Assessment 1
Which of the following describes the charge in the responsiveness of a receptor to insulin (aka, hormone) ? a. lock and key b. downregulation c. cross-reactivity d. hormone-receptor complex
Downregulation
Traditional resistance training is not recommened for
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Most research supports the contention that ____ muscle actions are most effective for increasing muscle size
Eccentric
All of the folowing describe the ideal performance state EXCEPT
Effectiv analysis of the performance
Which of the following is not the result of an athlete using a diet very low in carbohydrates?
Decreased perception of effort during normal exercise tasks
The priority of off season training is to develop?
Developing the fitness base
Growth cartilage in children is located at all of the following EXCEPT the
Diaphysis
Which of the following does NOT normally increase during an aerobic exercise session?
Diastolic blood pressure
True or False? Maximal oxygen consumption refers to the speed of movement at which blood lactate increases above resting
False
True or False? Muscle can generate more tension during concentric contraction than during eccentric contraction
False
True or False? Osteoarthritis is classified as a chronic, systemic, multijoint disease with no known cure
False
True or False? Resistance training is contraindicated for muscle groups with spasticity
False
True or False? Sensory neurons are also called efferent neurons?
False
True or False? Sensory neurons are called efferent neurons
False
True or False? Stability is the process by which a body's state of equilibrium is controlled for a given purpose
False
True or False? Steroid hormones do not have a transport protein to help them move through the target cell
False
True or False? Strength- power athletes do not need more protein than the RDA
False
True or False? The "line of resistance" in weight training is always directly downward and cannot be altered
False
True or False? The center of gravity is an anatomical landmark that is fixed at one point in the body
False
True or False? The central nervous system includes the brain and lower motor neurons
False
True or False? The creatine- kinase reaction produces ATP aerobically when creatine kinase gives up a phosphate to ADP
False
True or False? The creatine-kinase reaction produces ATP aerobically when creatine kinase gives up a phosphate to ATP
False
True or False? The effectiveness of a muscle's tension is greatest when the muscle's angle of attachment is greater than 90 degrees to the bone on which it pulls
False
True or False? The force that a muscle can exert increases with increasing speed of shortening
False
True or False? The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle is called the endomysium
False
True or False? The smallest carbohydrates are polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, and glycogen
False
True or False? The system of testosterone regulation in females is the same as that in males
False
True or False? Today the thinking is that static stretching should be performed before aerobic exercise sessions to improve performance
False
True or False? Whole- body resistance training is contraindicated for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; they should perform only aerobic conditioning
False
_______ training challengers all systems of the body and may help reduce the boredom and monotony associated with daily training
Fartlek
________ training challenges all systems of the body and may help reduce the boredom and monotony associated with daily training
Fartlek
List 5 types of training approaches discussed for improving aerobic performance?
Fartlek training Interval training Repetition training Long, slow distance training Pace/ tempo training
Skeletal muscle can be subdivided into bundles of fibers called
Fasiculi
The highest RATE of energy production is from
Fast glycolysis
Which biochemical reaction provides energy for 5 to 10 seconds of sustained muscular contraction?
PCr + ADP --> ATP + Cr
During high- intensity exercise (e.g., an 800-m run), which enzymes or enzymes are responsible for regulating the anaerobic glycolytic pathway?
PFK
The key regulatory and/ or control enzyme in anerobic glycolysis is:
PFK
Which of these foods has the lowest glycemic index?
Peanuts
Which of the following is an example of a wheel-axle machine in the musculoskeletal system?
Pectoralis major internally rotating the humerus
Which of the following is MOST important to achieve the ideal performance state?
Personal control
The initiaition of all exercise is supported by the ____ energy system
Phosphagen
Which of the following energy systems produces ATP at the quickest rate?
Phosphagen
Two athletes are competing in upcoming competitions, a weightlifting meet and a maraton. Which energy systems will each be primarily using, respectively?
Phosphagen and oxidative
For a high school American football team, if any player squats two times his body weight, his name is placed on the wall. This is an example of
Positive reinforcement
A weightlifter adds 30 minutes of intense (>75% VO2 max) stationary bicycle riding every other day to her resistance training program. Which of the following describes the GREATEST effect this addition will have on her performance?
Power gains will be compromised
In teaching the push pres, which of the following is an example of segmentation with pure-part training integration?
Practice the dip,the drive, and the catch indepedently before practicing the entire push press
Which of the following is characteristic of anorexia nervosa?
Preoccupation with food
Which of the following is characteristic of anorexia nervousa?
Preoccupation with food
Which of the following is a macronutrient?
Protein
Which of the folowing is a macronutrient?
Protein
Which of the following is defined as " the average daily nutrient requirement adequate for meeting the needs of most healthy people within each life stage and sex"?
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Neural control affects the maximal force output of a muscle by determining which and how many motor units are involved in a muscle contraction and the rate at which the motor units are fired. These two factors are known as what, respectively?
Recruitment ; rate coding
Which articulation is characterized by being immovable and bound tightly by fibrous tissue?
Synarthrosis
Which of the following describes the knee joint?
Synovial
What is the formula for thecalculation of torque?
