Assessment of the Musculoskeletal System

thyroxine

increases the rate of protein synthesis in all types of tissue, including bone

diarthrodial

joints that are freely movable

synarthrodial

joints that are immovable

amphiarthrodial

joints that are slightly movable

ESR

lab that is used to measure the speed with which RBCs settle in a tube of anticoagulant blood to mark the presence of non-specific inflammation

CPK

lab that rises after muscular injury in about 2 to 4 hours, or in muscular dystrophy

Vitamin D

promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the small intestine

glucocorticoids

regulate protein metabolism and aid in regulating intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption

estrogens

stimulates osteoblastic activity and inhibits parathyroid hormone

calcium

the most common mineral in the human body; about 99% of it is found in the bones and teeth

phosphorus

works closely together with calcium to build strong bones and teeth

insulin

works together with growth hormone to build and maintain healthy bone tissue

growth hormone

hormone responsible for increasing bone length

What lab is increased with metabolic bone disease and bone cancer, infection, raised in proportion to osteoblastic activity, and increased with liver damage?

ALP (alkaline phosphate)

parathyroid

If calcium in blood is lowered, this hormone stimulates bone to promote osteoclastic activity and release calcium into the blood, thus raising calcium levels

calcitonin

If serum calcium levels are increase above normal, this hormone will decrease them by inhibiting bone reabsorption and increasing renal excretion of calcium and phosphorus

Diagnostic tests for assessing musculoskeletal system

MRI, CT scan, ultrasound, XR, bone scan

Functions of the Musculoskeletal System

Protection Support Produces RBCs and WBCs Store calcium and minerals

CRP

Specific indicator of inflammation

androgens

can cause anabolism and increased bone mass