AUBF Module 3: Chemical Examination of Urine

Acetest Table test

A tablet containing sodium nitroprusside, glycine disodium phosphate and lactos

within 60 seconds

How many minutes will the ictotest tablet test give positive result (blue-purple) to the reaction of B2?

Tamm Horsfall protein

another name for uromodulin

Orthostatic (Postural)

benign proteinuria that occurs only after several hours of prolonged standing

Post hepatic jaundice

bile duct obstruction

Nitrate

common constituent of urine

Action of leukocyte to hydrolyze acid ester forming aromatic compound and acid

principle for leukocyte esterase

Glucose determination

principle for the detection of glucose?

principle of sodium nitroprusside reaction

principle of Ketones

principle of diazo reaction

principle of bilirubin

Albumin

responsible for accepting dihydrogen ion and the most sensitive in the reagent pad

Hepatic jaundice

the integrity of liver is damaged

Stercobilin and Urobilin

these are excreted in the feces giving a characteristic of brown color

uromodulin (Tamm Horsfall protein)

these are proteins from the vaginal and prostatic secretions and trace amounts of albumin

Tubular syndrome

tubular dysfunction including heavy metal poisoning, Fanconi syndrome, & viral infection

Nitrite test

valuable tool for detecting initial bladder infection

10mg/dL or 100mg per 24 hours

Normal amount if proteins found in the urine

2-4mg/dL

Normal amount of ketones found in the blood

0-5 per LPF

Normal value for leukocytes in urine microscope examination

Acetyl CoA

One of the intermediate products of fatty acid metabolism

yellow to blue-green chromogen

Positive result for Blood

purple color

Positive result for ketones

purple azodye

Positive result for leukocyte esterase

pink azodye

Positive result for nitrite

yellow to blue color

Positive result for the detection of protein?

red/pink azodye

Positive result of Urobilinogen

•Chemstrip utilizes diazo reaction •Multistix uses Ehrlich's Aldehyde Reaction

Principle for Urobilinogen

Principle of Greiss Reaction

Principle for nitrite

principle of pseudoperoxidase activity reaction

Principle for occult blood

principle of cold precipitation test with SSA

Principle of SSA

glucose oxidase peroxidise chromogen buffer

Reagent strip for glucose is impregnated with these mixtures.

Pancreatitis

decreased levels of insulin

Microalbuminuria

development of diabetec neohropathy and cardiovascular diseases

p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

What Ehrlich's reagent is used for the detection of urobilinogen?

acetoacetic acid (20%) acetone (2%) B-hydroxybutyric acid (78%)

What are the 3 ketone bodies?

dicholoranilin dichlorobenzene-diazonium-tertrafluoroborate

What are the diazonium salts used in bilirubin?

tetrabromphenol blue tetracholorphenol tetrabromosulfonphthalein

What are the indicators used in the detection of proteins?

Cushing syndrome Pheochromocytoma

What disease, disorder, or syndrome wherein there is increased cortisol?

CNS damage Stress

What indication, disease, disorder, or syndrome wherein there is increased epinephrine?

principle of protein error of indication

What is the principle for the detection of proteins?

diazonium salt

What salt is used for the detection of nitrite

4-methyloxybenzene-diazonium-tetrafluoroborate

What salt is used for the detection of urobilinogen?

in the urine

Where can you find the conjugated bilirubin?

attached to the albumin

Where can you found the unconjugated bilirubin?

Ictotest tablet test

a tablet containing SAA, sodium carbonate, boric acid, diazonium salt

Post renal proteinuria

a type of proteinuria where proteins are added to urine as it passes theough the lower urinary tract

Diabetes mellitus

impaired function of insulin

HYEPRGYLCEMIA

increase in blood pressure

Pancreatic cancer

increased glucagon and somatostatin

Urine proteins

it is an important indicator of renal diseases

Bilirubin

it is found from the breakdown of hemoglobin in reticuloendotheli system

urobilinogen

it is reabsorbed from the intestine into the blood and will recirculate again to the liver and then back to the intestine

tetramethylbenzidine

it is used as the chromogen for the detection of occult blood

Stercobilinogen

it remains in the intestine and further oxidizes to stercobilin

Glucose detection

most frequently performed chemical anaylsis of urine

purple azodye

positive result for bilirubin

Hematuria

presence if intact RBC in urine

glycosuria

presence of glucose in urine

Hemoglobinuria

presence of lysed RBCs in urine

Myoglobinuria

presence of myoglobin from muscles

Reagent strip

aka "dipstick"

Conjugated (B2) Unconjugated (B1)

2 types of bilirubin

stercobilinogen urobilinogen

After B2 Is excreted through the bile duct into the intestine, it is acted upon by bacteria to convert to what mixture?

Horizontal manner

In what manner do you hold the reagent strip after dipping in the urine?

<30 degrees Celsius

The strip should be kept at what RT?

True

True /False Extensive hemolysis of RBCs can also increase blood urobilinogen

Gestational diabetes

Under hyperglycemia, it occurs during pregnancy

green to brown

Using Potassium Iodide as chromogen for glucose detection, what would be the result?

yellow to green

Using tetramethylbenzedine as chromogen for glucose detection, what would be the result?