T = F * d
True or False? Enzymes are chemicals that primarily control the RATE of metabolic chemical reactions withou changing the structure of the enzyme itself
True
True or False? Enzymes are important catalysts for biochemical reactions because they lower the energy of activation
True
True or False? Equilibrium is that of a state of a system which is not changing speed or direction
True
True or False? Fartlek training refers to loosely structured training generally performed on cross country trails
True
True or False? Fatty acids stored in fat cells provide the greatest amount of stored energy and are utilized during low- intensity exercise (i.e, 26.2- mile run)
True
True or False? NAD and FAD are electron carriers used in oxidative metabolism and must be present in sufficient quantities for aerobic metabolism to proceed at optimal levels
True
True or False? Rate-limiting enzymes in bioenergetic pathways play an integral role in controlling the rate ofenergy- eilding pathways
True
True or False? Steroid hormones can passively transport protein across the cell membrane.
True
True or False? Suboptimial consumption of certain vitamins and minerals may predispose one to a number of diseases
True
True or False? The activity of the Golgi tendon organ is invovled in the inverse myotic reflex
True
True or False? The activity of the golgi tendon organ is involved in the inverse myotic reflex
True
True or False? The autocrine method of transport hormones means that the compound remains in the cell to influence the activity of the cell in some manner
True
True or False? The autocrine method of transporting hormones means that the compound remains in the cell to influence the activity of the cell in some manner
True
True or False? The basic functional unit of the neuromuscular system is the motor unit
True
True or False? The cell membrane of the muscle fiber is known as the sarcolemma
True
True or False? The cell membrane of the muscular fiber is known as the sarcolemma
True
True or False? The chemical reactions of the glycolytic system occur in the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell
True
True or False? The hormonal response to exercise is normally intensity- dependent
True
True or False? The muscle spindle arranged parallel to the extrafusal fibers
True
True or False? The muscle spindle is arranged parallel to the extrafusal fibers
True
True or False? The muscle spindle is arranged parallel to the extrafussal fibers.
True
True or False? The position of the gravity line relative to the edge of the base will determine how stable the object in that direction
True
True or False? The sinoatrial node is also known as the pacemaker of the heart
True
True or False? Theoretically, individuals with a higher percentage of type I muscle fibers will perform better at endurance tasks
True
True or False? To optimize the adaptive response to exercisee, it is highly recommended that all strength- power athletes consume a carbohydrate-protein postworkout beverage
True
True or False? Trabecular bone at the ends of long bones houses red marrow and decreases the weight of the skeletal system
True
True or False? Upper motor neurons have cell bodies that are located in the brain
True
True or False? Variable resistance devices were developed to overcome the problem of the "sticking point" limiting the weight that could be lifted
True
True or False? Vertebral bodies are specifically engineered to bear the summed weight of the body superior to them.
True
True or False? When classified by structure, there are three types of hormones
True
True or false, Amine Hormone are synthesized from tyrosine or tryptophan
True
Which of the following muscle fiber types is the MOST beneficial for a marathon runner?
Type I
Which of the following best describes fartlek training?
loosely structured training that alternates between fast, intense running and slower recovery jogs
Which of the folowing is a symptom specific to nonfunctional overreaching?
Decreased muscle glycogen
Which of the following is the definition of power?
(force) * (velocity)
Protein supplementation above that which is typically required for healthy adults may be useful in which of the following situations?
-Athletes training to increase lean muscle mass -Growing athletes -Athletes in contact sports
Carbohydrate storage in the muscles can be maximized by
-Eating a high-carbohydrate diet -Eating foods high in carbohydrates within 2 hours of strenuous exercise -Drinking a carbohydrate beverage during long-term exercise
During a free weights exercise, muscle force varies with which of the following?
-Perpendicular distance from the weight to the body joint -Movement acceleration
What is the RDA (recommended dietary allowance) for dietary protein in sedentary individuals?
0.8 g of protein per kilogram of mass
Which of the following would be an appropriate interval duration to enhance one's ability to store and use glycogen in the absence of oxygen?
1 minute
The minimum recommended intake of protein for athletes is ____ g/kg of body weight
1.0
The minimum recommended intake of protien for athletes is ____ g/kg of body weight
1.0
After a 2-hour outdoor training session, an athlete lost 3 pounds (1.4 kg). How much fluid should this athlete consume to return to a more ideal hydration state?
1.5 L (50 ounces)
At what percentage of a muscle's resting length is the muscle able to produce the greatest contractile tension?
100%
An athlete in the weight room is performing the barbell bench press. If he moves a mass of 75kg with an acceleration of 2 m/s2, what force is he exerting?
150 N
How many ATP molecules are generated from one molecule of glucose in glycolysis?
2 ATP
If an athlete completes a maximum sprint interval in 10 seconds as part of an interval training workout, which of the following is a recommended length of the rest period before the next sprint?
2 minutes
A recommended resistance training program for a healthy 70-year- old should be
2 to 3 times per week, 8 to 12 reps per set
Obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) greater than
30
What type of resistance training workout promotes the highest growth hormone increases following the exercise session? a. 30 seconds High 3 b. 30 seconds Low 1 c. 3 minutes High 1 d. 3 minutes Low 3
30 seconds high 3
According to research, what percentage of an athlete's calories should come from fat?
