ATOMS

John Dalton's model

"Billiard Ball Model"

Joseph John Thomson's atomic model

"Raisin Bun Model / Plum Pudding Model"

The term came from the Arabic/Greek term alkemiy which means

"the art of transmuting"

Three (3) Goals of Alchemy

) To find the "Elixir of Life" - it was though that this magical elixir would bring wealth, power, and eternal life. 2) To find or make a substance called the "Philosopher's Stone" - when heated and combined with copper or iron, the stone would turn into gold, which was thought to be the highest and purest form of matter. 3) To discover the relationship of humans to the cosmos and use this understanding to improve the human spirit.

Dalton viewed atoms as tiny, solid balls and his atomic theory had 4 statements...

1. Atoms are tiny, invisible particles. 2. Atoms of one element are all the same. 3. Atoms of different elements are different. 4. Compounds form by combining atoms

John Dalton YEAR

1803

J.J. Thomson YEAR

1904

Ernest Rutherford YEAR

1911

Niels Bohr's YEAR

1913

Erwin Schrodinger YEAR

1926

are the individuals who tried to play with the balance of the four elements (fire, water, air, earth) and three principles (salt, sulfur and mercury) to transform or transmute substances. During medieval or dark age, they were believed to be able to turn any metal into gold with some magical aids. But in reality, they were very skilled experimentalists, supported by early theories of matter.

Alchemists

is an early philosophical and spiritual field of study that combined chemistry with metalwork, physics, medicine,astrology, mysticism, and art.

Alchemy

In this decay, both the mass and atomic number is reduced

Alpha/ a decay

This decay is common among elements with atomic numbers greater than 83

Alpha/ a decay

the disintegration of a nucleus into a nucleus of another element with the emission of an alpha particle, which is a helium nucleus (4/2 He).

Alpha/ a decay

3 RADIOACTIVE DECAY

Alpha/ a decay Beta/ B decay Gamma/ y decay

argued that there was an infinite number of elementary natural substances in the form of infinitesimally small particles that combined to compromise the different things in the universe.

Anaxagoras

He proposed that matter was made of four "elements": earth, fire, water, and air and infinitely divisible.

Aristotle

Thomson's Raisin Bun Model

Atom is positively charged ball studded with negatively charged electrons

number of protons in the nucleus =number of electrons

Atomic number, Z

in this decay, only the atomic number is increased and the mass remains the same

Beta/ B decay

the disintegration of a nucleus into a nucleus of another element with the emission of a beta particle, which is electron (-0/1 e)

Beta/ B decay

Atoms make up most of the things in the universe; where there are no atoms, there is a void

Democritus ( 400 B.C.)

Claimed that matter was made of small, hard particles "Atomos"

Democritus ( 400 B.C.)

Eternal because atoms are flawless

Democritus ( 400 B.C.)

He proposed that the atom has the following characteristics: ●Invisible because it is extremely small

Democritus ( 400 B.C.)

Immeasurable number of shapes

Democritus ( 400 B.C.)

Indivisible because it cannot be broken down into smaller unit

Democritus ( 400 B.C.)

Solid, spherical, not empty

Democritus ( 400 B.C.)

Surrounded by an empty space

Democritus ( 400 B.C.)

everything is made up of four eternal and unchanging kinds of matter: Fire, Air (all gasses), water (all liquids and metals) and earth (all solids)

Empedocles

He discovered the positively charged particles, later known as protons and are located at the center which is the nucleus where the surrounding is mostly empty space.

Ernest Rutherford

He performed an experiment where a device shot alpha (α) particles at gold foil.

Ernest Rutherford

This breakthrough includes his three observation: 1. Most particles passed through the foil. So, gold atoms must be mostly empty. Some positive α-particles deflected or bounced back, therefore, there is a positive particle in an atom. 2. He called the atom's positive central core, where the positive α-particles deflected or bounced back, as "nucleus" and it holds most of an atom's mass. 3. The electrons circulate around the nucleus of an atom in a greater distance from the center and in a speedy motion.

Ernest Rutherford

It is impossible to know where an electron is at any given time

Erwin Schrödinger

Work done since 1920 has changed the model.

