Stems

Methuselah is the name given to a bristlecone pine tree that is 4723 years old. How can scientists know the age of a tree if it is still standing?

A tree core can be obtained using an increment borer. This does not hurt the tree.

Select the three recognizable patterns that leaves are arranged on stems

Alternate Opposite Whorled

Where is the vascular cambium located in a stem?

Between the primary xylem and primary phloem wherever they're found

How do plants grow at their tips?

Cells in apical meristems divide and add cells to the tip.

The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem for conducting water throughout the plant. What types of secondary xylem cells does vascular cambium produce?

Fibers, vessel elements and tracheids

Trees that exhibit indeterminate growth can do which of the following (select all that apply)?

Grow bigger around Grow longer at their branch tips

Which of these are true for protoderm in stems?

It gives rise to the epidermis. It is a primary meristem.

How many years does it take an annual plant to complete its life cycle?

One

Match the plant with the type of shoot system it has

Perennial Grass———> many upright stems, connected underground by horizontal stems Oak Tree—-> a prominent woody stem that grows larger each year Sunflower——> a single prominent green stem

To above ground, non reproductive part of a plant, typically composed of stems and leaves is also known as the________.

Shoot system

The vascular cambium can produce secondary phloem for the purpose of conducting food throughout the plant. What types of secondary phloem cells does vascular cambium produce?

Sieve tube members companion cells

Match the type of wood to its description.

Spring wood - secondary xylem with relatively large vessel elements and fewer tracheids Summer wood - secondary xylem with smaller vessel elements and more tracheids

Why do some tropical trees produce wood that is ungrained, uniform wood?

The trees are actively growing all year, so no annual rings are produced.

Which of the following is true about stipules?

They are often paired

What survival strategies do bristlecone pines use to live for thousands of years?

They grow only on outcrops of dolomite. Their wood is dense and filled with resin, making it difficult for microbes to attack the trees. Only a small fraction of the wood in their trunks is alive, reducing the amount of energy needed to sustain the tree.

Apical meristems are located at the ______ of stems.

Tip

While primary growth in stems occurs at branch tips, secondary growth is made possible by the_____ cambium, which can occur throughout much of the shoot system.

Vascular

The terminal bud on a tree branch is located at the branch tip and is responsible for____.

allowing the branch to grow longer

Match the leaf arrangement name with the correct pattern description.

alternate-----leaves arranged in a spiral along the stem opposite-----leaves arranged in pairs along the stem whorled---leaves in groups of 3 or more along the stem

What do you call a plant that completes its life cycle in one year?

annual

Primary tissues are derived from ______ meristems

apical

during periods of growth, cells of __ meristems divide and add more cells to the tips

apical

The angle between a leafs petiole and the stem is called the ________.

axil

The buds located at the angle between a leafs petiole and the stem are called ______ buds.

axillary

The flat part of the leaf is called the _____ and the stalk by which it is attached to the stem is the ______.

blade and petiole

One way to learn the age of a twig is to examine the terminal bud and it's ___.

bud scale scars

Cork cells that die shortly after they are formed by the meristem are called the cork _____.

cambium

Trees and shrubs that loose all of their leaves annually are called

deciduous

True or false: the pair of leaf-like appendages at the base of a petiole are called bud scales

false

The ________ meristem is responsible for producing parenchyma cells in a stem

ground

Some plants have the ability to grow larger throughout their lifetime through ____________.

indeterminate growth

The portion of the stem between two nodes is called an

internode

when leaves fall from trees what kind of scars do they leave?

leaf scars

what do deciduous trees and shrubs lose every year that evergreens do not?

leaves

A region on a stem where a leaf is or was attached is called a _____.

node

by counting the number of groups of bud scale scars on a twig one can learn how ____ a twig is.

old

What type of cells does the ground meristem make?

parenchyma

Leaves typically have pronounced veins of xylem and phloem, a flat blade for collecting sunlight, and are attached to the stem by the ______.

petiole

The vascular cambium produces

phloem to the outside and xylem to the inside

Tissues derived from apical meristems are called _______ tissues.

primary

________growth in tree stems allows the tree to grow taller and it's branches to grow longer,_______ growth allows branches to grow thicker

primary secondary

The procambium produces _____ xylem, whereas the vascular cambium produces ____ xylem

primary and secondary

Match the type of growth to the effect it has on stem growth over the lifetime of a tree.

primary growth —-> Allows stems to grow in length secondary growth—-> Allows stems to grow in girth

The primary meristem responsible for producing xylem and phloem in stems is called the

procambium

Primary xylem is derived from the _______ whereas secondary xylem is formed by the vascular _______

procambium cambium

Which primary meristem gives rise to the epidermis in stems?

protoderm

Primary xylem and phloem typically form a stele in the stem. The simplest form is called a ______ with the phloem surrounding the xylem at the core of the stem. Most plants have a _______ in which xylem and phloem are arranged in vascular bundles.

protostele eustele

Steles are cylinders of conducting tissue in stems. Match the type of stele with its description.

protostele—->solid core of conducting tissue, typically with phloem surrounding xylem eustele—->primary xylem and phoem arranged in vascular bundles.

after leaves fall off deciduous trees, leaf ____ are left below each axillary bud.

scars

Annual rings in trees are made up of all the secondary xylem produced during a year, including both the _____ wood and summer wood.

spring

The walls of cork cells become impervious to water once they are impregnated with ______.

suberin

the bud at the end of a twig is typically responsible for producing tissue to grow the length of the twig during growing season. this bud is known as a ____ bud.

terminal

Where are apical meristems located in stems?

tips

In the spring, vascular cambium produces large secondary xylem vessel elements. As the summer progresses, the same vascular cambium will produce smaller vessel elements and more and more ______ cells.

tracheid

True or false: Some tropical trees produce wood that is ungrained because the vascular cambium is active year-round.

true

What can annual rings tell scientists about the conditions a tree encountered during its lifetime?

unusually wet or dry years wildfires that did not kill the tree

The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem for conducting water throughout the plant. What types of secondary xylem cells does vascular cambium produce?

vessel elements fibers tracheids

In a woody stem, the tissue just inside the vascular cambium is secondary

xylem

The procamblum in stems is responsible for producing two types of tissue, the primary _____ for conducting water and primary ______ for conducting food

xylem phloem