ATP Oral Checkride

14 CFR § 21.197 Purpose and procedure for obtaining a special flight

"Ferry Permit" = A special flight permit may be issued for an aircraft that may not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements but is capable of safe flight. i.e. Going to get repairs.

Pilot technique:

1) skill of the operator 2) training 3) operating procedures 4) operating conditions 5) staffing levels and competence 6) task allocations 7) job task demands 8) organizational expectations 9) task complexity 10) work pace

Where can you find a list of medical conditions that may disqualify you from obtaining a medical certificate?

14CFR Part 67 & 14 CFR Part 61. Ill, Alcohol, Fatigue, Stress, Emotion (IMSAFE

Fuel requirements, to include reserve

30 minutes for daytime VFR, or 45 minutes for night time.

For a person under the age of 40 when will a third class medical expire if it was issued on 3.15.16?

5 Years, last day of the 60 month after the month that the exam was complete.

Flying with inoperative equipment

91.213 Inoperative instruments and equipment. no person may take off an aircraft with inoperative instruments or equipment installed unless the following conditions are met: An approved Minimum Equipment List exists for that aircraft.

Equipment requirements for day VFR flight

A - Altimeter. T - Tachometer. O - Oil Temperature Gauge. M - Manifold Pressure Gauge (If applicable) A - Airspeed Indicator. T - Temperature Gauge (For each liquid cooled engine) O - Oil Pressure Gauge. F - Fuel Gauges.

If you set the altimeter from 29.15 to 29.85, what change occurs?

A 700-foot increase in indicated altitude. The indicated altitude on an altimeter changes about 1,000 feet for every change of 1 inch of mercury (Hg) in the altimeter setting window. If the altimeter setting increases by 0.7 inches Hg, the change in pressure will be equal to 700 feet.

The applicant demonstrates the ability to: Locate and describe airplane airworthiness and registration information.

A Certificate of Airworthiness (CofA), or an Airworthiness Certificate, is issued for an aircraft by the national aviation authority in the state in which the aircraft is registered. Airworthiness is the measure of an aircraft's suitability for safe flight. A dealer's aircraft registration certificate is another form of registration. It is valid only for flights within the United States by the manufacturer or a dealer for flight testing or demonstration for sale.

What are Special Airworthiness Safety Bulletins (SAIB). Are they regulatory?

A Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (SAIB) is an information tool that alerts, educates, and makes recommendations to the aviation community. SAIBs contain non-regulatory information and guidance that does not meet the criteria for an Airworthiness Directive (AD).

Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance. Factors affecting performance, to include: Atmospheric conditions

A number of factors (altitude/pressure, temperature and humidity) influence air density. A higher altitude, low pressure area, higher temperature and high humidity all have one result: they lower the density of the air. And as a result of that: a reduction in aircraft and engine performance.

What regulatory requirements must be met prior to acting as PIC of an aircraft towing a glider?

A. Has logged 100 hours in & is certified in the cct of towing aircraft B. Ground, flight training, and logbook endorsement for glider. C. 3 flights as sole manipulator of controls with rated pilot with you

Explain how you will deactivate an item or system that has become inoperative in your airplane. Can you deactivate any time or system in the airplane? What is required?

A. Must not be necessary for safe flight, required for compliance with 14 CFR, or AD's B. You can flip the switch to turn it off or turn off the circuit breaker. There must be a placard placed near the appropriate switch labeled inoperative.

Define the terms "absolute ceiling". What are their values for your aircraft?

ABSOLUTE CEILING: The absolute ceiling, also known as coffin corner, is the highest altitude at which an aircraft can sustain level flight, which means the altitude at which the thrust of the engines at full power is equal to the total drag at minimum drag speed. In other words, it is the altitude where maximum thrust available equals minimum thrust required, so the altitude where the maximum sustained (with no decreasing airspeed) rate of climb is zero.

