Assignment (Ch. 15) Micro
Vaccinia virus is often used in the technique to make
"Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine
. In a subunit vaccine, the subunit must come from the outer surface of the pathogen.
False
Cytotoxic T-cells directly kill the viruses found inside of infected cells.
False
CD4
Helper T cells
The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is
IgA
secretory antibody on mucous membranes
IgA
The immunoglobulin/s found on the surface of B-cells is/are
IgD
receptor on B cells for antigen recognition
IgD
antibody of allergy and worm infections
IgE
In the secondary response to an antigen, the predominant antibody is
IgG
long-term immunity; memory antibodies; neutralizes toxins and viruses
IgG
produced at first response to antigen and can serve as B-cell receptor
IgM
Which immunoglobulin class/es can fix complement?
IgM and IgG
Plasma cells
secrete antibodies
High titers of specific antibodies are components of
specific immune globulin (SIG)
Superantigens are produced by
Staphylococcus aureus in toxic shock syndrome.
mature in the thymus
T cells
bacterial proteins that are potent stimuli for T-cells
superantigen
Which cells' direct involvement are required for cell-mediated immunity?
T-Cells
Which kind of T-cell synthesizes perforins and granzymes to destroy viral infected cells, and cancer cells?
Tc
In creating a recombinant vaccine, a gene for an antigen can be spliced into a plasmid. What happens next?
The plasmid is placed into a host cell, such as yeast and the yeast will produce large quantities of the antigen
A helper T-cell must be activated before it can stimulate a B cell to produce antibody.
True
An attenuated vaccine usually provides better immunity than a killed or inactivated one.
True
Both antigen-presenting cells and B cells have Class II MHC receptors on their surface
True
Self-proteins of infected cells are not recognized by cytotoxic T-cells.
True
Which of the following statements about the molecular structure of antigens is correct?
they are made up of many antigenic determinants (epitopes)
Which of the following statements about the interaction of superantigens with T-cells is correct?
they bind without antigen specifically to the outer portion of T helper cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs)
All of the following are advantages of attenuated vaccines over inactivated vaccines except
they can be transmitted to other people
All of the following are advantages of attenuated vaccines over inactivated vaccines except
they confer longer lasting protection
The major histocompatability complex is
a set of genes that code for MHC cell receptors
occurs when an individual receives an immune stimulus that activates specific lymphocytes, causing an immune response such as production of antibodies
active immunity
Which of the following is a distinct advantage of active immunity over passive immunity?
active immunity enables the development of immunologic memory, whereas no memory develops with passive immunity
In _____________ immunity, an individual makes their own antibodies in response to antigen exposure, whereas in _____________ immunity, an individual receives antibodies made by another individual(s).
active; passive
Which of the following is a special binding substance that enhances immugenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site?
adjuvant
Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?
agglutination
antigen specific receptor
all T-cells
evoke allergic reactions
allergens
cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species but not in others
alloantigen
foreign cells bear molecules that are recognized by B cells or engulfed by dendritic cells or macrophages
antigen contact
required for activation of T-cells
antigen presentation
Newer strategies for vaccine preparation include
antigen synthesis recumbent DNA technology gene cloning
Helper T-cells interact with target cells by recognizing
antigen-MHC protein complexes
lymphocytes arise from the same stem cells but differentiate into two distinct cell types
antigen-independent development
A helper T-cell becomes activated by a(n) _______.
antigen-presenting cell
Molecules that can stimulate a response by T and B cells are called _________.
antigens
Please choose the term that describes a type of adaptive immunity occurring when a child gets the chickenpox vaccine.
artificial active immunity
protection from infection obtained through medical procedures
artificial immunity
Sam works in construction and stepped on a sharp nail. He can't remember the last time he had a tetanus shot. What type of immunity is the most important for him to receive?
artificial passive immunity
Which of the immunizations would carry the greatest risk for immunocompromised patients?
attenuated vaccines
molecules that escaped lymphocyte differentiation during which immune tolerance to self tissue developed
autoantigen
Superantigens are
bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens
migrate to secondary lymphoid organs/tissues
both T and B cells
Herceptin is an example of a monoclonal antibody-based drug for
breast cancer
involves helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells
cell-meditated immunity
An example of artificial active immunity would be
chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox.