30%
The oxidative system results in the production of approximately _____ ATP from the degradation of one molecule
36 to 38
Approximately how many net ATP are produced via the oxidative energy system from the metabolsim of one glucose molecule?
38
An athlete training for a marathon averages around 95 minutes of training a day at 75% of her VO2max. If she weighs 126 pounds (57 kg), what is her minimum recommended daily intake of carbohydrate?
456 g
During prolonged activity in hot weather, an athlete should consume a sport drink that meets which of the following guidelines?
5 - 10 % of carbohydrate
An athlete produced 840 watts of power in 0.6 seconds. How much work did this individual perform during the exercise?
504 J
On average, how many times per minute does the SA node discharge at rest?
60-80
What percentage of calories taken in is absorbed by the body?
90 % to 95 %
How much work is done in raising a 200- kg barbell mass a distance of 0.5 m?
980 J Calculation: 200kg * 9.8 * 0.5m
Excessive intake of which of the following vitamins can lead to liver damage, dizziness, and joint pain?
A
In which of the following athletes might you expect limited bone mineral density (BMD) levels as a consequence of the force vectors and the physical demands asociated with the given sport?
A 19 year old 800m freestyle swimmer with one year of dryland training
In a sarcomere, the myosin filaments are equal in length to the
A band
In sarcomere the myoin filamens are equal in length to the
A band
The highest lactic acid concentration in the muscle would be observed with
A maximal acitivty lasting 1 to 2 minutes
Which of the following energy substrates cannot be depleted during extreme intensities or durations?
ATP
Which of the following is the ultimate source of energy for muscular contraction?
ATP
Which of the following reactions is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis (i.e., the decrease in intramuscular pH during high- intensity, fatiguing exercise)?
ATP --> ADP + Pi +H+
Which of the following substances acts at the neuromuscular junction to excite the muscle fibers of a motor unit?
Acetychholine
An athlete's desire to perform to his or her potential is an example of
Achievement motivation
To which of the following structures do the cross- bridges attach during muscle action?
Actin
Cortisol is released by which tissue?
Adrenal cortex
The pathway of nerve impulses from the periphery to the central nervous system contains
Afferent neurons
what hormone(s) is/are responsible for fluid regulation within the body?
Aldesterone and Antidiuretic hormone
What hormone(s) is/ are responsible for fluid regulation within the body?
Aldosterone and Antidiuretic hormone
What hormone(s) is/are responsible for fluid regulation within the body?
Aldosterone and Antiduretic hormone
Which of the following does NOT affect the stability of a body?
All of the options affect the stability of a body - Mass of the body - Distance between line of gravity and the edge of the base - Size of the base support
Peptide hormones consits of
Amino Acids
Polypeptide hormones are made of chains of which of the following substances? a. polypeptides b. secondary messengers c. amino acids d. mRNA
Amino acids
Proteins are composed of
Amino acids
An athlete just completed a resistance training workout. All of the following are factors that influence the magnitude of the postworkout hormonal response EXCEPT a. amount of effort the athlete gave during the workout b. quantity of muscle tissue stimulated by the workout c. degree of connective tissue repair needed after the workout d. extent of structural remodeling the athlete's body requires from the workout
Amount of effort the athlete gave during the workout
The recommended resistance training regime for an adolescent should include
An emphasis on proper form
Weight gain should be accomplished in athletes by combing
An increase calorie nutritional diet combined with resistance exercise
If the stress of a training session is too great, which of the following is true? a. anabolic reactions = catabolic reactions in the muscle b. anabolic reactions < catabolic reactions in the muscle c. anabolic reactions > catabolic reactions in the whole body d. anabolic reactions > catabolic reactions in the muscle
Anabolic reactions < catabolic reactions in the muscle
Activation of ______ results in the production of lactic acid
Anerobic (fast) glycolysis
Joint laxity, skill level, limb alignment, and neuromuscular deficiency are all thought to be factors in the occurrence of what common injury?
Anterior cruciate ligament tear
Which of the following are the two main divisions of the skeletal system?
Appendicular and Axial
An ______ strength curve is one in which the force capability increases from the start to the end of the concentric phase
Ascending
During off season training for aerobic endurance the longest duration session of the week should fall?
At the end of the week
Which of the following is a relaxation technique that has been shown to be useful in injured and older athletes?
Autogenic training
The mean arterial pressure is defined as the
Average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle
What joint comprises the ankle and wrist joints?
Biaxial
Which of the following muscles or muscle groups have a fusiform pennation?
Biceps brachii
As an athlete's body size increases, which of the following describes how body mass and musculature strength change?
Body mass increases more rapidly than muscular strength
To compare performances of Olympic weightlifters of different body weights. The classic formula divides the load lifted by the athlete's?
Body weight to the two- thirds power
Minimal essential strain is the minimal threshold stimulus needed to cause which of the following changes?
