of training provided members; and membership and duty roster all be provided and maintained in written form. Also, the employer shall provide at no cost to the employee protective clothing which complies with assigned duties.
The objective of the ANSI/AIHA Z10, American National Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems is which of the following? Provide a framework of auditing tools to measure the level of success of an organizations occupation safety and health programs Set forth a strict set of practices and processes that must be implemented that will allow an organization to be certified as having an occupation safety and health management system Provide organizations with a model to allow them to integrate occupational health and safety management into their overall business management system Establish a framework for organizations to manage occupation health and safety irrespective of the success or failure of the business
*Provide organizations with a model to allow them to integrate occupational health and safety management into their overall business management system
In manual materials handling, methods for eliminating the need to bend include all of the following EXCEPT Using lift tables, work dispensers, and other mechanical aids Raising the work level to an appropriate height Providing materials and tools in front of the worker Lowering the worker
*Providing materials and tools in front of the worker Although providing materials and tools in front of the worker helps to prevent twisting motions, to avoid bending motions the work needs to be at the proper height. This can be accomplished through mechanical means (lift tables), raising he work level, or lowering the worker to the level of the work.
It is possible to reduce incidents involving human error by: Carefully screening job applicants Furnishing workers with PPE Providing training and education to workers and line supervisors Improving workplace conditions
*Providing training and education to workers and line supervisors It is generally agreed that the largest majority of incidents leading to an accident are attributed to unsafe acts rather than unsafe conditions. Although general estimates of many of the mental and emotional states that cause accidents (like indifference, resentment of authority, disregard of danger, undue haste, anger, impatience, boredom) are not reliable, there is consensus that effective training and education will prevent many of the human errors (unsafe acts) that arise from mental and emotional states
The term defines the following: the relationship between the plaintiff's injuries and the defendant's failure to exercise a legal duty, such as reasonable care Privity Proximate cause Foreseeability Care
*Proximate cause defines the relationship between the injury and the responsible party (because they did not exercise reasonable level of care or other reasonable standard).
Interlocks provide a form of design hazard control. Identify the appropriate interlock indicated; Sensing of any conductive material, especially steel or aluminum, causes it to operate? Radio-frequency inductive Electromagnetic sensing Conductive Reactance Motion Interlock
*Radio-frequency inductive
Barrier creams: Neutralize potential irritants Reduce contact of the irritants with skin Are preferred to gloves in most cases Are not effective
*Reduce contact of the irritants with skin provide a protective barrier between the skin and the chemical. They are not neutralizing agents for chemicals
The preferred course for a company's management to meet the consequent risk of product liability is: Regulation of risk through careful statement of conditions of sale and delivery Transfer of risk through the underwriting of product liability insurance Reduction of risk through the introduction of effective quality assurance Acceptance of risk through passivity
*Reduction of risk through the introduction of effective quality assurance The management of a company must consider what ways or combinations of ways are available to meet the consequent risk of product liability. Of the four fundamentally different risk alternatives that the company's management can take, the reduction of the existing risk through introduction or improvement of quality assurance will give better conditions for regulation and transfer of risk
The tendency for an individual who finds himself in a frustrating circumstance and reverts to an earlier form of behavior, such as putting on a temper tantrum, is called: Negativism Aggression Reactivity Regression
*Regression
Which of the following is not one of the major provisions of the consensus standard incorporating best practices in OHSMS? Application of a prescribed hierarchy of controls to achieve acceptable risk levels Design reviews Regulatory compliance Management of change systems
*Regulatory compliance The ASSE/ANSI Z10-2012, OHSMS consensus standard applicable to organizations of all sizes. The standard provides safety professionals and senior management with a well-conceived, state of the art concept and action outline to improve safety & health management systems. In crafting Z10, the intent was not only to achieve significant safety and health benefits through its application, but also to impact favorably on productivity, financial performance, quality and other business goals. There is no provision specifically dedicated to regulatory compliance. The key provisions pertain to risk assessment and prioritization, applying a prescribed hierarchy of controls to achieve acceptable levels of risk by designing reviews, managing change systems; having safety specifications in procurement systems; and conducting safety audits.
The term psychophysical is most related to: Isotonic dynamic muscle force development Relationship between sensations and physical stimuli The study of how our emotions impact our health Study of biological indicators such as heart rate and energy expenditure
*Relationship between sensations and physical stimuli Psychophysical methods are used to study acceptable weights for manual lifting. The worker can adjust the weight of the lift to match his or her own personal feelings of fatigue or perception of what can be sustained for several hours.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of integrated performance assurance, safety and health, and quality assurance programs? Require common intangible asset control Serve common underlying objectives Share common success and failure measures Use common approach to achieve objectives
*Require common intangible asset control Although industry generally separates, the compliance, SH&E and quality programs, these functions have many similarities, including: - Serving common underlying objectives, such as performance assurance or risk management - Using a common approach to achieve objectives, such as activity-specific evaluation or planning and oversight - Sharing common success and failure measures, such as cost, schedule, violations or liabilities - The first step in establishing a good corporate quality plan is to determine customer requirements.
The principle that "occurrence of an accident is sufficient proof that negligence existed" is described best by which term? Res ispa loguitur Negligence per se Liability Strict liability
*Res ispa loguitur If the accident occurred there must have been negligence
The purpose of this analysis is to identify casual factors relating to an accident or near-miss. The technique goes beyond the direct causes to identify the fundamental reasons for the event Management oversight and risk tree Root cause analysis Event tree analysis Fault tree analysis
*Root cause analysis considers "why" statements to determine root cause categories. The objective is to find one root cause that is the fundamental reason behind a set of related shortcomings
Barrier analysis is utilized within the following accident investigation techniques? Sequential time plotting Critical incident technique Root cause analysis and management oversight and risk tree Event analysis
*Root cause analysis and management oversight risk tree Root cause analysis utilizes Barrier Analysis as one technique to help develop information concerning event flow. Management Oversight and Risk Tree also applies Barrier Analysis when evaluating energy flow.