Discuss the various factors a pilot should consider when making a go/no-go decision for a particular flight.

ATC requirements, unexpected hazards on the runway, overtaking another airplane, wind shear, wake turbulence, mechanical failure, unstabilized approach, etc.

Flying unfamiliar airplanes, or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems, and avionics.

Advisory Circular: No: 90-109A Pilots transitioning to unfamiliar aircraft require specific training in the new aircraft's systems and operating characteristics to include normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures.

Pilot-performed preventive maintenance.

Airplane pilots do, however, possess the ability to return aircraft to airworthiness after certain maintenance actions. The Federal Aviation Regulations, in part 43, refer to these kind of actions as preventive maintenance. I.E. change tires, add oil.

During preflight planning and while enroute, how can pilots mitigate the risk involved with deteriorating weather conditions at their destination.

Another way to mitigate risk is to perceive hazards. By incorporating the PAVE checklist into all stages of flight planning, the pilot divides the risks of flight into four categories: Pilot in command (PIC), Aircraft, environment, External pressures (PAVE) which form part of a pilot's decision-making process.

Avionics

Avionics are the electronic systems used on aircraft, artificial satellites, and spacecraft. Avionic systems include communications, navigation, the display and management of multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to perform individual functions.

Part 68 BasicMed privileges and limitations.

BasicMed you have to visit the doctor every four years. BasicMed is the soon-to-be adopted medical certification standard for private pilots written into a new Part 68 of the Federal Aviation Regulations.

Electrical system

Battery/Alternator, Electrical Wiring, Electrical Bus, Circuit Breakers, Electrical Equipment

Passenger briefing requirements, to include operation and required use of safety restraint systems. ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, encompassing:

Before each takeoff each pilot in command of an aircraft carrying passengers shall ensure that all passengers have been orally briefed

Failure to distinguish proficiency versus currency

Being current under the Federal Aviation Regulations means that you have met the requirements to act as a pilot in command of an aircraft within a certain time period. A proficiency check is an assessment of your skills and knowledge in a particular operational area.

Airplane preflight inspection including: Which items must be inspected?

Cabin/Cockpit, Tail, wings, nose, engine,

Use appropriate checklists properly

Checklists: For professional pilots they are a necessary evil, nuisance, you name it. ... If you break down the word checklist into its syllabic elements, it means you use the list to check things. It's not meant to be a do-list. If you use a checklist as a do-list, you only have one opportunity to catch an error.

Types of airspace/airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations: Class A

Class A airspace is generally the airspace from 18,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) up to and including flight level (FL) 600, including the airspace overlying the waters within 12 nautical miles (NM) of the coast of the 48 contiguous states and Alaska

Types of airspace/airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations: Class B

Class B airspace is generally airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation's busiest airports in terms of airport operations or passenger enplanements

Types of airspace/airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations: Class C

Class C airspace is generally airspace from the surface to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation (charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational control tower, are serviced by a radar approach control, and have a certain number of IFR operations or passenger enplanements. Airspace usually consists of a surface area with a five NM radius, an outer circle with a ten NM radius that extends from 1,200 feet to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation.

Types of airspace/airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations: Class D

Class D airspace is generally airspace from the surface to 2,500 feet above the airport elevation (charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational control tower

Types of airspace/airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations: Class E

Class E airspace is the controlled airspace not classified as Class A, B, C, or D airspace. A large amount of the airspace over the United States is designated as Class E airspace. In most areas, the Class E airspace base is 1,200 feet AGL. In many other areas, the Class E airspace base is either the surface or 700 feet AGL. Class E airspace typically extends up to, but not including, 18,000 feet MSL

Correctly identify airspace and operate in accordance with associated communication and equipment requirements

Class E. Controlled airspace which is neither class A, B, C nor D. In most areas of the United States, class E airspace extends from 1,200 feet (370 m) above ground level (AGL) up to but not including 18,000 feet (5,500 m) MSL, the lower limit of class A airspace. Radio equipment required for operation within Class C airspace? A) Two-way radio communications equipment, a 4096-code transponder, and DME.

