AUBF Module 3: Chemical Examination of Urine
Acetest Table test
A tablet containing sodium nitroprusside, glycine disodium phosphate and lactos
within 60 seconds
How many minutes will the ictotest tablet test give positive result (blue-purple) to the reaction of B2?
Tamm Horsfall protein
another name for uromodulin
Orthostatic (Postural)
benign proteinuria that occurs only after several hours of prolonged standing
Post hepatic jaundice
bile duct obstruction
Nitrate
common constituent of urine
Action of leukocyte to hydrolyze acid ester forming aromatic compound and acid
principle for leukocyte esterase
Glucose determination
principle for the detection of glucose?
principle of sodium nitroprusside reaction
principle of Ketones
principle of diazo reaction
principle of bilirubin
Albumin
responsible for accepting dihydrogen ion and the most sensitive in the reagent pad
Hepatic jaundice
the integrity of liver is damaged
Stercobilin and Urobilin
these are excreted in the feces giving a characteristic of brown color
uromodulin (Tamm Horsfall protein)
these are proteins from the vaginal and prostatic secretions and trace amounts of albumin
Tubular syndrome
tubular dysfunction including heavy metal poisoning, Fanconi syndrome, & viral infection
Nitrite test
valuable tool for detecting initial bladder infection
10mg/dL or 100mg per 24 hours
Normal amount if proteins found in the urine
2-4mg/dL
Normal amount of ketones found in the blood
0-5 per LPF
Normal value for leukocytes in urine microscope examination
Acetyl CoA
One of the intermediate products of fatty acid metabolism
yellow to blue-green chromogen
Positive result for Blood
purple color
Positive result for ketones
purple azodye
Positive result for leukocyte esterase
pink azodye
Positive result for nitrite
yellow to blue color
Positive result for the detection of protein?
red/pink azodye
Positive result of Urobilinogen
•Chemstrip utilizes diazo reaction •Multistix uses Ehrlich's Aldehyde Reaction
Principle for Urobilinogen
Principle of Greiss Reaction
Principle for nitrite
principle of pseudoperoxidase activity reaction
Principle for occult blood
principle of cold precipitation test with SSA
Principle of SSA
glucose oxidase peroxidise chromogen buffer
Reagent strip for glucose is impregnated with these mixtures.
Pancreatitis
decreased levels of insulin
Microalbuminuria
development of diabetec neohropathy and cardiovascular diseases
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
What Ehrlich's reagent is used for the detection of urobilinogen?
acetoacetic acid (20%) acetone (2%) B-hydroxybutyric acid (78%)
What are the 3 ketone bodies?
dicholoranilin dichlorobenzene-diazonium-tertrafluoroborate
What are the diazonium salts used in bilirubin?
tetrabromphenol blue tetracholorphenol tetrabromosulfonphthalein
What are the indicators used in the detection of proteins?
Cushing syndrome Pheochromocytoma
What disease, disorder, or syndrome wherein there is increased cortisol?
CNS damage Stress
What indication, disease, disorder, or syndrome wherein there is increased epinephrine?
principle of protein error of indication
What is the principle for the detection of proteins?
diazonium salt
What salt is used for the detection of nitrite
4-methyloxybenzene-diazonium-tetrafluoroborate
What salt is used for the detection of urobilinogen?
in the urine
Where can you find the conjugated bilirubin?
attached to the albumin
Where can you found the unconjugated bilirubin?
Ictotest tablet test
a tablet containing SAA, sodium carbonate, boric acid, diazonium salt
Post renal proteinuria
a type of proteinuria where proteins are added to urine as it passes theough the lower urinary tract
Diabetes mellitus
impaired function of insulin
HYEPRGYLCEMIA
increase in blood pressure
Pancreatic cancer
increased glucagon and somatostatin
Urine proteins
it is an important indicator of renal diseases
Bilirubin
it is found from the breakdown of hemoglobin in reticuloendotheli system
urobilinogen
it is reabsorbed from the intestine into the blood and will recirculate again to the liver and then back to the intestine
tetramethylbenzidine
it is used as the chromogen for the detection of occult blood
Stercobilinogen
it remains in the intestine and further oxidizes to stercobilin
Glucose detection
most frequently performed chemical anaylsis of urine
purple azodye
positive result for bilirubin
Hematuria
presence if intact RBC in urine
glycosuria
presence of glucose in urine
Hemoglobinuria
presence of lysed RBCs in urine
Myoglobinuria
presence of myoglobin from muscles
Reagent strip
aka "dipstick"
Conjugated (B2) Unconjugated (B1)
2 types of bilirubin
stercobilinogen urobilinogen
After B2 Is excreted through the bile duct into the intestine, it is acted upon by bacteria to convert to what mixture?
Horizontal manner
In what manner do you hold the reagent strip after dipping in the urine?
<30 degrees Celsius
The strip should be kept at what RT?
True
True /False Extensive hemolysis of RBCs can also increase blood urobilinogen
Gestational diabetes
Under hyperglycemia, it occurs during pregnancy
green to brown
Using Potassium Iodide as chromogen for glucose detection, what would be the result?
yellow to green
Using tetramethylbenzedine as chromogen for glucose detection, what would be the result?