An analytical technique called 5-Whys is used to identify: Root causes of incidents Human behavior characteristics Behavior-based safety rules Human errors
*Root causes of incidents 5-Whys is a qualitative analytical technique to identify the root causes of an incident sequence. Once the causal factors (discreet human errors and equipment malfunctions that led to the loss of an event) are known, a 5-whys analysis can be performed on each causal factor to determine "why" the causal factor was allowed to exist
In what ways should safety be managed differently from other company functions? Cannot set goals Personal contacts are more important Budget support is not there Safety is not managed differently
*Safety is not managed differently The more the safety program's goals and management style are understood the more support there will be for the program
You are a practicing ASP certificate holder. You submit a safety plan you have reviewed to a client. A year later, you notice that the client has made some changes to the safety plan (without your knowledge) and has removed the cover sheet from the original plan you approved and stapled it into the modified plan. What should you do? Hire an attorney and sue the client Remove the cover page from the safety plan, and complain to the client Send a formal letter to the client explaining your concern and your expectation that the modified safety plan should again be reviewed by a safety professional and that the cover page with your signature on it should be destroyed Ignore the issue assuming that the changes were insignificant to warrant further discussion
*Send a formal letter to the client explaining your concern and your expectation that the modified safety plan should again be reviewed by a safety professional and that the cover page with your signature on it should be destroyed It is likely that the client made what he or she perceived were minor changes to the safety plan, and it is also likely that you had failed to tell the client what changes were allowed (without further review) and what changes would require subsequent review. A polite letter apologizing for any oversights on your part while clearly identifying the problem and suitable resolutions is the best way to handle this conflict
Consider component arrangement. Which of the following terms relates to taking advantage of patterns or relationships that frequently occur in the operation of the equipment? Functional Principle Importance Principle Sequence-of-Use Principle Frequency-of-Use Principle
*Sequence-of-Use Principle is used to take advantage of patterns or relationships of tasks during work with equipment
In 1931, Heinrich significantly changed the thinking of safety professionals. He: Shifted the emphasis from conditions to actions Suggested the use of JSA to analyze accidents Applied forensic science to accident analysis Proposed monetary penalties for accidents
*Shifted the emphasis from conditions to actions In the early 1900s, employers concentrated mor eon inspection of the workplace. Heinrich suggested that more emphasis be placed on the actions of employees.
A process hazard analysis of potentially catastrophic processes: Should be done only if applicable under the OSHA Process Safety Standard Should be performed only by licensed professionals Should be done whether or not the process is applicable, under the OSHA Process Safety Standard A & B
*Should be done whether or not the process is applicable, under the OSHA Process Safety Standard A process hazard analysis should be performed if there is knowledge that potential exists for a catastrophic release from a process, whether or not the process is applicable under the OSHA Process Safety Standard. Performing the process hazard analysis is not only a best practice but also a potential OSHA General Duty Clause requirement, especially if an incident does occur and the analysis was never performed. Answer B is not correct since there is not a license for processionals to conduct process hazard analyses.
State compensation boards are a LOW FENCE for hearing loss disability claims because: Of inaccuracies in audiograms Small hearing losses aren't disabling To avoid litigation later on To lower worker's compensation costs
*Small hearing losses aren't disabling Low fence means that they set minimum dB loss before a worker is eligible for compensation. This also is done to account for presbycusis (the natural hearing loss due to aging)
A technique which is used to determine an unintended energy route, which can allow an undesired function to occur, prevent desired functions from occurring, or adversely affect the timing of functions is called: Time-loss analysis Sneak circuit analysis Common cause analysis Energy flow analysis
*Sneak circuit analysis A technique that investigates unintended energy routes
The purpose of this analysis is to discover program logic that could cause undesired program outputs or inputs, or incorrect sequencing/timing. This analysis is called: Software logic analysis Software hazard analysis Software sneak circuit analysis Software criticality analysis
*Software sneak circuit analysis When software controls a safety critical event, an SSCA can help detect the condition that could result in a catastrophic event if the cause is related to the inadvertently enabled condition
What should work methods be designed to reduce? Static postures Static postures, extreme and awkward postures Static, extreme, and awkward postures, repetitive motion, and excessive force Frequency of movement
*Static, extreme, and awkward postures, repetitive motion, and excessive force these stressors should be designed out, when designing appropriate work methods
What is an example of an unfired pressure vessel? Boiler Steam jacketed kettle Any vessel directly experiencing flame Copper jacketed steam kettle
*Steam jacketed kettle An unfired pressure vessel does not have a direct flame impacting it.
