ATI Lifespan & Development-Human Growth & Development

During a wellness visit for a 4-year-old preschooler, a parent explains that their child enjoys playing games on a computer and asks the nurse about an acceptable amount of screen time for their child. Which of the following responses should the nurse make? a. "If the child is learning, there are no screen time limits." b. "An acceptable amount of screen time is 1 hour per day." c. "If the child is content, there is no protocol for screen time." d. "Acceptable screen time is 4 hours per day."

"An acceptable amount of screen time is 1 hour per day." Rationale: Screen time for preschoolers should be limited to no more than 1 hr per day of programming at home, school, or after school care.

A nurse is caring for a client during a prenatal visit. The client states, "Now that I'm pregnant, I drink wine with dinner. I've given up hard alcohol." Which of the following responses should the nurse make? a. "Avoiding alcohol, even wine, is advised during pregnancy since it can cause harm to your baby." b. "Since you've stopped drinking hard liquor, your baby will be fine." c. "You can drink two glasses of wine each day and not cause harm to your baby." d. "You should consume wine with food to minimize its effect on your baby."

"Avoiding alcohol, even wine, is advised during pregnancy since it can cause harm to your baby." Rationale: Scientists have not yet determined if there is a safe amount of alcohol to drink during pregnancy. Therefore, clients who are pregnant are advised to abstain from drinking alcohol during pregnancy altogether.

A nurse is caring for adolescents in a school-based health clinic. Which of the following client statements should the nurse recognize as an indication that the client is struggling with Erikson's stage of identity versus role confusion? a. "I'm coaching a little league team." b. "I think I might be gay." c. "I can't seem to do anything right for my parents." d. "Why would someone want to help me? What's in it for them?"

"I think I might be gay." Rationale: Identity vs. Role Confusion is the stage of Erikson's theory related to adolescence that involves forming an identity and answering the central question of "Who am I?" Questions about sexuality, developing a sense of identity, and finding their place in society are issues the adolescent addresses during this stage.

A nurse is contributing to an educational session on cognitive development at a community event. Which of the following statements by the nurse are consistent with Piaget's theory of cognitive development? (Select all that apply.) 1. "Individuals acquire knowledge, intellect, and cognition over time." 2. "Intelligence is a natural ability that develops as a child grows and adapts to their environment." 3. "Children construct knowledge that evolves and changes over time." 4. "Children construct knowledge in new ways at critical points during development." 5. "Adolescents achieve formal operational thought by 16 years of age."

"Individuals acquire knowledge, intellect, and cognition over time." "Intelligence is a natural ability that develops as a child grows and adapts to their environment." "Children construct knowledge that evolves and changes over time." "Children construct knowledge in new ways at critical points during development." Rationale: Piaget believed that formal operational thought continues to develop throughout adolescence and into adulthood

What is the age at which an infant should be able to sit unsupported?

10 months

Human Development

A lifelong process of physical, behavioral, cognitive, emotional growth and change

A nurse is preparing to administer erythromycin ophthalmic ointment 0.5% to a newborn. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take? a. Apply the ointment in the lower conjunctival sac of each eye b. Obtain a written consent from the guardian prior to administering the ointment c. Wipe the excess ointment immediately to prevent irritation d. Administer the ointment from the outer canthus of the eye to the inner canthus.

Apply the ointment in the lower conjunctival sac of each eye Rationale: The nurse should administer the ointment into the lower conjunctival sac by gently squeezing the tube, starting at the inner canthus and moving toward the outer canthus.

A nurse is updating the plan of care for a client who has celiac disease. Which of the following dietary selections should the nurse recommend for the client? a. Whole-wheat tortilla with black beans b. Baked chicken and rice c. Turkey and cheese sandwich d. Pasta with marinara sauce

Baked chicken and rice Rationale: The nurse should recommend baked chicken and rice as a dietary selection for a client who has celiac disease. Clients who have celiac disease should avoid foods containing gluten.

A nurse is assisting with the planning of an educational session about human growth and development for a group of clients who are pregnant. Which of the following universal principles should the nurse include in the discussion? (Select all that apply.) 1. Cephalocaudal principle 2. Equifinality principle 3. Simple to complex 4. Continuous process 5. Individualized rates

Cephalocaudal principle Simple to complex Continuous process Individualized rates Rationale: Human development follows a head-to-toe progression. Infants gain control over their neck and head before their extremities. Human development occurs in an orderly pattern from simple to complex. Infants learn head control before crawling. It's also, a continuous process characterized by periods of growth spurts and periods of slow and steady growth and varies from individual to individual. Each has their own growth timetable and rate of development. Equifinality is the principle that a given end state can be reached by many potential means.