Deicing and anti-icing

Deicing. Deicing is a reactive operation where a deicer is applied to the top of an accumulation of snow, ice, or frost that has already bonded to the pavement surface and can no longer be physically removed. Deicing costs more than anti-icing in materials, time, equipment, and environmental damage.

Middle ear and sinus problems

During climbs and descents, middle ear pressure expands and contracts which can cause discomfort if unable to equalize due to sinus congestion or upper respiratory infection.

What effect would positioning the master switch to he "Off" position have on aircraft systems while in flight?

Even with the battery and master switches OFF, the engine can fire and turn over if the ignition switch is left ON and the propeller is moved because the magneto requires no outside source of electrical power. *No lights.*No flaps.*Anything electrical

Certificate location and expiration dates 14 CFR § 61.19

Except for a certificate issued with an expiration date, a pilot certificate is valid unless it is surrendered, suspended, or revoked. ... (1) For student pilots who have not reached their 40th birthday, 60 calendar months after the month of the date of examination shown on the medical certificate.

Inoperative equipment discovered prior to flight

FAR 91.213= Follow MEL. KART - KOEL, Airworthiness Directive, Reg 91.205, TCDS/STC, If yes, need Special Flight permit, No then Discard/Deactivate bad equipment, Placard inop equipment, Log any maintenance, seam safe to operate.

Determining that the airplane to be used is appropriate and airworthy

FAR 91.403 makes you responsible for maintaining the aircraft in an airworthy condition. This includes complying with all FAA airworthiness directives (ADs) issued for your aircraft, engine, and equipment.

Equipment requirements for night VFR flight

FLAPS. Fuses. Landing light, if operated for hire. Anti-collision light (beacon and/or strobes). Position Lights - Nav Lights (Red on the left, Green on the Right, White facing aft) Source of electricity (battery, generator, alternator)

Distractions, loss of situational awareness, and/or improper task management

Factors Affecting Situational Awareness: System design - The ergonomics of a system are very important. Stress and Workload - Stress affects our ability to process information. Automation - An individual needs to keep themselves active in monitoring automatic systems.

Fatigue

Fatigue is a general lack of alertness and degradation in mental and physical performance. There are three types of fatigue: transient, cumulative, and circadian. In aviation, fatigue may cause a pilot to fall asleep during cruise flight or it may impact alertness during take-off or landing.

When conducting an airplane pre-flight inspection for a local night flight, in addition to those involved in all flights, what are some general items that you should include?

Flash Light

Environmental

Flying takes a lot of energy, which means releasing a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Why is it especially important pilots be current in basic attitude instrument flying procedures when flying at night?

Generally, at night it is difficult to see clouds and restrictions to visibility, particularly on dark nights or under overcast. If you do fly into clouds, you will need to depend on your instruments.

How will you position your aircraft's flight control surfaces while taxiing in the following conditions: quartering tailwind, quartering headwind?

Headwind: ailerons into the wind; elevator neutral. Tailwind: ailerons away from the wind; elevator down.

Fuel, oil, and hydraulic

Hydraulic systems are used on aircraft to move and actuate landing gear, flaps and brakes

Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation can be described as excessive over-breathing. Over-breathing can occur from an increased rate or depth of breathing (or both together). Feeling lightheaded, dizzy, weak, or not able to think straight.

Pilot self-assessment.

IMSAFE checklist. Illness: Do you have current or recent illnesses that could affect flight? Medication: Have you been taking any meds that could impair your ability to fly? Stress: Are you experiencing unusual psychological pressure and/or anxiety? Alcohol: Have you had any alcohol in the last eight hours? Are you hungover? Fatigue: Are you tired and/or not adequately rested? Emotion: Are you emotionally upset about anything?