The growing concept that a manufacturer of a product is liable for injuries due to defects, without a necessity for a plaintiff to show negligence or fault is known as: Care Liability Strict Liability Tort
*Strict Liability
Under what doctrine does one not need to prove negligence on the part of the manufacturer, but only that an injury was attributed to a defect or to an unreasonably dangerous condition? Implied consent Implied warranty Negligence Strict liability
*Strict liability doctrine holds that the seller is liable for any and all defective or hazardous products
The lowest concentration of a substance in air to which humans or animals have been exposed for any given period of time, that has produced any toxic effect, or produced a tumorigenic or reproductive effects, is called: TDL LDL TCL LD50
*TCL = Toxic Concentration Low TDL = Toxic Dose Low for solids and liquids LD50 = lethal dose for 50% of the animals LDL = lethal dose low
The technique that provides a means for quantitatively evaluating the contribution of human error to the degradation of product quality is called: fault hazard analysis failure modes effects analysis fault tree analysis THERP
*THERP a technique for human error predictions was developed by the Scandia Corporation can be used for human components in a system and can be combined with either failure modes effects of fault tree analysis
Which of the following is not an accident investigation technique? STEP MORT RCA THERP
*THERP is not an accident investigation technique. One of the older and more widely used methods of evaluating human performance, THERP is the Technique for Human Error Rate Predication, and was developed by A.D. Swain during the 1960s.
a temporary depression of the hearing is called a Noise Induced Hearing Reduction (NIHR) Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS) Temporary Auditory Depression (TAD)
*Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS)
An express warranty from a manufacturer, implies or states: That a product is suitable for a specific use That a product will perform in a specific manner That you can return the product within 30 days That a product will perform for at least 30 days
*That a product will perform in a specific manner An express warranty is a written or oral statement that a product will perform in a specific manner
The ANSI Z10 standard is The American National Standard Criteria for Accepted Practices in Safety, Health, and Environmental Training The American National Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems The American National Standard version of the ISO 14001, Environmental Management Systems The American National Standard equivalent of the ISO 9001, Quality Management Systems
*The American National Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Z10 is the equivalent to the British Standards Institute, BS OHSAS 18001
Which of the following is not a design parameter that could affect performance with foot controls? Whether the controls require a thrust with or without ankle action The location of the fulcrum (if the pedal is high enough) The color and brightness of the foot control pedal The load or force that is required to activate the foot pedal
*The color and brightness of the foot control pedal Hand controls are far more widely used than foot controls. Generally, the feet are slower and less accurate. Although color may help an operator identify the correct foot pedal in some cases, the color would not affect the performance. Another factor would be the placement of the control relative to the user.
Organizations allocate costs into various categories to aid decision making. Often, these costs are determined as a percent or ratio of manufacturing costs. Examples include raw materials, direct labor, indirect materials, selling costs, distribution costs, and other costs. In calculating return on investment of ergonomic controls, a key expense used to determine the cost-benefit of controls is Direct costs of accidents inflated over time to determine present value of future workers' compensation injury dollars The cost of capital associated with purchase and installation of controls Depreciation costs and pretax operating expenses after controls are implemented Profit and quality loss as a result of increased absenteeism and poor employee morale
*The cost of capital associated with purchase and installation of controls While all are important, the cost of capital (interest lost from the initial investment) is often ignored. Knowledgeable financial managers will consider the cost of capital when calculating their desired return on investment of capital expenditure. The challenge of the practitioner is to keep this in mind when determining cost-benefit of controls and, when possible, to quantify productivity efficiency and productivity enhancements to help support action plans
Which of the following components is fundamental in evaluating the success of any management program? A clear presentation of the program results The clear definition of the goals and priorities necessary to manage the program The unit cost of the program results The measurement of the program results against accepted criteria
*The measurement of the program results against accepted criteria Whether the management program is an operations, maintenance, or safety program, the fundamental component necessary toe valuate the success of the program is the comparison of the results against the accepted criteria. Other items are useful, but success is based on achieving the desired results
When you are interviewing a person associated with a recent high-consequence incident, what fundamental law of human behavior must you consider at all times? The person being interviewed will tell you what he or she views is in his or her best interests The person being interviewed can be subpoenaed to provide you any information you think he or she is hiding The person being interviewed will lie to you if you hit upon critical information The person being interviewed will only cooperate in the presence of an attorney or other representative
*The person being interviewed will tell you what he/she views is in his/her best interests Though the other items may be true from time to time, when conducting an incident investigation, remember that the person being interviewed will likely describe things that he/she perceives is in his/her best interest to discuss. This means that if the person being interviewed believes that the incident investigation is in his/her best interests, the interviewer will likely obtain the information sought. If the person being interviewed believes that job reprisals, legal action, or other adverse things will occur, the quality of the information obtained during an interview will likely be degraded
NFPA statistics indicate that over a hundred industrial fires occur each day. Fire/loss analyses show that industrial fires result from a combination of factors. Which of the following is NOT a significant contributing factor to industrial fires? Inadequate automatic sprinklers The presence of non-hazardous processes Building construction deficiencies Excess combustible loading
*The presence of non-hazardous processes
In assessing risk, one of the analytical techniques used by systems safety is called hazard risk. It is: A means used to identify and measure the hazard A way to measure potential hazard conditions in the operational phase A method for calculating the effect of a hazard if allowed to become an accident The product of hazard severity and hazard possibility of occurrence
*The product of hazard severity and hazard possibility of occurrence Risk assessment techniques use mainly system-oriented inductive and deductive analyses. The system safety analytical technique called hazard risk is the product of hazard severity and hazard possibility of occurrence. The other system safety analytical techniques are named hazard identification, operation phase and hazard effects
What is meant when a system is said to be "two fault tolerant"? The system will fail when it sustains two independent failures The system will fail when it sustains three independent failures The system is designed to tolerate two independent failures and still operate The system is designed to tolerate three independent failures and still operate
*The system is designed to tolerate two independent failures and still operate Fault-tolerance is a method of designing equipment to sustain one or more independent failures and still operate (or be able to transition into fail-safe mode). In this case, the system is designed to sustain two independent failures and still function. Fault tolerance has nothing to do with when the system will fail (ex. the system may sustain more than three independent failures and still function)
Compression of nerves and blood vessels between clavicle and first and second ribs is a disease known as Polymorphous Light Eruption Pneumothorax Atelectasis Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