Erwin Schrödinger

• The new atomic model has electrons moving around the nucleus in a cloud.

Erwin Schrödinger

occurs when a nucleus emits a gamma ray, y , and becomes a less energetic form of the same nucleus.

Gamma/ y decay

this decay always leads to a more stable product, which means the gamma ray released is a form of energy from the product at its excited state

Gamma/ y decay

•nuclides of the same element that possesses the same number of protons and electrons but may have different mass numbers which may occur naturally or may be produced artificially. They emit radiation in the form of alpha, beta, and gamma rays.

Isotopes

He was also known as Geber, an Arabian scholar who translated the practices and Aristotelian thinking of the Greeks and wrote extensively on how metals can be purified.

Jabir Ibn-Hayyan

Neutrons are also found in the nucleus.

James Chadwick

Working with Rutherford, he discovered the neutral charged particle known as the neutrons

James Chadwick

He was an English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist who performed many experiments on atoms and created the very first atomic theory.

John Dalton

Discovered the negatively charged particles, later known as electrons.

Joseph John Thomson

He also proposed the existence of a positively charged particle

Joseph John Thomson

He was the first scientist to show that the atom was made of even smaller things.

Joseph John Thomson

Although the concept of atom was not originally his idea but his mentor _______________, he got the credit for working out the detailed application of the theory and supporting it with indirect hypothesis.

Leucippus

•(number of protons + number of neutrons)

Mass number, A

positively-charged particle/s (+)

Neutron/s

Electrons can be bumped up to a higher shell if hit by an electron or a photon of light.

Niels Bohr

He proposed that electrons move around the nucleus in specific layers, or shells.

Niels Bohr

• He improved Rutherford's model.

Niels Bohr

particular type of a nucleus of an element but of different version

Nuclide

possesses a characteristic atomic number, Z, which is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus; because the atom is electrically neutral, Z also equals the number of electrons

Nuclide

•A - Z

Number of neutrons

expanded Empedocles theory, the four kinds of matter is composed of geometrical solids (the Platonic solids) further divisible into triangles. When rearranged, these triangles could cause the apparent transformation between the 4 basic kinds pf matter.

Plato

•the spontaneous process of nuclei undergoing a change by emitting particles or rays.

Radioactive decay

radioactive isotopes, nuclides whose nuclei undergo spontaneous decay

Radioisotopes

•are isotopes that do not undergo radioactivity and do not disintegrate. Thus, they are abundant in nature.

Stable isotopes

are those that exhibit radioactivity

Unstable isotopes

negatively-charged ion when a nuclide gains an electrons

anion

•is the smallest unit quantity of an element that is capable of existence, either alone or in chemical combination with other atoms of the same or another element.•

atom

positively-charged ion when a nuclide losses an electrons

cation

electrons have what?

cation and anion

when heated and combined with ___________ , the stone would turn into gold, which was thought to be the highest and purest form of matter.

copper or iron

it has the same condition as positron emission, except there is no emission.

electron capture

the reaction occurs when an electron combines with a proton to form a neutron.

electron capture

negatively charged particles (-)

electrons

removal/addition of this particles, the nuclide becomes an ion of the same element

electrons

the four elements

fire water air earth

a photon of high energy electromagnetic radiation and has no mass number and no atomic number

gamma ray, y

highest and purest form of matter

gold

when heated and combined with copper or iron, the stone would turn into gold, which was thought to be the _______________

highest and purest form of matter.

removal /addition of this particles, the nuclide becomes an isotope of the same element

neutrons

positively charged particles (+)

neutrons and protons

what is nucleus made up of?

neutrons and protons

what is atom made up of?

nucleus and electrons

in this reaction, the electron neutrino and the antimatter electron allow proton to be converted to neutron, which stays in the nucleus and the positron is emitted.

positron/e* Emission

it occurs when a proton becomes an electron neutrino and an antimatter electron.

positron/e* Emission

removal/addition of this particles, the nuclide becomes a new element

protons

the three principles

salt sulfur mercury

it was though that this magical elixir would bring

wealth, power, and eternal life.