A nurse is reinforcing teaching about a low-cholesterol diet with a client who had a myocardial infarction. Which of the following meal selections by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching? a. Chicken breast and corn on the cob b. Shrimp and rice c. Cheese omelet and turkey bacon d. Liver and onions

Chicken breast and corn on the cob Rationale: The nurse should identify that chicken breast is low in cholesterol and all vegetables, including corn, are cholesterol-free; therefore, this food selection by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching.

A nurse is assisting with the planning of an educational session about school-age children for a group of caregivers. Which of the following characteristics should the nurse recommend be included in the teaching? (Select all that apply.) 1. Attributes feelings and motives to objects 2. Egocentrism decreases 3. Begins to understand reversibility 4. Understands events can be interpreted in different ways 5. Deductive reasoning develops

Egocentrism decreases Begins to understand reversibility Understands events can be interpreted in different ways Rationale: By the time the child becomes school-age, egocentrism begins to wane as children have more life experiences and more exposure to other ways of thinking. At this age, children begin to realize that events can be interpreted in different ways and other people may have different opinions than they do. Reversibility is the concept that some objects that have been changed, such as water into ice, can return back to their original form and is a concept understood by children at this age. School-age (6 to 12 years old) are in what Piaget referred to as the stage of concrete operational thinking. In this stage, children have experiences interacting with a wider range of people and come to realize that events can be interpreted differently by others.

A nurse is caring for a 10-year-old child who is newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Which of the following actions by the child should the nurse recognize as characteristic of Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority? 1. Becomes frustrated when their caregiver fills out the child's menu 2. Apologizes to their caregiver for wanting to manage their insulin administration independently 3. States frustration that diabetes mellitus will make them different from everyone else 4. Expresses confidence in their ability to self-administer insulin

Expresses confidence in their ability to self-administer insulin Rationale: Industry vs. Inferiority is Erikson's stage of development occurring during the school-age years. During this stage, children work at learning complex skills, problem-solving, and gaining a sense of self. Successes in these areas, along with support from those around them, promotes a sense of accomplishment and confidence in their endeavors.

A nurse is collecting data from an adolescent who reports feeling "very depressed." The nurse should recognize that which of the following are signs of increased risk for suicide? (Select all that apply.) 1. Expressing feelings of gloom and helplessness 2. Expressing loss of interest in activities once considered important 3. Making threats of self-harm 4. Having access to weapons 5. Purchasing valued possessions

Expressing feelings of gloom and helplessness Expressing loss of interest in activities once considered important Making threats of self-harm Having access to weapons Rationale: It is a potential sign of suicide when individuals who have depression begin giving away valued possessions.

Which nutrient should pregnant clients be encouraged to consume to prevent spina bifida?

Folic acid is recommended

A nurse in a provider's office is collecting data from a client. The nurse determines the client's body mass index (BMI) is 21.2. This finding is classified as which of the following? a. Underweight b. Healthy weight c. Overweight d. Obese

Healthy weight Rationale: Body mass index is a measure of an individual's weight relative to height. A BMI from 18.5 to 24.9 is in the healthy range. Therefore, this client's weight is considered healthy.

A nurse is reinforcing prenatal education with a client who is in the first trimester of pregnancy. Which of the following teratogens should the nurse remind the client to avoid during pregnancy due to the risk to fetal development? (Select all that apply.) 1. Chamomile tea 2. Hyperthermia 3. Uncontrolled glucose levels 4. Rubella 5. Smoking

Hyperthermia Uncontrolled glucose levels Rubella Smoking Rationale: Chamomile tea is not a teratogen. It does not cause harm to fetal development and is an acceptable beverage for clients who are pregnant.

In which stage in Erikson's model of psychosocial development do people look back over their lives and take stock in their accomplishments and failures?

Integrity vs. Despair

What are some reasons that people in the stage of late adulthood might not have healthy nutrition?