*Thoracic Outlet Syndrome result of compression of nerves and blood vessels between clavicle and the first and second ribs at the brachial plexus. It can be caused by typing, keying, carrying heavy loads or keeping the head, arms and/or shoulders in an unnatural position
The basic premise of this technique is that for every accident there is a natural course line; that is, with no outside intervention, each accident sequence would eventually end. This technique is known as: Course line plotting Sequential step plotting Time-loss analysis Root cause analysis
*Time-loss analysis is the technique that is based on the premise of a natural course line for accidents
Why would the following types of analyses be routinely conducted? 1. Vibration analysis 2. Lubricant analysis 3. Thermographic analysis To determine how rotating equipment failed To determine whether additional maintenance is needed on rotating equipment To predict the day when rotating equipment will fail To evaluate the overhaul of rotating equipment
*To determine whether additional maintenance is needed on rotating equipment Though any of these could be true, these types of condition monitoring tasks are typically associated with reliability-centered maintenance and help maintenance professionals determine when more extensive maintenance is needed on rotating equipment
All of the following are administrative controls for reducing or preventing ergonomic injuries except: Job expansion Tool changes Job rotation Rest periods
*Tool changes Tool changes are an engineering control while job expansion, job rotation, and rest periods are administrative controls
Tools and handles should be selected to eliminate or minimize which of the following stressors? Chronic muscle contraction and repetitive forceful motions Tool vibration and repetitive motions Tool vibration, repetitive motions, chronic muscle contraction, steady force, and excessive gripping, pinching, or pressing with and and fingers Tool vibration, repetitive motions, chronic muscle contraction, and excessive gripping, pinching, or pressing with hand and fingers
*Tool vibration, repetitive motions, chronic muscle contraction, steady force, and excessive gripping, pinching, or pressing with hand and fingers
for upper extremities, the measurements of repetitiveness are: Cycle time and cycles per work shift Total hand manipulations per cycle, cycle time and total manipulations Total manipulations per cycle time Total manipulations and cycle time
*Total hand manipulations per cycle, cycle time and total manipulations the three measurements of repetitiveness are the total hand manipulations per cycle, the cycle time and the total manipulations or cycles per work shift, according to the OSHA Guidelines
The following system is an example of a fail-active design Cylinder with rupture disc Class I Division 1 wiring Transformer with back-up generator B or C
*Transformer with back-up generator A fail active design normally creates redundancy by the use of standby equipment. A back-up generator is a perfect example of a fail active system. Class 1 Division 1 wiring is intrinsically safe Cylinder with rupture disc is fail-passive
Given that incident investigations require resources (time and money), what would be an efficient method to maximize your company's ability to harvest as much information from each incident investigation that is conducted? Perform a formal incident investigation one very incident regardless of complexity and consequence. Perform a formal incident investigation on every complex incident and on every incident with a high consequence. Trend all incidents; perform a formal incident investigation on every complex incident, on every incident with a high consequence, and on other incidents that show a trend. Perform a formal investigation on a randomly selected set of incidents.
*Trend all incidents; perform a formal incident investigation on every complex incident, on every incident with a high consequence, and on other incidents that show a trend The key is trending. An incident can be as minor as a process upset leading to 5 seconds of downtime to a safety-related fatality due to a highly complex sequence of events. No company can afford to investigate every incident unless there is a method for choosing the incidents that will yield the most information and the most opportunity for improving. In some cases, regardless of the complexity, a formal investigation will be commissioned. More frequently, however, a company will want to trend incidents and only perform a formal incident investigation when the trend indicates that there is a higher-than acceptable potential for a repeat. Trending applies to near misses, as well
The National Response Center (NRC) is operated by: DOE USCG OSHA SARA III
*USCG = U.S. Coast Guard
Which of the following interlock can sense the presences of nonporous materials? Radio-frequency inductive Magnetic sensing Photoelectric device Ultrasonics
*Ultrasonics
The risk value for a given hazardous event in a measurement that combines all but the following variables Frequency of process Unanticipated loss Exposed systems Likelihood
*Unanticipated loss
Which is not part of the risk assessment system defined within MORT? Safety Program Review Hazard analysis process Unwanted energy flow Information systems
*Unwanted energy flow not considered under specific control factors and not part of the risk assessment system defined within MORT
The purpose of a start-up review is to: confirm the integrity of the process in accordance with design specifications; ensure that training has been completed; assure that the appropriate procedures are in place; and ____. Ensure the specifications are appropriate Verify that a Preliminary Hazard Analysis has been performed Ensure that quality controls are adequate Verify that a Process Hazard Analysis has been performed
*Verify that a Process Hazard Analysis has been performed A start-up review is to verify that a Process Hazard Analysis has been performed for new facilities and that recommendations have been implemented prior to start-up
The procurement/acquisition process is frequently overlooked as the stakeholder in the design of systems. At which point in the design process should representatives from procurement be integrated into the design team? At the very beginning When the system's design intents are well understood (preliminary design review is complete) When the system's component specifications are established (critical design review is complete) When the system is ready to be released for bid or fulfillment
*When the system's design intents are well understood (preliminary design review is complete) Though bringing in representatives from procurement at the very beginning may provide some design insight, the best time to integrate procurement into the design process is when the actual design intent of the system is well understood. At this point, procurement can provide insight on specific component specifications and vendors that can provide the required components and services
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - biological - security - social - ego/status - self-realization. Once a lower need is met a person seeks the next higher need. All of the following factors complicate hierarchical motivation EXCEPT Multiple Motivation - People are often motivated by more than one need - for example, seeking recognition from fellow workers and supervisor Psychological Needs - These are continuing needs such as recognition and affection Conflicting Motives - Some motives can cause conflict - for example, desiring a promotion but fearing responsibilities Withdrawal Needs - Removes self from situation - physically or psychologically
*Withdrawal Needs - Removes self from situation - physically or psychologically
As the facility safety professional, you have become acquainted with 2 line employees that want to learn more about occupational safety in their own work environments beyond what is typically provided to them in their standard training courses. Which of the following is the best way to encourage their continued interest in safety? Work with the employees and their supervisors to develop mutually agreeable written individual development plans outlining new training goals and safety-related responsibilities Work with their supervisors to send them to advanced occupational safety training Work with the employees and their supervisors to permit them to accompany you for a week Work with their supervisors to assign these employees as safety coordinators in their respective operations
*Work with the employees and their supervisors to develop mutually agreeable written individual development plans outlining new training goals and safety-related responsibilities Individual development plans (IDPs) are agreements between employees and their managers to help increase the employees' satisfaction with their jobs. IDPs should include measurable performance goals for attending training, demonstrating new skills, and achieving more diverse job responsibilities.