What procedure should be utilized when attempting to land at night without a landing light?

If the landing lights are unusable and outside visual references are not available, the airplane should be held in level-landing attitude until the ground is contacted. The landing should be completed at the slowest possible airspeed.

Required discrepancy records or placards 14 CFR § 43.11

If the person performing any inspection required by part 91 or 125 or § 135.411(a)(1) of this chapter finds that the aircraft is un-airworthy or does not meet the applicable type certificate data, airworthiness directives, or other approved data upon which its airworthiness depends, that persons must give the owner or lessee a signed and dated list of those discrepancies.

When navigating by VOR, when will you have "reverse sensing?"

If you are flying away from the VOR station and the indicator says TO, you will get reverse sensing and the line will be on the wrong side.Same if you are flying to the VOR and the indicator reads "FROM."

What is the purpose of the alternate static source?

In case the static port is blocked

If your Mode C transponder fails while en route, can you continue flight into Class B or Class C airspace?

In flight requests for "immediate" deviation from the transponder requirement may be approved by controllers only when the flight will continue IFR or when weather conditions prevent VFR descent and continued VFR flight in airspace not affected by the CFRs.

In the event of an electrical system failure, what time duration can you reasonably expect electrical power from the battery?

In the event of a complete loss of the primary electrical power generating system, the battery must be capable of providing at least 30 minutes of electrical power to those loads that are essential to continued safe flight and landing. The 30 minute time period includes the time needed for the pilots to recognize the loss of generated power and take appropriate load shedding action.]

1. During the preflight inspection of your aircraft - which doesn't have an MEL - you notice INOP equipment. Describe how you would determine if the aircraft is still airworthy.

Is the INOP equipment required IAW VFR-day type certification? Is the INOP equipment listed as "required" IAW the aircraft's equipment list or KOEL? Is the INOP equipment required by 91.205, 91.207, or any other Part 91 rule? (TCDS) Is the INOP equipment required by an AD? If NO to all, the equipment must be removed by an A&P or deactivated, and cockpit controls placarded. PIC confirms INOP equipment will not pose a hazard to the flight.

Landing gear

Landing gear is the undercarriage of an aircraft or spacecraft and may be used for either takeoff or landing.

1. When flying VFR at night, in addition to flying an altitude appropriate for the direction of the flight, what else can a pilot do to minimize risk

Look on map for highest obstacle and fly 2000 feet above that.

Explain how a pilot determines if an aircraft conforms to its approved type design and is in a condition for safe operation (is it airworthy).

Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alterations have been performed IAW Parts 21, 43, and 91. The aircraft is registered in the US. Inspections, maintenance, preventive maintenance, repairs, and alterations have been documented in maintenance records. Thorough preflight inspection checking for wear, deterioration, structural damage, fluid leaks, tire wear, INOP equipment, etc. INOP equipment is handled IAW 91.213.

Airport signs

Mandatory Instruction Signs Information Signs Destination Signs Direction Signs Location Signs Runway Distance Remaining Signs

Do regulations allow a pilot to perform maintenance or must a licensed mechanic (A&P) change the tire?

Most aircraft maintenance tasks are the domain of licensed A&P mechanics. However, with the proper training and tools, changing a tire is something any aircraft owner or operator can do. 14 CFR Part 43.13 includes a provision specifically permitting aircraft owners and operators to remove, install, and repair landing gear tires under the category of "Preventive Maintenance."

Regulations regarding use of alcohol and drugs

Most pilots are aware of the "8 hour" rule.

Compute the weight and balance, correct out-of-center of gravity (CG) loading errors and determine if the weight and balance remains within limits during all phases of flight.

Multiply each weight by the arm—the distance from the reference datum—to find the moment. Add all the weights to find the gross weight. Add all the moments to find the total moment. Divide the total moment by the gross weight to find the center of gravity. CG=MOMENT/MASS. Moment = Force x Distance.

Dissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba dives

Must wait 24 hours after diving to fly.

Apply pertinent information from appropriate and current aeronautical charts, Chart Supplements; NOTAMs relative to airport, runway and taxiway closures; and other flight publications.

NOTAM is an acronym for "Notice to Airmen. Chart Supplements includes data that cannot be readily depicted in graphic form: e.g., airport hours of operation, types of fuel available, runway data, lighting codes, etc.

If the braking system is not functioning, will the parking brake work?

No

You have allowed over 24 months to lapse since your last flight review. Is your Private Pilot Certificate now invalid? What do you have to do to be legal to fly again?

No your certificate is valid, however you are not permitted to exercise the privileges. You would have to complete a Flight Review with a CFI.

As a newly certified private pilot, you are ready to utilize your certificate. I'm a friend and need you to fly a package to a distant destination. I will pay for the airplane if you accept. Do the regulations allow you to accept the offer?

No, You cannot fly persons or property for hire.

If the AFM for an aircraft you are about to fly is missing, what substitution may be made, if any?

None, the flight manual is an integral part of the aircraft and required by FAR's. (Federal Aviation Regulation)

Using an approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL)

Once an operator requests an MEL, and a Letter of Authorization (LOA) is issued by the FAA, then the use of the MEL becomes mandatory for that aircraft. The use of an MEL for an aircraft operated under 14 CFR part 91 also allows for the deferral of inoperative items or equipment. Under 14 CFR, all aircraft instruments and installed equipment are required to be operative prior to each departure. Minimum Equipment List (MEL) is a list of items that may be inoperative and still allow an aircraft to be considered airworthy.

Oxygen system

Oxygen systems are designed to store or to generate a supply of pure oxygen and to regulate, dilute as required and then distribute that oxygen to crew or passengers.

How does an aircraft's limitations (performance, fuel, capacity, navigation, capability) affect the total risk of a flight? What can a pilot do to mitigate that risk?

PAVE. Pilot, Aircraft, EnVironment, External Pressures. FAASAFETY.gov

ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, encompassing: PILOT

PAVE: Personal, Aircraft, Environment, External Pressures. IMSAFE stands for: Illness: Do you have current or recent illnesses that could affect flight? Medication: Have you been taking any meds that could impair your ability to fly? Stress: Are you experiencing unusual psychological pressure and/or anxiety? Alcohol: Have you had any alcohol in the last eight hours? Are you hungover? Fatigue: Are you tired and/or not adequately rested? Emotion: Are you emotionally upset about anything?

14 CFR § 61.57 Apply requirements to act as PIC under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) in a scenario given by the evaluator.

PIC must have made at least three takeoffs and three landings within the preceding 90 days, and sole manipulator of the flight control, required takeoffs and landings were performed in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type, simulators are allowed.

What instruments are affected when the pitot tube freezes? Static port freezes?

PITOT - A blocked pitot tube is a pitot-static problem that will only affect airspeed indicators. A blocked static port is a more serious situation because it affects all pitot-static instruments.

When planning a night flight (local or XC), what weather information should be particularly significant to the pilot?

Particular attention should be given to the temperature/dew point spread. A narrow temperature/dew point spread may indicated the possibility of ground fog. Emphasis should also be placed on wind direction and speed, since its effect on the airplane cannot be as easily detected at night as during the day.

One way a pilot can limit exposure to risk is to set personal minimums for items in each category (PAVE). Describe the individual minimums you will establish for yourself.

Personal: IMSAFE (Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, Eating) Aircraft: Weight & Balance, Performance, Charts Environment: PIREPS, NOTAMS, Weather, familiar with the area External Pressures: Passengers, people waiting for your arrival.

Use of appropriate checklists.

Pilots who believe in checklists usually use flow patterns and mental checklists to prepare an airplane for a specific task

Discuss your method of route and checkpoint selection, when planning a night VFR cross-country flight.