Live alone Lost loved ones Unemployed Lack of money for food Decreased appetite Lack of social work Inability to travel to stores

A home health nurse is contributing to a plan of care for an older adult client who has hypertension and is living alone. Which of the following health promotion topics should the nurse include in the client's plan of care? (Select all that apply.) 1. Maintaining functional capacity 2. Encouraging the use of free-weight exercises 3. Participating in social functions 4. Installing grab bars in the shower 4. Preparing for diminished cognition

Maintaining functional capacity Encouraging the use of free-weight exercises. Participating in social functions Installing grab bars in the shower Rationale: Preparing for diminished cognition is incorrect and not all individuals will experience diminished cognition.

The nurse is collecting data from a newborn. Which of the following techniques should the nurse use? a. Count the newborn's respirations for 30 seconds b. Auscultate the heart rate when the newborn is crying and active c. Use a sphygmomanometer on the newborn's arm d. Measure the newborn's head at the widest part

Measure the newborn's head at the widest part Rationale: The head of the neonate is measured at the widest part. This is the occipitofrontal circumference. The tape measure is placed around the head, just above the eyebrows.

In what stage f development do males begin to experience a decline in testosterone levels?

Middle Adulthood

Toddlers exhibit this type of play

Parallel Play

Egocentrism characterizes this stage of cognitive developement

Preoperational Stage

During what stage of development should the child be able to state their first and last name and count to 20?

Preschool Age

A nurse is assisting with planning a health class at a local middle school about puberty during adolescence. Which of the following pieces of information should the nurse include in the discussion? (Select all that apply.) 1. Primary sex organs mature during puberty. 2. Puberty begins with a growth spurt in height and weight. 3. Onset of puberty is influenced by genetics, environmental factors, and gender. 4. Secondary sex characteristics emerge during puberty. 5. Maturation during puberty occurs at the same rate for everyone.

Primary sex organs mature during puberty. Puberty begins with a growth spurt in height and weight. Onset of puberty is influenced by genetics, environmental factors, and gender. Secondary sex characteristics emerge during puberty. Rationale: Pubertal maturation rates vary greatly from individual to individual. It is related to a number of factors including genetic background and nutritional status.

A school nurse asks a first grader about rules at school. The child responds, "We need to wash our hands before lunch, be respectful to the teacher, and pay attention in class. If we don't, we'll get into big trouble." The nurse should recognize that the child is in which of the following of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? a. Punishment and Obedience b. Good Boy—Nice Girl c. Social Contract d. Law and Order

Punishment and Obedience Rationale: The Punishment and Obedience stage is a part of the first level of Kohlberg's moral development theory, referred to as the preconventional reasoning level, and occurs in children between the ages of 4 and 10 years. During the Punishment and Obedience stage, rules are viewed in terms of positive or negative consequences to action. In the punishment and obedience stage, rules are obeyed to avoid punishment. A child who is in the first grade would be in this stage.

A nurse is reinforcing discharge teaching to parents of a preschooler who was admitted due to a severe asthma exacerbation. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.) 1. Reinforce about how to use a metered-dose inhaler (MDI). 2. Have family members smoke tobacco products outside of the house. 3. Make changes in the home environment to reduce dust mites. 4. Share the plan for managing an asthma attack with the child's preschool teachers. 4. Decrease fluid intake to prevent an exacerbation of asthma.

Reinforce about how to use a metered-dose inhaler (MDI). Have family members smoke tobacco products outside of the house. Make changes in the home environment to reduce dust mites. Share the plan for managing an asthma attack with the child's preschool teachers. Rationale: Other discharge teaching the nurse should include is for the child to increase their intake of fluids, such as water, which will decrease the viscosity of the mucus and promote airway clearance.

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is object permanence achieved?

Sensorimotor

What are fontanels?

Soft spots located at the anterior and posterior of the newborn's skull

A nurse is reinforcing teaching about newborn skin care with a group of new parents. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include? a. Gently retract the foreskin to wash the glans with soap and water b. Sponge-bathe the newborn every other day c. Use an antimicrobial soap for bathing d. Bathe the newborn with water at a temperature between 46° and 49°C (115° and 120°F)

Sponge-bathe the newborn every other day Rationale: Daily bathing can disrupt the acid mantle of the newborn's skin and alter skin integrity. The parents should sponge-bathe the infant until the cord stump has detached and the area has healed.

In the state of Trust vs. Mistrust in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, how is trust developed?

The infant's needs must be met consistently. (Example: food, comfort, affection:

What developmental achievement occurs during Freud's anal stage of psychosexual development?

Toilet training occurs between 18 months and 3 years of age

What is the leading cause of death among children in the United States?

Unintentional injuries (specifically, death from motor vehicle accidents)