Autonomic Nervous System: Neurotransmitters and Receptors
plasma membranes
Adrenergic receptors are located in ______________________________ of target cells.
both
Are muscarinic receptors excitatory or inhibitory?
adrenergic fibers
What are the fibers that secrete norepinephrine (NE) by nearly all postganglionic sympathetic neurons?
neuromuscular, neuroglandular, sympathetic cholinergic
What are the junctions that muscarinic receptors are found?
acetylcholine (ACh), norepinephrine (NE)
What are the neurotransmitters used in the Autonomic Nervous System?
adrenergic receptor
What are the receptors of the sympathetic division?
preganglionic neuron
Acetylcholine (ACh) is secreted by all ____________________________ in both the parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons.
excitatory
Are nicotinic receptors excitatory or inhibitory?
postganglionic neurons
Nicotinic receptors are on all ________________________, in the adrenal medulla and at neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscles.
postganglionic (sympathetic) neuron
Norepinephrine (NE) is secreted by nearly all ______________________________________.
cholinergic fibers
What are the preganglionic neurons/fibers secretes acetylcholine (ACh) in both the parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons.
nicotinic receptor, muscarinic receptor
What are the receptors of the parasympathetic division?
cholinergic receptor
What are the receptors that ACh binds to?
nicotinic receptor, muscarinic receptor
What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
alpha-adrenergic, beta-adrenergic
What are the types of adrenergic receptors?
cholinergic receptor
What general receptor are nicotinic and muscarinic receptors?
beta receptor
What is more activated when epinephrine and norepinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine, norepinephrine
What neurotransmitters do alpha receptors generally stimulates by?
epinephrine
What neurotransmitters do beta receptors generally stimulates by?
epinephrine, norepinephrine
What neurotransmitters need to bind to adrenergic receptors to activate enzymes within cells?
cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells
What parts of the body will muscarinic receptors be found?
muscarinic receptor
What receptor are located at cholinergic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions as well as some sympathetic cholinergic junctions?
nicotinic receptor
What receptor can also be found on sympathetic ganglion cells and at SNS neuromuscular junctions?
muscarinic receptor
What receptor can be either excitatory or inhibitory due to subclasses of its type of receptor?
few seconds
When epinephrine and much more norepinephrine are released locally, the effects may last _________________.
several minutes
When epinephrine and norepinephrine are released in the adrenal medulla, the effects may last _________________.
presynaptic cell
Where are the neurotransmitters in the Autonomic Nervous System released by?
neuromuscular junction (skeletal muscles), adrenal medulla
Where in the body will nicotinic receptors be found?
ganglion cell surfaces
Where specifically does nicotinic receptors are to be found?
alpha 1 (α1) receptor
Which alpha receptor is generally excitatory?
alpha 2 (α2) receptor
Which alpha receptor is generally inhibitory?
beta 1 (β1) receptor
Which beta receptor are linked to cardiac muscle stimulation and increased tissue metabolism?
beta 2 (β2) receptor
Which beta receptor are linked to relaxation of respiratory passage and blood vessel smooth muscle?
beta 3 (β3) receptor
Which beta receptor are linked to release of fatty acids from adipose tissue for metabolic use in other tissues?
adrenal medulla
Which part of the body does both epinephrine and norepinephrine GENERALLY get released from?
nicotinic receptor
Which receptor is excitatory when they are ACh binding receptors?