Prominently lighted checkpoints along the prepared course should be noted. Rotating beacons at airports, lighted obstructions, lights of cities or towns, and lights from major highway traffic all provide excellent visual checkpoints.

Hypemic Hypoxia

Reduction in O2 carrying capability of red blood cells; e.g. carbon monoxide

Define the terms "service ceiling". What are their values for your aircraft?

SERVICE CEILING (14,000ft?) The service ceiling is the maximum usable altitude of an aircraft. Specifically, it is the density altitude at which flying in a clean configuration, at the best rate of climb airspeed for that altitude and with all engines operating and producing maximum continuous power, will produce a given rate of climb (a typical value might be 100 feet per minute climb or 30 metres per minute, or on the order of 500 feet per minute climb for jet aircraft). Margin to stall at service ceiling is 1.5g.

Secondary flight controls

Secondary flight controls are intended to improve the aircraft performance characteristics or to relieve excessive control loading, and consist of high lift devices such as slats and flaps as well as flight spoilers and trim systems

While enroute, will the CG change as your aircraft uses fuel?

Simple answer - yes. However the magnitude of the cg shift will vary depending on what type of aircraft it is. Small, single engine aircraft with a single fuel tank, will experience a negligible change in cg position as the fuel burns down - and thus no noticeable change in aircraft handling.

Why are some aircraft not allowed to perform slips with flaps extended?

Some aircraft are prohibited from slipping in certain flap configurations, because the flaps may block the airflow over the elevator.

Spatial disorientation

Spatial disorientation is defined as the inability of a pilot to correctly interpret aircraft attitude, altitude or airspeed in relation to the Earth or other points of reference.

Special use airspace (SUA), special flight rules areas (SFRA), temporary flight restrictions (TFR), and other airspace areas.

Special use airspace (SUA) is an area designated for operations of a nature such that limitations may be imposed on aircraft not participating in those operations. In United States aviation, a special flight rules area (SFRA) is a region in which the normal regulations of flight do not apply in whole or in part, especially regulations concerning airspace classification, altitude, course, and speed restrictions, and the like. A temporary flight restriction (TFR) is a regulatory action that temporarily restricts certain aircraft from operating within a defined area in order to protect persons or property in the air or on the ground.

Most pilots are goal oriented, which can sometime result in a tendency to ignore established personal limitation in favor of completing a flight. How can a pilot mitigate the risk involved when this occurs?

Stick to the rules of the weather

Requirements for certification, recent flight experience, and record-keeping?

Student Pilot certificate. Government issued photo ID. Current solo endorsement. If pursuing the Private license. A current third-class medical.

Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM)

Systematic mental approach to consistently determine the best course of action in a given situation.

How can a pilot mitigate the risk of the potentially dangerous distractions that can occur when flying with advanced avionics?

The addition of datalink weather information gives the advanced avionics pilot a real advantage in inclement weather, but only if the pilot is trained to retrieve and evaluate the weather in real time without sacrificing situational awareness.

What causes and airplane to pitch nose down when power is reduced and controls are not adjusted?

The downwash on the elevators from the propeller slipstream is reduced and elevator effectiveness is reduced.

Understanding of: Requirements for certification, recent flight experience, and record-keeping.

The pilot must have performed the takeoffs and landings during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise within the preceding 6 months prior to the month of the flight.

Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments

The pitot tube is utilized to measure the total combined pressures that are present when an aircraft moves through the air. Static pressure, also known as ambient pressure, is always present whether an aircraft is moving or at rest. It is simply the barometric pressure in the local area.

Elements of a VFR flight plan. § 91.153

The point and proposed time of departure. (5) The proposed route, cruising altitude (or flight level), and true airspeed at that altitude. (6) The point of first intended landing and the estimated elapsed time until over that point. (7) The amount of fuel on board (in hours).

Airplane Primary flight controls

The primary controls are the ailerons, elevator, and the rudder, which provide the aerodynamic force to make the aircraft follow a desired flight path.