Bone formation
During muscle relaxation, cessation of the electrical impulse stops the release of ____ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calcium
During muscle relaxation, cessation of the electrical impulse stops the release of ____ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Calcium
During muscle relaxation, cessation of the electrical impulse stops the release of ______ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Calcium
Which of the following substances regulated muscle actions?
Calcium
Anaerobic metabolism utilizes primarily _____ as an energy substrate
Carbohydrate
The primary preferred substrate for energy for the body is
Carbohydrate
Which of the following substances can be metabolized anaerobically?
Carbohydrates
According to the recommendations of the food guide pyramid, what percentage of calories should come from carbohydrates,fats, and proteins, respectively?
Carbs 55-60% Proteins 12-15% Fat 30%
Maximal oxygen consumption is limited by
Cardiac output Pulmonary function Cellular metabolism
The most common cause of childhood disability is
Cerebral palsy
Chondrocytes deposit _______ in cortical bone
Collagen
Chondrocytes deposit ________ in corticle bone
Collagen
All of the following hormones use a second messenger to cause effects in the body EXCEPT a. norepinephrine b. serotonin c. cortisol d. insulin
Cortisol
Which steroid hormone typically increases the most in response to resistance exercise?
Cortisol
An increase in the strength of a contralateral, untrained limb is known as
Cross education
The process by which the myosin cross bridge swivels inward is released from actin molecules, stands back up, rebinds to the actin molecule and swivels again is called
Crossbridge recycling or crossbridge recharging
Another term for negative feedback is ____ regulation
Cybernetic
Another term for negative feedback is _____ regulation
Cybernetic
All of the following are functioning of growth hormone EXCEPT a. increase lipolysis b. decrease collagen synthesis c. increase amino acid transport d. decrease glucose utilization
Decrease collagen synthesis
The excess postexercise oxygen consumption experienced by atlhetes is caused by all of the following EXCEPT
Decrease in body temperature
Which of the following is NOT a result of sarcopenia?
Decrease in percent body fat
Sarcopenia is associated with all of the following changes due to advancing age EXCEPT
Decreased axial skeletal height
All of the following are benefits of resistance training in youth EXCEPT
Decreased insulin sensitivity
Which of the following protiens has an amino acid profile MOST similar to the body's needs?
Egg
The difference between end- diastolic volume and end- systolic volume is known as
Ejection fraction
The term ____ refers to a food that offers no nutritional value other than energy itself
Empty calories
When an eating disorder is suspected, the strength and conditioning professional should
Encourage further assessment by an eating disorder specialist
Which of the following types of body proportions is characterized by a rounder body with broader hips?
Endomorph
The female athlete triad is the interrelationship between what three factors?
Energy availability, menstrual function, bone mineral density
_____ is the relationship between energy ingested and energy expended
Energy balance
After a bout of resistance training, acute hormonal secretions provide all of the following information to the body EXCEPT a. amount of physiological stress b. metabolic demands of exercise c. type of physiological stress d. energy expended
Energy expended
Which of the following is not a benefit of performing repetitions?
Enhanced maximal oxygen consumption
Skeletal muscle can be subdivided into bundles of fibers called
Epimysium
The " fight or flight" response refers to the body's response to which hormone?
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
The "fight or flight" response refers to the body's response to which hormone?
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
The location of long- bone growth is called the
Epiphysis
The location of of long-bone growth is called the
Epiphysis
When males and females are compared relative to muscle cross-sectional area, it appears that the potential for force production is
Equal in males and females
When ATP is broken down within the muscle cells and energy is released from the chemical bonds, this process is an
Exergonic reaction
What is the arrangement of the fulcrum (F), effort (E) and resistance (R) forces in a third-class lever?
F,E,R
Hormone levels in the blood are very stable, with circulating levels remaining constant throughout the day and night
False
True or False? A body is balenced if its line of gravity falls outside its base of support
False
True or False? Anabolic reactions breakdown large molecules into smaller molecules
False
True or False? Antiduretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone work by the same mechanism
False
True or False? Carbohydrates are stored in the liver, skeletal muscle, and fatt cells. CHO stored in the liver is termed liver glycogen, CHO stored in the muscle is termed muscle glycogen, and CHO stored in fat cells is termed free fatty acids.
False
True or False? Dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) strength testing measures the maximal amount of torque that can be produced at all points in
False
True or False? Hormone levels in the blood are very stable, with circulating levels remaining constant throughout the day and night
False
True or False? Humans experience hormonal variations based on the time of year (seasonal variation)
False
True or False? Interval training is also known as long, slow distance training and over distance training
False
True or False? Lactic acid is a hormone that increases circulating concentrations due to high-intensity exercise
False
Following prolonged of detraining in elite strength/power athletes. Which of the following physical characteristics will likely show the largest reduction as a consequence of the removal of an anaerobic training stimulus?
Fast-twitch fiber cross-sectional area
Two indivudals of the same body mass are lifting weights. Assuming all other factors to be equal, the person with tendons inserted on the bone ______ the joint center should be able to lift _______ weight
Father from; a heavier
Which of the following describes Type I muscle fibers?
Fatigue resistant with high aerobic energy supply
An athlete is performing a concentric isokenetic elbow flexsion and extension exercise. Which of the following types of levers occur at the elbow during this exercise?