The analysis technique used to determine the upper bounds on a hazardous event without regard to the probability of occurrence of the particular event is called Naked man Worst-case analysis Upper bound analysis Credibility analysis
*Worst-case analysis considers the most severe consequence that might reasonably be expected to arise
A worker can perform a certain task in 16 hrs. The part of the task the worker can do in X hours is 16/X X/16 16-X 16X
*X/16 In one hour, the worker can do 1/16 of the total task
cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) is an acute injury caused by repetitive motion a chronic illness caused by exposure to extremes in temperature a chronic injury caused by an accumulation of micro-injuries an acute form of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
*a chronic injury caused by an accumulation of micro-injuries CTD is a type of chronic musculoskeletel injury that is cause d by an accumulation of many micro injuries over a period of time. acute or macro injuries cause immediate pain and damage from sudden or extreme force, while micro injuries are from low-intensity stresses that accumulate over a long period of time
The interaction of component parts to perform a function or task that accomplishes something defines: an analysis a system a planning method a sub-system
*a system A system is an orderly arrangement of components that are interrelated and that act and interact to perform some task or function. As parts of a system, the components usually interact and complement each other, however, it is essential to recognize that a malfunction of one component can effect others which impacts on the total system
the rule of thumb for predicting combined decibel readings from two separately measured noise sources, where the two sources differ by 3 decibels is: multiply by 2 multiply by 3 add 1 add 2
*add 2 the rule of thumb for combining decibels where the 2 sources differ from 2-5 decibels, is adding 2 to the higher decibel level
the primary factors that affect the development of CTD include all of the following except age of the worker intensity of force applied repetitiveness of task lack of a proper rest period
*age of the worker the accumulation of micro-injuries from excessive force, repetition, and lack of rest between tasks will eventually result in a disabling injury
what factor least influences the interchange of heat between man and his environment moisture content of the air air velocity air density air temperature
*air density the density of the air is not one of the major influencing factors in heat exchange between man and the environment
anticipating and controlling hazards are best accomplished: 24hrs following a workplace inspection any time before a pilot process is closed to production all design stages of an activity after an accident has occurred
*all design stages of an activity is the cornerstone of a safety program the ultimate goal for any safety program (occupation, systems, product) is to design environments and equipment and to set up job procedures so that employee exposure to injury will be either eliminated or controlled as completely as possible
in the application of principles of guarding, what does Zero Mechanical State (ZMS) mean? all energy sources neutralized all electrical energy off guards are not effective all electrical energy locked and tagged out
*all energy sources neutralized ZMS is discussed in ANSI Z241.1-1981
which of the following is an example of a program sponsored by an Employee Assistance Program? smoking cessation occupational counseling substance abuse counseling all of the above
*all of the above Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) have gained popularity as a management system to retain good employees by assisting them with their personal problems that cause occupational problems. For example, in many cases an employee with an alcohol or other substance abuse problem can enroll in the appropriate EAP program for treatment without the risk of termination provided that the employee meets all of the requirements of the program
Process piping must be inspected periodically to determine whether the piping is nearing the end of its useful life. Which of the following items would you expect to be measured during a routine piping inspection? pipe wall thickness presence of fractures within the metal grain presence of visual discoloration all of the above
*all of the above Routine pipe inspections are non-destructive and are primarily visual (inside and outside). Pipe wall thickness is measured using electronic analysis tools, and any fractures/unexpected visual findings are noted for more detailed analysis
Periodic ergonomic surveys of the worksite should be conducted at least: weekly annually bi-annually monthly
*annually According to OSHA Guidelines, periodic surveys of the worksite should be conducted at least annually, or whenever operations change
An example of a non-fail safe device would be: any single point of failure deadman switches circuit breaker GFCI
*any single point of failure
round ducts are better than square ducts because round ducts: can be made air-tight easier use less material for the same size are stronger have less friction
*are stronger in industrial applications, high velocities, and therefore high SP's, are normally used. this condition results in duct collapses. circular ducts are more able to withstand this stress.