Route planning, including consideration of different classes and special use airspace (SUA) and selection of appropriate and available navigation/communication systems and facilities

The types of SUA areas are Prohibited Areas, Restricted Areas, Military Operations Areas (MOA), Warning Areas, Alert Areas, Controlled Firing Areas (CFA), and National Security Areas (NSA). There are two categories of SUA: regulatory (rulemaking) and other than regulatory (non-rulemaking).

Why do the Class E airspace cloud clearance and visibility requirements change above 10000 feet?

This helps separate slow flying traffic from larger, faster traffic by giving them more time to see and avoid each other.

What force causes an airplane to turn?

This is in addition to the adverse yaw induced by the increased drag on the low wing caused by the position of the ailerons during a bank. In a sense, the horizontal component of the lift causes the nose of the airplane to turn in the wrong direction.

1. During the before takeoff magneto check, you notice the right magneto is extremely rough. Explain what the problem could be and what actions you will take next.

This means if one or more of them are not functioning properly the cylinder it is threaded into will not fire and result in rpm loss and rough running.

Determine the airplane is airworthy in a scenario given by the evaluator

This scenario should prompt the applicant to explain aircraft documents required to be on board the aircraft, and possibly the status sheet, demonstrating compliance with required inspections. This explanation allows you to evaluate the first Skills element, and you ask additional questions to assess the applicant's grasp of the others.

Dehydration and nutrition

To help prevent dehydration, you should drink two to four quarts of water every 24 hours. Dehydration also contributes to fuzzy thinking, poor decision-making, dizziness and muscle fatigue. Long-term effects include wrinkled skin, impaired memory function, dry hair, brittle nails, constipation, susceptibility to colds.

What two factors should be considered when evaluating the type of survival equipment to carry for a flight over uninhabited terrain?

Type of climate and terrain.

Types of airspace/airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations: Class G

Uncontrolled airspace or Class G airspace is the portion of the airspace that has not been designated as Class A, B, C, D, or E

Stress

Unfortunate accidents start to occur when a pilot is under excessive stress, as it dramatically affects his or her physical, emotional, and mental conditions.

During the enroute segment of a night flight, how can a pilot determine they are flying from VFR conditions to potentially marginal VFR or IFR conditions?

Usually, the first indication of flying into restricted visibility conditions is the gradual disappearance of lights on the ground. If the lights begin to take on an appearance of being surrounded by a halo or glow, the pilot should use caution in attempting further flight in that same direction. Such a halo or glow around lights on the ground is indicative of ground fog.

You have just landed a 2,100 foot grass strip to pick up two passengers and you plan to depart in the early afternoon. The temperature will remain warmer than expected, so you compute the density altitude and determine the takeoff distance over a 50 foot obstacle will be 2000 feet. Your weight and balance indicates you will be 100 pounds under gross weight. If you take off explain the hazards and the overall risk and the actions you take to mitigate the risk?

Wait until the temperature decreases, and recalculate the takeoff performance.

Explain the requirements for operating in SUA or within a TFR. Explain SATR and SFRA operations, if applicable.

Washington D.C. Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA). Each person operating an aircraft to, from, or within airspace designated as a SATR area or SFRA must adhere to the special air traffic rules set forth in 14 CFR Part 93, as applicable, unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC.

1. Automation in the cockpick has made aviation safer. Does total risk increase or decrease when passively monitoring an automated system for faults or abnormalities. How can you mitigate that risk?

When passively monitoring an automated system for faults, abnormalities, or other infrequent events, humans perform poorly. The more reliable the system is, the worse the human performance becomes. Pilot management of risk is improved with practice and consistent use of basic and practical risk management tools.

When should a pilot be particularly alert for the possibility of carbon monoxide poisoning?

When using the heater in light aircraft.

Is mode C transponder required for flight over Class C airspace if operating below 10,000ft MSL?

