Assignment (Ch. 15) Micro

Vaccinia virus is often used in the technique to make

"Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine

. In a subunit vaccine, the subunit must come from the outer surface of the pathogen.

False

Cytotoxic T-cells directly kill the viruses found inside of infected cells.

False

CD4

Helper T cells

The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is

IgA

secretory antibody on mucous membranes

IgA

The immunoglobulin/s found on the surface of B-cells is/are

IgD

receptor on B cells for antigen recognition

IgD

antibody of allergy and worm infections

IgE

In the secondary response to an antigen, the predominant antibody is

IgG

long-term immunity; memory antibodies; neutralizes toxins and viruses

IgG

produced at first response to antigen and can serve as B-cell receptor

IgM

Which immunoglobulin class/es can fix complement?

IgM and IgG

Plasma cells

secrete antibodies

High titers of specific antibodies are components of

specific immune globulin (SIG)

Superantigens are produced by

Staphylococcus aureus in toxic shock syndrome.

mature in the thymus

T cells

bacterial proteins that are potent stimuli for T-cells

superantigen

Which cells' direct involvement are required for cell-mediated immunity?

T-Cells

Which kind of T-cell synthesizes perforins and granzymes to destroy viral infected cells, and cancer cells?

Tc

In creating a recombinant vaccine, a gene for an antigen can be spliced into a plasmid. What happens next?

The plasmid is placed into a host cell, such as yeast and the yeast will produce large quantities of the antigen

A helper T-cell must be activated before it can stimulate a B cell to produce antibody.

True

An attenuated vaccine usually provides better immunity than a killed or inactivated one.

True

Both antigen-presenting cells and B cells have Class II MHC receptors on their surface

True

Self-proteins of infected cells are not recognized by cytotoxic T-cells.

True

Which of the following statements about the molecular structure of antigens is correct?

they are made up of many antigenic determinants (epitopes)

Which of the following statements about the interaction of superantigens with T-cells is correct?

they bind without antigen specifically to the outer portion of T helper cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs)

All of the following are advantages of attenuated vaccines over inactivated vaccines except

they can be transmitted to other people

All of the following are advantages of attenuated vaccines over inactivated vaccines except

they confer longer lasting protection

The major histocompatability complex is

a set of genes that code for MHC cell receptors

occurs when an individual receives an immune stimulus that activates specific lymphocytes, causing an immune response such as production of antibodies

active immunity

Which of the following is a distinct advantage of active immunity over passive immunity?

active immunity enables the development of immunologic memory, whereas no memory develops with passive immunity

In _____________ immunity, an individual makes their own antibodies in response to antigen exposure, whereas in _____________ immunity, an individual receives antibodies made by another individual(s).

active; passive

Which of the following is a special binding substance that enhances immugenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site?

adjuvant

Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?

agglutination

antigen specific receptor

all T-cells

evoke allergic reactions

allergens

cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species but not in others

alloantigen

foreign cells bear molecules that are recognized by B cells or engulfed by dendritic cells or macrophages

antigen contact

required for activation of T-cells

antigen presentation

Newer strategies for vaccine preparation include

antigen synthesis recumbent DNA technology gene cloning

Helper T-cells interact with target cells by recognizing

antigen-MHC protein complexes

lymphocytes arise from the same stem cells but differentiate into two distinct cell types

antigen-independent development

A helper T-cell becomes activated by a(n) _______.

antigen-presenting cell

Molecules that can stimulate a response by T and B cells are called _________.

antigens

Please choose the term that describes a type of adaptive immunity occurring when a child gets the chickenpox vaccine.

artificial active immunity

protection from infection obtained through medical procedures

artificial immunity

Sam works in construction and stepped on a sharp nail. He can't remember the last time he had a tetanus shot. What type of immunity is the most important for him to receive?

artificial passive immunity

Which of the immunizations would carry the greatest risk for immunocompromised patients?

attenuated vaccines

molecules that escaped lymphocyte differentiation during which immune tolerance to self tissue developed

autoantigen

Superantigens are

bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens

migrate to secondary lymphoid organs/tissues

both T and B cells

Herceptin is an example of a monoclonal antibody-based drug for

breast cancer

involves helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells

cell-meditated immunity

An example of artificial active immunity would be

chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox.