a person who is aware of a danger and its extent and knowingly exposes himself, assumes all risks and can not recover damages even through he is injured through no fault of his own. this principle is known as joint tort contributor negligence fright without physical contact assumption of risk
*assumption of risk there is much litigation in this area
The NFPA identifies a combustible liquid as one having a flash point: at or above 140degF at or above 100degF at or above 200degF at or below 70degF
*at or above 100degF Flammable Class 1 - FP below 100degF Class 1A - BP below 100degF; FP below 73degF Class 1B - BP at or above 100degF; FP below 73degF Class 1C - FP at or above 73degF and below 100degF Combustible Class II - FP at or above 100degF and below 140degF Class III - at or above 140degF Class IIIA - at or above 140degF and below 200degF Class IIIB - at or above 200degF
what instrument is required for assessing an individual's hearing ability? sound level meter octave band analyzer audiometric booth noise dosimeter
*audiometric booth the sound level meter and octave band analyzer are used for area sound measurements. the noise dosimeter is used for making noise dose measurements in the individual's hearing zone. the only way to assess hearing is with an audiometric booth.
the greatest single contributor to urban air pollution is electric utilities burning oil electric power generating stations who burn coal automobiles process manufacturing plants
*automobiles cars & trucks are major sources of CO, NOxs, & VOCs which interact in the presence of sunlight to produce ground-level ozone pollution commonly referred to at smog. Researchers allege the automobile is responsible for approximately 40% of urban smog nationally and a great deal more in some areas of California
anthropometric data is widely used in epidemiology ergonomics/human factors engineering biomechanics b & c
*b & c anthropometry is concerned with measurement of the human body included in these measurements are body dimensions, range of body member and muscle strength. also considered are dimensions taken statically and dynamically. viewed in physical terms, the body is a complex system of levers and motors attached to a frame. biomechanics deals with the study and function of the body in relation to dynamics of man-machine systems. ergonomics/HFE use anthropometric data to design and construct equipment, tools, etc. that work safely and efficiently with humans
theory y management assumes the worker is basically uninterested in work basically interested in work basically blase towards work basically accident prone
*basically interested in work theory y management holds that the worker is interested and motivated to work, as opposed to theory x
the color used to identify physical tripping hazards is: red green blue black/yellow
*black/yellow
There are no established safety specifications for: bump caps safety glasses respirators boilers
*bump caps bump caps were originally developed by the airline industry for work inside fuselages. They have no established specs.
The "bathtub" curve is a stress related depiction that describes the relationship between component failure and exposure. Failures occurring during early stages of use occur in the debugging period, which is also called: experimental period burn-in period burn-out period grooved period
*burn-in period
"Due Diligence" is commonly used to describe evaluation of: air pollution control equipment business property transactions commercial hazardous waste management facilities prior to waste shipments the integrity of landfill and surface impoundment liners
*business property transactions/transfers as a natural extension of business due diligence with respect to asset values, accounts receivable, etc. Due diligence is often accomplished through the mechanism of an environmental site assessment, also known as a property transfer assessment. Such investigations attempt to discover and estimate the risks, liabilities, and costs of various environmental impacts associated with current conditions and past activities at the site.
All of the following standards call for the use of respirators in the event of an overexposure except lead asbestos benzene carbon dioxide
*carbon dioxide
chemical protective clothing (CPC) can introduce the following hazards to an emergency responder except heat stress visual limitations physical limitations carbon monoxide
*carbon monoxide CPC can cause discomfort to the wearer, especially heat stress and many physiological stresses during use. An SCBA is worn which supplies uncontaminated breathing air
a common injury to the wrist involving the median nerve that produces tingling and numbness is: wrist drop carpal tunnel syndrome raynaud's syndrome white finger
*carpal tunnel syndrome is an injury/inflammation of the carpal tunnel of the wrist. the median nerve is compressed resulting in numbness and tingling in areas served by the median nerve. other symptoms are also common i.e. pain and sometimes muscle atrophy
Total quality management (TQM) is an overall commitment to continuously improve quality performance at all levels. All of the following concepts apply except: empowerment improvement central thinking auditing
*central thinking acting as one voice is a concept of TQM, not central thinking
a classic example of synergism, in regards to toxic effect, involves asbestos coupled with a synergistic agent to produce lung cancer. What is this synergistic agent? water polyvinyl chloride dust cigarette smoke
*cigarette smoke the classic example of toxicologic synergy is asbestos and cigarette smoke. the following table illustrates the effect: Activity: non-smoking, no asbestos exposure - relative risk of lung cancer is 0.15 non-smoking, asbestos exposure - relative risk of lung cancer is 0.5 smoking, no asbestos exposure - relative risk of lung cancer is 1.0 smoking, asbestos exposure - relative risk of lung cancer is 6.0
what DOT placard is required for transporting numerous cylinders of compressed nitrogen? class 1.4 explosive class 2.1 flammable gas class 2.2 non-flammable compressed gas class 8 corrosive materials
*class 2.2 non-flammable compressed gas
Building sprinklers systems often does not pass the inspectors criteria due to broken water pipes closed PIV electronic failure lack of pressure
*closed PIV the most common cause of building sprinkler system failure is that someone has closed the post-indicator valve (PIV) and failed to reopen it
the part of the eat which contains the hair like cells that detect sounds is the semicircular canals cochlea stapes anvil
*cochlea is the organ which contains the hair like cells. the sound waves more in the hairs at specific locations in the cochlea. the sites of hair movement correspond to the sounds' frequency.