First- class and Third- class
The sternum is classified as a ______ bone
Flat
Prior to performing the long jump, an athlete reviews and concentrates on the technique required to jump as far as possible. Which of the following stratergies is the athlete using to prepare for the jump?
Focus on task- relevant cues
Which of the following is the resistive force encountered when one attempts to move an obkect while it is pressed against another object?
Friction
A 50-year-old female triathlete is concerned about osteoporosis. Which of the following exercises is the MOST beneficial for improving her bone mineral density?
Front squat
An athlete has spent the last four resistance training sessions overworking his body. He is hoping to see a substantial increase in performance after a week of active rest. Which of the following describes his current condition?
Functional overreaching
Which of the following substances can be metabolized anaerobically?
Glucose
What does the symbol "g" represent?
Gravitational acceleration
The force produced because of the enormous size of the planet Earth attracting all objects around it is called _____
Gravity
Which of the following hormone levels is higher in women in men at rest?
Growth hormone
Which of the following hormones enhance muscle tissue growth?
Growth hormone and IGF-I
Some of the highest bone mineral densities have been seen in which of the following types of athletes?
Gymnasts
During the closing seconds of a basketball game, an athlete's team is down by one point and he has been awarded two free throw shots. The player is apprenhensive about the outcome of the game. Which of the following best describes the athlete's situation?
He is experiencing state anxiety
Glycolsis is stimulated by
High concentration of ADP,P, and ammonia A slight decrease in pH AMP
An anerobic endurance athletes is trying to give himself a competivitie edge over his opponents. To improve his lactate threshold,what type of training should he engage in, and in what direction would this shift his threshold?
High intensity; shifts to the right
A high serum level of which of the following substances is protective against heart disease?
High- density lipoproteins (HDL)
When one examines the effects of a resistance training program via peripheral blood hormone levels, which of the following is false? a. Higher blood hormone levels do not indicate higher receptor interaction probability. b. Higher blood hormone levels do not indicate the status of receptor populations. c. Increases in circulatory concentrations mean an increase in hormone release if plasma volume stays constant. d. Increases in peripheral hormones must be bound to a receptor in order to be realized.
Higher blood hormone levels do not indicate higher receptor interaction probability
Primary training adaptations of elite aerobically training athletes include which of the following?
Increased maximal oxygen uptake Decreased blood lactate concentration Increased running economy
Aldosterone is a key hormone in the regulation of _____
Hydration status
Training machines that use the resitance produced when fluid is forced through small aperture are called ____ machines
Hydraulic
Chronic training invovling the fast glycolytic energy system results in improved buffering of which of the following substances?
Hydrogen ions
An increase in cell number due to cell division is known as ____
Hyperplasia
All of the following are likely outcomes of preadolescent resistance training EXCEPT increased
Hypertrophy
_______ refers to an increase in cell size without an increase in cell membrane
Hypertrophy
A 17 year old high school cross country runner has been training aerobically for six months in preparation for the upcoming season. Which of the following adaptations will occur in the muscles during that time?
Hypertrophy of Type I fibers
Which of the following conditions is defined as having diluted blood sodium levels (<130 mmol/L)?
Hyponatremia
What tissues of the body sense levels of circulating testosterone and regulate its production?
Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
When one is performing a box-to-box plyometric drop jump, in order to generate sufficient force in a limited amount of time (<200 ms), which muscle fibers are bypassed through the principle of selective recruitment?
I
Which of the following substances is an important biomaker for health and performance? I. growth hormone II. cortisolIII. IGF-I IV. progesterone a. I and III only b. II and IV only c. I, II, and III only d. II, III, and IV only
IGF superfamily
Which of the following substances is an important biomarker for health and performance? a. cortisol superfamily b. IGF superfamily c. sex hormone-binding globulins d. catecholamines
IGF superfamily
THe most likely transformation of muscle fiber type as a result of resistance training is
IIB to IIA
Which of the following muscle fiber types has the GREATEST potential to when training in a specific way, CHANGE into a more aerobic or oxidative form?
IIx
Which of the following describes how the indivdual zones of optimal functioning theory differs from the inverted-U theory?
Ideal performance does not always occur at the midpoint of the arousal continuum
An 8 year old dramatically increased his upper body strength after following a six month resistance training program. Which of the following is MOST likely responsible for this gain?
Improved neuromuscular functioning
Following resistance training, augmented neural drive to the working musculature is the result of?
Increased agonist muscle recruitment Muscle hypertrophy Greater synchronization
Following resistance training, argumented neural driv eto the working musculature is the result of
Increased agonist muscle recruitment Muscle hypertrophy Greater synchronization
As an adaptation to resistance training, which of the following is a beneficial change in pennated muscles?
Increased fascicle length
As an adaptation to anaerobic training, which of the following is the benefit of the myotatic reflex harnessing the involuntary elastic properties of muscle?
Increased force production
Which of the following is a physiological role of growth hormone and its superfamily? a. decreased protein synthesis b. decreased lipolysis c. increased glycogen synthesis d. increased immune cell function
Increased immune cell function
An increase in the electromyographic (EMG) signal following strength training may be due to
Increased motor-unit recruitment Increased motor-unit firing rate Increased motor-unit synchronization
Which of the following is the MOST significant adaptation to chronic resistance training for an older adult?