Antitoxins

contain antibodies to neutralize specific toxin

Toxoids

contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules

Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines

contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses.

Helper T-cells secrete ________ to stimulate the proliferation of B cells

cytokines

Which of the following cells destroys a target foreign cell by lysis?

cytotoxic T-cell

CD8

cytotoxic T-cells

Please select the goals for designing effective vaccines to test your understanding of factors that are involved in vaccine development.

does not require numerous doses or boosters has a low level of adverse side effects or toxicity achieves long-term, lasting effects inexpensive to produce

Please choose the answer that best fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. A molecular fragment of an antigen that serves as the primary signal that the molecule is foreign is called a(n) ______, whereas a small foreign molecule that can only elicit an immune response when linked to another larger molecule is called a(n) ________.

epitope; hapten

Please select all of the functions of immune receptors to test your understanding.

to perceive and attach to non-self or foreign antigens

The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is

gig

Which type of cell is severely depressed in AIDS patients?

helper T-cells

Vaccination is an effective method of establishing ____________,which makes it less likely that an unvaccinated member of the population will encounter the infectious agent.

herd immunity

involves production of antibodies by plasma cells

humoral immunity

Passive immunization, in which a person is given antibodies, is a type of _________.

immunotherapy

During presentation of APC-bound antigen, macrophages secrete a cytokine that activates T helper cells. What is the name of this cytokine?

interleukin-1

produced by the APC to activate the helper T-cell

interleukin-1

produced by the helper T-cell to stimulate a general increase in activity of committed B and T-cells

interleukin-2

All of the following may be targeted by TC cells, except

invading bacterial cells Maybe?

All of the following are characteristics of IgM, except

it is a dimer

All of the following characterize the secondary response to an antigen except

it is mostly IgM antibodies that are produced

Properties of effective antigens include all the following, except

large polymers made up of identical repeating subunits

Proteins generally are T-cell dependent antigens

true

Cytotoxic T-cells recognize ___.

viral antigens and Class I MHC

Which sequence of events is correct for a specific immune response?

lymphocyte development, presentation of antigens, B-cell challenge, antibody production

Which of the following are antigen-presenting cells?

macrophages and B cells

Reliable vaccines exist for all of the following diseases except

malaria

Which part of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that fold into a groove that will interact directly with and bind to a specific antigen?

? guessed FAB ends

B cells differentiate into plasma cells and _______.

memory cells

any immunity that is acquired during any normal biological experiences of an individual but not through medical intervention

natural immunity

Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions

ALL ANSWERS are the result of genetic expression function in recognition of self molecules participate in communication with other cells of the system aid in cellular development

Lymphocytes

ALL ANSWERS possess MHC antigens for recognizing self have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self develop into clones of B and T-cells with extreme variations of specificity

Possible symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include

ALL choices fever diarrhea nausea and vomiting shock

Which of the following statements is true about tissue transplants?

ALL of the answers the compatibility of MHC proteins of donor and recipient will determine the success of the transplant the compatibility of MHC proteins of donor and recipient will be high if they are genetically closely related testing for MHC compatibility and other antigens in donor determines possible graft rejection by the recipient

T-cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires

ALL the answers typically a protein antigen binding of T-cell to a Class II MHC receptor on an antigen-presenting cell binding of T-cell to a site on the antigen interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell

are fully activated at birth

neither T cells nor B cells

Which of the following conditions have been conclusively proven to be linked to childhood vaccinations?

none of these choices are correct

An antigen-presenting cell presents antigen to a helper T-cell _______.

on its surface using a Class II MHC

An individual antibody is made against

one epitope on the bacterial cell

The coating of pathogens by antibodies to enhance phagocytosis is referred to as _________.

opsonization

Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis?

opsonization

occurs when an individual receives immune substances that were produced actively by the immune system of another human or animal donor

passive immunity

Cytotoxic T cells produce _______.

perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells

The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called

plasma cells

mature in the bone marrow

B cells