which of the following is located in the inner ear? ear drum ossicles eustachian tube cochlea
*cochlea the cochlea is the auditory part of the inner ear and is shaped like a snail shell. it contains the basilar membrane on which the end organs of the auditory nerve are distributed
For the purpose of protecting workers in trenches, the type of soil is required to assess risk. A primary factor in differing types of soil is: depth cohesiveness width soil weight
*cohesiveness is critical to its stability in a trench or excavation
An instantaneous exposure excursion to ammonia ranging up to 250 ppm should: be of no concern not be considered when the TWA is calculated considered an unacceptable event be regarded as a measurement artifact
*considered an unacceptable event an excursion of this magnitude for a fast acting irritant would be considered unacceptable. for more info see ACGIH TLV pamphlet
The primary reason for enclosing a grinding wheel is collect dust contain wheel breakage easier t use prevent wheel from breaking
*contain wheel breakage
in many cases, canopy hoods are not considered very good because: more material needed to construct system larger fans are needed contaminant is drawn thru breathing zone are always considered good
*contaminant is drawn thru breathing zone
Your company CEO feels he has too many people reporting directly to him, including you (the Safety Director). He has asked your opinion about where int he organizational structure to best place the safety function: personnel support operations continue reporting to the CEO
*continue reporting to the CEO Safety should report to a function with power and the control to correct problems.
what part of the eye is acutely damaged by the welders flash of ultraviolet rays pupil sclera cornea retina
*cornea
The primary reason for accident investigation is to punish wrong doers provide OSHA with facts prepare insurance forms to recover loss correct the conditions that caused the accident
*correct the conditions that caused the accident and identify the reason
A generic process of evaluating competing courses of action by examining the dollar costs of certain abatement actions versus the dollar value of the benefits received is called prime cost assessment cost analysis cost-benefit analysis risk management
*cost-benefit analysis
The ratio of a project input cost to an impact measure when the latter is assigned a dollar value, ex. dollars spent compared to dollars saved by preventing a fatal injury is called cost-benefit ratio cost-benefit analysis cost-effectiveness ratio cost-effectiveness analysis
*cost-benefit ratio ratio of dollars spent to dollars saved
A ratio of a project or countermeasure input cost to a project or countermeasure impact measure, that is, dollars spent per accident prevented, is called: input/output analysis cost-effectiveness ratio cost-benefit ratio cost-countermeasure analysis
*cost-effectiveness ratio can be thought of as the ratio of dollars spent to impact of spending those dollars
A specific activity intended to improve one of more aspects of the safety system or contribute to the solution of a specific accident problem, is called: countermeasure mitigation hazard control safeguard
*countermeasure is a specific activity designed to improve or reduce a specific accident problem
A method of identifying errors and unsafe conditions that contribute to both potential and actual injurious accidents within a given population by means of a stratified random sample of participants - observers selected from within this population is: job safety analysis procedural analysis critical incident technique operating and support hazard
*critical incident technique
which occupational illness occurs at the highest rate? cumulative trauma pneumoconioses poisoning heat-related
*cumulative trauma based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics (1994), repeated trauma had the highest incidence rate (41.1 per 10,000 F.T.W.) The next highest occupational illness was skin disorders
disorders that result from repeated exertions or movements of the body are most often described by which of the following terms? regional musculoskeletal disorders cumulative trauma disorders occupational cervicobrachial disorders occasional trauma disorder
*cumulative trauma disorders disorders that are caused, precipitated or aggravated by repeated exertion or movements of the body are most frequently called cumulative trauma disorders (CTD). other less commonly used terms include: repetitive trauma disorders, repetitive strain injuries, overuse syndromes, regional musculoskeletal disorders
If the air temperature is above the skin temperature you should ____ the air velocity to reduce the convective load increase decrease stop not change
*decrease If the air temperature is above the skin temperature, increasing the air velocity will increase the convective load, however it may increase the heat loss by evaporation
Systems safety techniques employ the use of four categories of analysis. Fault tree analysis is an example of which of the following: Deductive analysis Inductive analysis Qualitative hazard analysis Quantitative hazard analysis
*deductive analysis deductive analysis starts with a general topic, or hazardous event, and logically determines its specific causes
The success of the system safety effort depends on: employing applicable systems safety techniques implementing current design practices defining safety objectives identifying and correcting potential hazards
*defining safety objectives The success of the system safety effort depends on definitive statements of safety objectives and requirements by the managing activity and their translations into functional hardware and software
which term best describes a subsonic explosion? propagation detonation deflagration auto ignition
*deflagration deflagration is a term describing subsonic combustion propagating through heat transfer; hot burning material heats the next layer of cold material and ignites it. most "fire" found in daily life, from flames to explosions, is deflagration. deflagration is a rapid high energy release combustion event that propogates through a gas or an explosive material at subsonic speeds, driven by the transfer of heat. deflagration is different from detonation, which is supersonic and propagates through shock. deflagration is different from detonation transition refers to a phenomenon in ignitable mixtures of flammable gas and air (or oxygen) when a sudden transition takes place from a deflagration type of combustion to a detonation type of combustion. in its most benign form, a deflagration propagation velocities, perhaps up to 2000 m/s, and substantial overpressures, up to 20 confinement and many obstacles in the flame path that cause turbulent flame eddy currents, a subsonic flame may accelerate to supersonic speed, transitioning from deflagration to detonation
the most prevalent occupational disease is black lung silicosis asbestosis dermatitis
*dermatitis is the most prevalent occupational disease. it occurs in most every industry and occupation, since skin irritants and sensitizers are used throughout the industry. the other answers are restricted to specific exposures to employees in certain industries
the most frequent occupational disease is attributed to pnemoconiosis (PCS) dermatosis chemical poisoning radioactive exposure