Increased muscle mass
Which of the following BEST explains the need for increased protien intake by athletes?
Increased need for tissue repair
Which of the following BEST explains the requirement for increased protien intake by athletes?
Increased need for tissue repair
Which of the following are primarily neural adaptations to anerobic training?
Increased neural drive and reductions in inhibitory mechanics
Which of the following are primary neural adaptations to anerobic training?
Increased neural drive and reductions in inhibitory mechanisms
Which of the following is an adaptation in tendons from high intensity anerobic training?
Increased packing density of collagen fibrils
Which of the following is an early adaptation to acclimatizing to high altitude?
Increased resting cardiac output
Which of the following is not typically a result of resistance exercise on cardiovascular risk factors?
Increased resting systolic blood pressure
Which of the following is not typically a result of resistance exercises on cardiovascular risk factors?
Increased resting systolic blood pressure
Stroke victims engaging in structured progressive resistance programs experience which of the following physiological adaptations?
Increases in cardiovascular and respiratory efficiency Increases in motor function Improved performance of ADL's
This hormone decreases during aerobic exercise
Insulin
The energy system used for physical activity depends PRIMARILY on the exercise
Intensity
______ training allows for a significant quantity of normally exhaustive exercise to be performed
Interval
Which of the following is a major advantage of interval training in endurance athletes?
Interval training allows the athlete to train at higher total workload
_____ feedback is provided to the athlete by the athlete from the senses, while ____ feedback is provided to the athlete by an observer or other external source
Intrinsic, augmented
A deficiency in which of the following nutrients is the most prevalent nutrition deficiency worldwide and can cause weakness, fatigue, and decreased exercise capacity?
Iron
The following is the most likely contributor to fatigue and poor performance
Iron deficiency
The vertebrae are an example of which type of bone?
Irregular
Which of the following is a branched- chain amino acid?
Isoleucrine
During a(n) ____ muscle action, tension is produced without movement at the joint or shortening of the muscle fibers
Isometric
Which of the following is a benefit of interval training?
It can improve anaerobic metabolism It can enhance maximal oxygen consumption
How does an athlete's optimal level of arousal change with limited skill and ability to perform the activity?
It decreases
Which of the following BEST describes dietary fat consumption?
Its restriction can be harmful to health and performance
Source of Kreb cycle intermediates include all of the following EXCEPT
Ketone bodies
A coach informs the team running a 40-yard (37 m) sprint that she would like everyone to complete the first trial in under 4.8 seconds. This coach is providing what kind of feedback to her athletes?
Knowledge of results
Eighty- five to ninety percent of all intervertebral disk herniations occur at what two locations?
L4-L5 and L5-S1
Which of the following are the MOST effective stimulants of growth hormone production from a resistance training workout?
Large muscle mass exercise and High intensity and volume
An eccentric muscle contraction is one in which the muscles ____ while developing tension
Lengthen
Which of the following protein sources does not contain all essential amino acids in appreciable quantities?
Lentils
Most endurance programs focus on what type of training during the off season?
Long, slow distance
When utilizing repetition training, it should be followed by what type of training?
Long, slow distance training
As boys grow, they become taller and gain body mass. During this time, muscle changes as well, first in _______________ and second in _______________.
Mass; high- level force production
Long, slow distance training is designed to increase an athlete's
Maximal oxygen consumption
The maximum rate that an individual can consume oxygen is
Maximal oxygen consumption
________ refers to the maximum rate at which an individual can consume oxygen
Maximal oxygen consumption
The golgi tendon organ
May have a protective function during movement
Which of the following should be evaluated FIRST when one is designing a training program for a 68 year old competitive female
Medical history
During high- intensity exercises, athletes often experience peripheral fatigue. Which of the following is believed to be the reason for this type of fatigue?
Metabolic acidosis
THe krebs cycle occurs in which portion of the cell?
Mitochondria
Which of the following is not part of the conduction system in the heart?
Mitral valve
A reflex that involves only one synapse in the spinal cord is called a(n)
Monosynaptic reflex
Which of the following performance or physiological characteristics is NOT usuallyobserved in a state of nonfunctional over reaching (NFOR) within athlete populations
Mood disturbances and depression
A coach informs his athletes that at the beginning of the competitive season he will be testing the back squat 1RM on all athletes and he hopes to see at least a 5% improvement for each team member. Shelby is excited by this new goal and the chance to evaluate her abilities. She likely is experiencing what type of motivation?
Motive to achieve success
A motor unit consists of a ____ and all the muscle fibers that it innervates
Motor nerve (or neuron)
When throwing a baseball, an athlete's arm is rapidly stretched just prior to throwing the ball. Which of the following structures detects and responds to that stretch by reflexively increasing muscle activity?
Muscle spindles
Which of the following kinesthetic receptors facilitates muscle contraction in response to stretch?
Muscle spindles
The INITIAL decrease in muscular strength caused by detraining is due to undesired changes in which of the following system?