Antitoxins
contain antibodies to neutralize specific toxin
Toxoids
contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules
Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines
contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses.
Helper T-cells secrete ________ to stimulate the proliferation of B cells
cytokines
Which of the following cells destroys a target foreign cell by lysis?
cytotoxic T-cell
CD8
cytotoxic T-cells
Please select the goals for designing effective vaccines to test your understanding of factors that are involved in vaccine development.
does not require numerous doses or boosters has a low level of adverse side effects or toxicity achieves long-term, lasting effects inexpensive to produce
Please choose the answer that best fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. A molecular fragment of an antigen that serves as the primary signal that the molecule is foreign is called a(n) ______, whereas a small foreign molecule that can only elicit an immune response when linked to another larger molecule is called a(n) ________.
epitope; hapten
Please select all of the functions of immune receptors to test your understanding.
to perceive and attach to non-self or foreign antigens
The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is
gig
Which type of cell is severely depressed in AIDS patients?
helper T-cells
Vaccination is an effective method of establishing ____________,which makes it less likely that an unvaccinated member of the population will encounter the infectious agent.
herd immunity
involves production of antibodies by plasma cells
humoral immunity
Passive immunization, in which a person is given antibodies, is a type of _________.
immunotherapy
During presentation of APC-bound antigen, macrophages secrete a cytokine that activates T helper cells. What is the name of this cytokine?
interleukin-1
produced by the APC to activate the helper T-cell
interleukin-1
produced by the helper T-cell to stimulate a general increase in activity of committed B and T-cells
interleukin-2
All of the following may be targeted by TC cells, except
invading bacterial cells Maybe?
All of the following are characteristics of IgM, except
it is a dimer
All of the following characterize the secondary response to an antigen except
it is mostly IgM antibodies that are produced
Properties of effective antigens include all the following, except
large polymers made up of identical repeating subunits
Proteins generally are T-cell dependent antigens
true
Cytotoxic T-cells recognize ___.
viral antigens and Class I MHC
Which sequence of events is correct for a specific immune response?
lymphocyte development, presentation of antigens, B-cell challenge, antibody production
Which of the following are antigen-presenting cells?
macrophages and B cells
Reliable vaccines exist for all of the following diseases except
malaria
Which part of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that fold into a groove that will interact directly with and bind to a specific antigen?
? guessed FAB ends
B cells differentiate into plasma cells and _______.
memory cells
any immunity that is acquired during any normal biological experiences of an individual but not through medical intervention
natural immunity
Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions
ALL ANSWERS are the result of genetic expression function in recognition of self molecules participate in communication with other cells of the system aid in cellular development
Lymphocytes
ALL ANSWERS possess MHC antigens for recognizing self have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self develop into clones of B and T-cells with extreme variations of specificity
Possible symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include
ALL choices fever diarrhea nausea and vomiting shock
Which of the following statements is true about tissue transplants?
ALL of the answers the compatibility of MHC proteins of donor and recipient will determine the success of the transplant the compatibility of MHC proteins of donor and recipient will be high if they are genetically closely related testing for MHC compatibility and other antigens in donor determines possible graft rejection by the recipient
T-cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires
ALL the answers typically a protein antigen binding of T-cell to a Class II MHC receptor on an antigen-presenting cell binding of T-cell to a site on the antigen interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell
are fully activated at birth
neither T cells nor B cells
Which of the following conditions have been conclusively proven to be linked to childhood vaccinations?
none of these choices are correct
An antigen-presenting cell presents antigen to a helper T-cell _______.
on its surface using a Class II MHC
An individual antibody is made against
one epitope on the bacterial cell
The coating of pathogens by antibodies to enhance phagocytosis is referred to as _________.
opsonization
Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis?
opsonization
occurs when an individual receives immune substances that were produced actively by the immune system of another human or animal donor
passive immunity
Cytotoxic T cells produce _______.
perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells
The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called
plasma cells
mature in the bone marrow
B cells