Yes (required up to 10,000' MSL).

If your driver's license was recently suspended for DUI, but you have not been convicted of the crime must you report this to the FAA?

Yes, in the case of a motor vehicle you must provide a written report to the FAA within 60 days of the action

Are there any other activities that can substitute for a bi-annual flight review?

Yes. A. US armed force check airman exam B. Practical test by examiner in issuance of CFI certificate or additional CFI ratings C. Completion of one or more phases of FAA-sponsored pilot proficiency award program D. Student pilot undergoing training and has current solo endorsement

If the brakes on the left side (pilot) are not functioning, will the brakes on the right side also be inoperative?

Yes. If one brake becomes weak or fails, use the other brake sparingly while using opposite rudder, as required, to offset the good brake.

Are the AFM supplements required to be onboard the airplane?

Yes: ARROW: · Airworthiness Certificate · Registration Certificate · Radio Station License (international flights only) · Operating Handbook · Weight and Balance

§ 61.133 Privileges and limitations

You cannot be paid to fly passengers or property. As a private pilot, you may not act as a pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire, nor may you be paid to act as a pilot in command

Hypothermia

abnormally low body temperature

Procedures for activating and closing a VFR flight plan.

call 1800wxbrief. Also using AP or website to start. Call number for wx update. ForeFlight***

14 CFR § 61.23 Medical certificates: class, expiration, privileges, and temporary disqualifications.

class 3 medical certificates are for private pilot duties. 5 years under 40, two year over 40.

Hazardous attitudes.

five hazardous attitudes that can undermine a pilot's aeronautical decision making. They are antiauthority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, and resignation.

Kinds of Operation Equipment List (KOEL)

list of equipment installed in an aircraft that specifies for which kinds of operations a specific piece of equipment is required. a KOEL may state that a particular backup instrument must be working to fly under Day IFR or Night IFR, but is not required for Day VFR or Night VFR.

Hypoxic hypoxia due to altitude increase or oxygen displacement

occurs due to the reduced partial pressure of Oxygen in inspired air. Hypoxia is caused by circulatory system problems such as heart failure or, in aviation, by blood pooling in the lower limbs under high g maneuvers.

Power plant and propeller

power plant, produces thrust to propel an aircraft.

Motion sickness

severe symptoms that make motion sickness particularly offensive in an airplane are nausea and vomiting.

The amount of excess load that can be imposed on the structure of an airplane id dependent on what factor?

speed of the airplane

14 CFR § 61.3 Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges

there are really only a few things that pilots are required to carry with them, and they include: a pilot certificate, photo identification and, when necessary, an aviation medical certificate.

Optical illusions

these illusions are primarily associated with landing. Since pilots must transition from reliance on instruments to visual cues outside the flight

Airworthiness Directives and Special Airworthiness Information Bulletins

three types of ADs: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM), followed by a Final Rule Final Rule; Request for Comments Emergency Ads (An Emergency AD is issued when an unsafe condition exists that requires immediate action by an owner/operator). After an unsafe condition is discovered, a proposed solution is published as an NPRM. A Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (SAIB) is an information tool that alerts, educates, and makes recommendations to the aviation community.

Prepare, present, and explain a cross-country flight plan assigned by the evaluator including a risk analysis based on real-time weather, to the first fuel stop.

use flight planning and wx briefing/ ForeFlight

Will the indicated airspeed at which an aircraft stalls change as altitude increases?

yes due to air density.

Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of the airplane, VFR cruising altitudes, and the effect of wind. 91.159

zero degrees through 179 degrees 180 degrees through 359 degrees East Is Odd, West is Even. When operating above 18,000 feet MSL, maintain the altitude or flight level assigned by ATC.

Required inspections and airplane logbook documentation

§ 61.51 Pilot logbooks: Date and time length of flight, SOLO or Dual, Day or Night, VFR or VFR, sport or recreational or private,