Nervous
Which of the following is the primary mechanism leading to strength gains in preadolescents?
Neural factors (motor unit activation and synchronization)
What aare the units of measurement of force?
Newtons
Autonomic dysreflexia in persons with SCI is usually caused by
Noxious stimuli below the level of injury
What is the term for the amount of nutrients (carbohydrate,protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals) per unit of energy in a given food?
Nutrient density
______ is the specific time at which you consume certain nutrients to enhance the adaptive response to exercise
Nutrient timing
In remodeling, which type lays down new matrix?
Osteoclasts
The condition characterized by a bone mineral density more than 2.5 SD below the younger adult mean is called
Osteoporosis
Winning is typically the primary focus of what type of goal?
Outcome goal
What are the risks of increasing training volume by too much too quickly?
Overuse injuries Burnout Not promoting maximal physiological development
During a 6.2- mile run (10k), the predominant energy system activated is ____; however, at the end of the race, when the runner is sprinting to the finish line, _____ is the predominant energy system
Oxidative phosphorylation, PCR glycolysis
During a 6.2-mile run (10K), the predominant energy system activated is ____; however, at the end of the race, when the runner is sprinting to the finish line, ______ is the predominant energy system
Oxidative phosphorylation, PCR glycolysis
Following a period of chronic high-intensity resistance training, a variety of physiological adaptations take place in a number of systems within the body that promote improved athletic performance in strength/power activities. If an elite athlete were to undergo 12 weeks of heavy strength training, which of the following adaptations would not be expected consequent to this type of anaerobic exercise?
Reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule destiny
List the benefits of resistance training for distance athletes?
Reduction of muscular imbalances Prevention of overuse injuries Faster recovery from injuries
______ are a more intense version of interval training
Repetitions
Which of the following is a recommendation for lowering undesirable high levels of blood lipds?
Replace saturated fatty acids with monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids
Which of the following occurs during the QRS complex of a typical ECG?
Repolarization of the atrium and depolarization of the ventricle
Which of the following is the order of the phases of muscle contraction?
Resting,excitation - contraction coupling, contraction, recharge, relaxation
Which of the following describes the flow of blood?
Right atrium,right ventricle,lungs, left atrium,left ventricle, body
From which of the following is the heart's electrical impulse normally initiated?
SA node
A vertical jump invovles knee,hip, and shoulder movement primarily in which of the following anatomical plane?
Saggital
Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right sections?
Sagittal
both lordosis and kyphosis occur primarily in which plane?
Sagittal
Which of the following is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle?
Sarcomere
From ages 20 to 80, a person will experience a loss in the number of muscle fibers, this is known as?
Sarcopenia
The fluid part of the muscle cell, which corresponds to the cytoplasm of other cells, is known as the ______
Sarcoplasm
Athletes and the general population should limit what type of fat?
Saturated fat
An Olympic weightlifter attempting a personal record is able to ignore the audience to concentrate solely on her performance. Which of the following abilities is this athlete most likely using to perform the exercise?
Selective attention
The predominant energy system used during a training session depends primarily on the
Session intensity
All of the following are considered to be advantages when using weight-stack machines EXCEPT?
Simulates real-life activites
Recruiting generally follows the ___ in which increasingly forceful contractions are achieved by the recruitment of progressively larger motor units
Size principle
Recruitment generally follows the _____, in which increasingly forceful contractions are achieved by the recruitment of progressively larger motor units
Size principle
A strength and conditioning professional is training two 16-year-old males; one has developed facial hair and a deepened voice, while the other has not. Which of the following is the most effective indicator of their physical maturation level?
Skeletal age
According to Hull's drive theory, which of the following factors affect an athlete's level of arousal and, consequently, the athlete's performance?
Skill level, task complexity
The division of the nervous system concerned with control of skeletal muscle contractions is called the
Somatic nervous system
Maintaining adequate glycogen stores
Spares the use of protien for energy
Which of the following terms is unrelated to long, slow distance training?
Sprint/ interval training
____ anxiety is the actual experience of apprehension and uncontrolled arousal and ___ anxiety is a personality characteristic, which represents a latent disposition to perceive situations as threatening
State, trait
Which type of endocrine hormones can travel throgh the cell membrane?
Steroids
Which types of endocrine hormones can travel through the cell membrane?
Steroids
The point at which the stregnth curve and resistance curve converge is called the _____________
Sticking point
In biomechanics, what does the nomenclature SSC stand for?
Stretch- shortening cycle
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each beat is the
Stroke volume
Which of the following is a type of carbohydrate?
Sugar Starch Cellulose
The pelvis is located ________ to the patella
Superior
The chronotropic effect is caused by stimulation of the ____ nervous system and causes the heart rate to ______
Sympathetic and increase
The following factor(s) influence enzyme activity:
Teperature, pH, and increase H+
Serum levels of which of the following hormones will increase as a result of performing a resistance training workout that involves large muscle group exercises with loads 85-95% of 1RM and 30- to- 60-seconds rest periods in athletes with two or more years of resistance training experience? a. testosterone b. insulin c. growth hormone d. thyroid hormone
Testosterone
Which of the following hormones has the greatest influence on neural changes? a. growth hormone b. testosterone c. cortisol d. IGF
Testosterone
Two important hormones involved with neuromuscular adaptations to resistance exercise are ____ and ____
Testosterone and growth hormone
Which of the following have been observed in men in elevated concentrations up to 30 minutes after a resistance training workout?