*dermatosis industrial skin diseases account for more than half of all compensation claims for occupational disease. these claims are scattered throughout all types of industry and sometimes appear where occupational skin disease may be least expected. there are two general types of dermatitis, primary irritation and sensitization. cause can be classified under the headings of: chemical agents, mechanical agents, physical agents, plant poisons and biological agents
To increase the reliability of a process, which of the following methods would least likely be used? design parallel components design complementary components design redundancy into the system design series components
*design complimentary components parallel and series design as well as redundancy are all appropriate methods for increasing the reliability of a system
when attempting to reduce ergonomic injuries, which of the following actions is most proactive? design reviews injury/illness data review medical surveillance audits/assessments
*design reviews allow for ergonomic issues to be identified and eliminated before workers are exposed, which is the most proactive step. reviewing injury/illness data, conducting medical surveillance, and audits find the problem once it has occurred or is occurring
Thumb pad and the pads of three of four fingers oppose each other near the tips (object grasped does not touch the palm). this coupling is known as palm grip disc grip tip grip lateral grip
*disc grip The "disc grip" or "thumb-fingertips enclosure" is the coupling that results when the thumb pad is opposed to three-four fingers. arrange your fingers as described and you will see where the coupling grip got its name
What is the most appropriate definition of human factors engineering? discipline dealing with man/machine interface discipline related to industrial psychology discipline seeking to improve worker happiness discipline to increase worker efficiency
*discipline dealing with man/machine interface Factors it considers include sensory inputs, operator response, operator movements, work/rest cycles, and whether the speed and accuracy are required. B & C are marginally related to human factors engineering
All of the following as methods of smoke management are recognized by NFPA except airflow buoyancy compartmentalization dispersion
*dispersion Smoke management refers to methods employed to modify smoke movement to the benefit of evacuating occupants or firefighters, or to reduce property losses and damage. Airflow, buoyancy, compartmentation, dilution and pressurization are mechanisms of smoke management that are utilized individually or in combination to reduce harmful effects of a fire. dispersion is related to the distribution of water from a fire sprinkler head or of the agent from a fire extinguisher
kinematic analyses are based on the relationships of: non-uniaxial motion and uniaxial motion displacement and acceleration displacement, velocity, and acceleration longitudinal motion and latitiudinal motion
*displacement, velocity, and acceleration these are vector quantities
quality of illumination pertains to the Distribution of brightness in the visual environment Desirable number of foot candles that satisfies environmental needs Illumination ratio between surfaces Differences in the ratio between the light source and reflected surface
*distribution of brightness in the visual environment The factors to be considered for good illumination are quantity, the amount of illumination that procedures brightness on the task and its surroundings, and quality, which pertains to the distribution of brightness in a visual environment and includes the color of light, its direction, diffusion and degree of glare. in a positive sense, quality of illumination implies that all brightnesses contribute favorably to visual performance, visual comfort, ease of seeing, safety, and aesthetics for the specific task involved
Special hazard terminology has been developed for cranes and derricks. What is the correct term for an undetected hazard, created as a result of the crane's design or by the crane's use? dormant armed active b or c
*dormant armed and active are other types of crane and derrick hazards
the vestibular nerve is located within: brain eye ear carpals
*ear the vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve comprise the statoacoustic nerve which is found in the ear
One of the problems with the old method of using cotton earplugs is cerumen. Cerumen is also detrimental to some of the modern earplugs. What is cerumen? ear canal hair cells earwax fluids secreted by the cochlea secretions of the hypothalamus
*earwax if cotton plugs were used the earwax would bind the cotton together minimizing the protective effect
The forklift truck primarily recommended for use in an area that contains a flammable vapor is electric diesel LP-gas gasoline
*electric According to 29CFR1910.178, the electric is the only forklift truck authorized in certain flammable atmospheres
A material harmful to an organism in the early stages of development before birth, at a concentration that has no adverse effect on the pregnant female is called: embryotoxin mutagin nystagen teratotoxin
*embryotoxin
which of the following statements concerning employee access to exposure and medical records is false? employers must preserve records for duration of employment + 30 years employers may request to see their medical records employees have a right to see MSDSs employers do not have to show employees their exposure records
*employers do not have to show employees their exposure records employees have the right to see all of their exposure data and medical records employers have 48 hrs to provide docs
the method of guarding by fixed physical barriers that are mounted on a machine to prevent access to the moving parts is called: enclosure interlock fixed guard barriers
*enclosure
The most critical step in any safety program evaluation is the development of: evaluation protocol checklist time with plant people walk through survey evaluation team leader
*evaluation protocol checklist An evaluation will rise and fall on the quality of the evaluation protocol/checklist. The protocol determines the areas to be examined, the level of detail, in general, the questions to be asked
heat energy of the body can be lost by radiation convection conduction evaporation
*evaporation
A technique which defines a primary chain of events that led to the accident can be organized chronologically from left to right across the middle of a bulletin board is known as: time and event plotting event and causal factors charts event tree analysis fault tree analysis
*event and causal factors charts is a technique that organizes (charts) events chronologically to help determine accident causation
which of the following is not a symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome cannot tell hot from cold excessive sweating of hand and wrist lack of strength trouble performing simple manipulative tasks
*excessive sweating of the hand and wrist carpal tunnel syndrome patients often develop autonomic nerve damage which results in loss of the sweat function, leaving dry, shiny skin. the remainder of the answers are common symptoms of CTS
Back Disorder Risk Factors include all of the following except excessive vibration prolonged sitting inappropriate body mechanics continued bending
*excessive vibration is considered a CTD risk factor according to OSHA guidelines
human factors engineering is fitting the worker to the task or the task to the worker. man is better at all of the following except: exerting large forces smoothly handling the unexpected sensitive to a wide variety of stimuli flexibility
*exerting large forces smoothly