Testosterone,cortisol and growth hormone
The law of mass action states which of the following?
The concentration of reactants or products will drive the direction of the reactions
____ indicates how rapidily and how long a specific carbohydrate increases blood glucose
The glycemic index
Learning a new gymnastic move primarily involves
The motor cortex
Learning a new gymnastic move primarily invovles
The motor cortex
Hypertrophy occurs to an increase in
The numbe rof myofibrils
Momentum can be best defined as
The quantity of motion of an object
Bone density decreases with age begining in which decade of life?
Third
Bone density decreases with age beginning in which decade of life?
Third
Which class of lever is the biceps muscle flexing the elbow joint against resistance applied to the hand?
Third class
The newton. meter (N.m) is the SI unit for what mechaincal quantity?
Torque
_____ are artifical fats created when polyunsaturdated vegtable oils (high in omega-6 fatty acids) are combined with hydrogen molecules to increase shelf life and stablize the polyunsaturated oil
Trans fat
An athlete is used to performing high-intensity (90% VO2max) aerobic exercise; however, she will now be changing to longer-duration, submaximal exercise on a regular basis. This change in training strategy will typically result in what changes concerning energy supply?
Transition from almost exclsively carbohydrate to mostly fat
Which of the following is not one of the main types of dietary fatty acids?
Triglycerides fatty acids
For a hormone to be secreted by its endocrine gland, the gland must typically recieve a signal from
Trophic hormone
For a hormone to be secreted by its endocrine gland, the gland must typically receive a signal form
Trophic hormones
For a hormone to be secreted by its endocrine gland, the gland must typically receive a signal from
Trophic hormones
Strength gains during the first several weeks of training are generally attributed to neural adaptations
True
True or False? A decrease in pH inhibits PFK; therefore it decreases the rate of anaerobic glycolysis
True
True or False? According to the power velocity relationship, the greatest mechanical power output is produced when the muscle is shortening at a velcoity that is 30% of maximum?
True
True or False? Activation of anaerobic (fast) glycolysis results in the production of lactic acid
True
True or False? Bone mineral density is an indicator of long- term bone 9skeletal) health. It is generally accepted that those who achieve good bone mineral density are less at risk for having an osteoporotic fracture later in life.
True
True or False? Contraction of a muscle causes the Golgi tendon organ to discharge
True
True or False? Dendrites recieve impulses and conduct them to the cell body
True
True or False? During high- intensity exercise, lactate production is greater than lactate removal and contributes to the observed lactate threshold (LT) observed on graph paper?
True
True or False? During high-intensity exercise, an increase in ADP concentration in the muscle cell stimulates the rate- limiting enzyme PFK
True
True or False? During high-intensity exercise, the pH decreases in the muscle cell, thus contributing to the onset of muscular fatigue
True
True or False? Eating the right kinds of dietary fat can improve body composition by promoting fat loss
True
All of the following are adaptations of the endocrine system to resistance training EXCEPT? a. amount of hormone synthesis b. time needed for hormone clearance through the liver c. number of receptors in muscle tissue d. type of hormones released
Type of hormones released
Which of the following has the GREATEST influence on an athlete's dietary carbohydrate requirement?
Type,duration, and frequency of exercise
Based on the endocrine responses to resistance exercise, if muscle hypertrophy is desired, what acute training variables of resistance exercise are most responsible?
Use of large-muscle-mass exercises with adequate volume and use of short rest intervals
Which of the following is generally discouraged in older adults, due to the sudden rise in blood pressure it can create?
Valslva maneuver
When comparing males and females, which of the following is true regarding strength and power capabilities?
When strength is expressed relative to muscle cross-sectional area, no significant difference exists between sexes
What are the five main primary methods of incorperating a ractice structure and schedule into an athlete's program?
Whole, part, random, variable, observation
Which of the following is not a variable that can be manipulated during interval training?
Work: rest ratio
a substrate fits into its enzyme just like a key fits a lock hormone fits a specific receptor
lock and key theory
The frictional force created between two contacting surfaces tending to slide past each other dependent on the
both the force pressing the two surfaces together and the nature of the two surfaces in contact
Another term for negative feedback is _____ regulation
cybernetic
When binding proteins are involved, the total hormone concentration includes the _____ and _____ concentrations of the hormone
free, bound
The ability to use ____ efficiently can have a huge impact on endurance performance
fuel
Chemical messengers that we synthesize, store, and release in the blood from our endocrine glands and other specific cells? a. Blood b. Hormones c. collagen
hormones
Deconditioned female college athletes who participate in sports such as basketball and soccer appear to be at increased risk for developing injuries to the
knee
All of the following are characteristics of the creatine phosphate bioenergetic system EXCEPT?
one PCr= three ATP
Growth Hormone is secreted in the? a. pituitary gland b. adrenal gland c. liver
pituitary gland