B MUS 250

El Manisero

Don Azpiazu

The parts for the small group in a concerto grosso are noticeably more difficult than the parts for the orchestra.

False

The patronage system allowed composers to sell their works to the highest bidder.

False

The pipe organ reached its height of development during the Renaissance, but it was still important during the Baroque

False

The pipe organ, like the piano, has one keyboard

False

The purpose of the valves or slide on a brass instrument is to allow for louder sounds

False

The style of singing needed for opera singers also is suitable for singing folk songs

False

The subject in a fugue appears only in its exposition

False

The term for the degrees of loudness in music is volume

False

The texts of madrigals are on religious topics, especially old testament stories

False

The third movement of J.S. Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 has an important part for the pipe organ.

False

The word that indicates the music should get louder is decrescendo

False

Until the nineteenth century, music was more developed than the visual arts

False

When playing the harpsichord, it is possible for the player to make gradual changes of dynamic level, which is not true on the piano

False

When playing the harpsichord,not is possible to make gradual changes of dynamic level, which is not true on the piano.

False

Roll With Me Henry

Female Vocalist: Etta James

The timbre of any sound played on an instrument (other than an electronic one) or sung almost always changes slightly from its beginning to its ending

True

The way a string player draws the bow across the strings can significantly affect the quality of sound

True

The way a string player draws the now across the strings can significantly affect the quality of sound

True

Timpani sound different pitches, but bass drums cannot

True

Usually all the words in an opera are sung

True

Wind bands include woodwinds, brass, and percussion, but no strings

True

You should notice your reactions to the musical sounds you hear.

True

Countersubject

Two or more independent lines ith melodic character occuring at the same time

Counterpoint Contrapuntal

Two or more independent lines with melodic character occurring at the same time

Polyrhythm

Two or more rhythmic patterns occurring simultaneously

Monody

Type of homophony consisting of a solo line with instrumental accompaniment, flourished in the early 17th century

The illustrator James Montgomery brought this character to life, and created a memorable icon, in his poster I Want You for U.S. Army:

Uncle Sam

Notation

Visual record of heard or imagined musical sound, or a set of visual instructions for performance of music.

The group of four concertos called The Four Seasons was composed by

Vivaldi

Cantata

Vocal composition in several movements for solo voices, instruments, and usually a chorus. It is usually based on a religious text.

Rebecca

Vocalist: Big Joe Turner

No Particular Place To Go

Vocalist: Chuck Berry

I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry

Vocalist: Hank Williams

Smokestack Lightin'

Vocalist: Howlin' Wolf

Frankie and Johnny

Vocalist: Jimmy Rodger

My Babe

Vocalist: Little Walter

Just a Gigalo

Vocalist: Louis Prima

Got My Mojo Working

Vocalist: Muddy Waters

Rock Me

Vocalist: Sister Rosetta Tharpe

Call It Stormy Monday

Vocalist: T-Bone Walker

The most important and innovative composer of German opera was

Wagner

Who are some important wind band transcriptionists?

Walter Beeler, Lucien Cailliet (Kale-lee-yet), Clare Grundman, Donald Hunsberger, Erik Leidzén, Lawrence Odom, John Paynter

The use of vibrato when playing a string instrument makes the sound

Warmer

On a musical instrument like the violin, what kind of sound will be produced if you pluck the string harder?

a louder sound

A theme is

a melodic idea that plays a central role in a musical work

countermelody

a melody happening simultaneously with another melody

Hildegard's Ordo virtutum is

a morality play

When light-sensitive film is exposed to light, ________ image is formed.

a negative

what term is usually used to refer to the first-chair violinist in an orchestra?

concertmaster

chorale prelude

contrapuntal piece for organ built on a chorale melody

Concerto

contrast between soloist and/or small group and remainder of the orchestra

countersubject (fugue)

contrasting theme

Woodwind and brass instrument players start and stop sounds by

controlling the flow of air with the tongue

Which type of arch, made up of stones that are progressively stepped inward, was used by the ancient Babylonians and Mycenaeans?

corbeled arch

Electronic music

created with synthesizers and computers, early versions created by manipulating tape, today digital recording technology is used

crescendo

cresc. < ,increase in dynamics (get louder)

The technique in which an artist creates a series of closely arranged parallel lines that is overlapped by another set of parallel strokes to create a sense of value is called:

cross-hatching

In the recitative from Monteverdi's Coronation of Poppea, Poppea is trying to get Nero to

come back to her soon

An interior designer can balance curved and straight lines to __________ each other.

complement

"Sicut Cervus"

composed by Palestrina, written in latin, polyphonic, each voice entering in imitation, not a strong meter or beat (not "toe-tapping," could have had sparing instrumental accompaniment

orchestra, piece, work, conductor

composed music: piece, work

Tonal Center (Baroque)

composer began to think of how progression of chords (based on a tonal center) affected the music

Commercial color printers use the following three primary colors, plus black:

cyan, magenta, yellow

Instrumental music during the Renaissance consisted largely of

dance music

decrescendo

decresc. > , decrease in dynamics (get softer)

Metronome Marking

denotes tempo, ie. a metronome marking of 84 would denote 84 BPM, most works have a tempo of 1 to 3 BPS

A representational work of art ________.

depicts objects or people so that we can recognize them

Origins of Western Music

developed 2,500 years ago in Mediterranean city-states (Such as Athens)

Polyphony (Medieval)

developed in Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, a fourth line was added to music in organum, based on phrases of Gregorian Chant

This kind of line tends to be more visually active, so it can draw the viewer's attention.

diagonal

A musical tells a story using ______.

dialog, dance, and songs

A good example of variety in a work would be:

different shapes and colors

When a string on a musical instrument vibrates, it produces a tone we recognize as a certain pitch. The vibrating string, however, is also producing additional pitches that are not as strong. These additional pitches are called overtones; they govern tone color and allow us to do what?

differentiate between both instruments and differentiate between voices

disjunct

disjointed or disconnected melody with many leaps

Leonardo da Vinci engaged in which activity—banned by the Church—in order to get detailed drawings of the human anatomy?

dissection

What is the musical term for the opposite of the restful or comfortable sound of consonance?

dissonance.

Groups of notes that do not seem to blend together well and give a feeling of tension are described as

dissonant

interval

distance between two pitches

This use of scale can create an abnormal or supernatural effect, and was used by the Surrealists to do just that.

distorted scale

The most impressive feature of the Church of Hagia Sophia is its enormous ________.

dome

Life drawing is the process of:

drawing from a live model

The sequences in Meshes of the Afternoon are similar to ______.

dream imagery

What is the musical term for an underlying beat pattern that has feeling of two?

duple meter

The term for the different levels of loudness and softness in music is

dynamics

e. Each answer shown is correct

e. Each answer shown is correct

Recitative

early efforts to have one line of melody, singers would often act, and not repeat words, to express text (think recite)

Early photographer William Henry Fox Talbot discovered how to make positive prints that could be:

easily reproduced

octave

eight or more notes higher or lower then another note with the same name

Pointed arches conduct the downward thrust of the weight of the building by redirecting it outward toward the walls, and have a strong upward visual ________.

emphasis

accent

emphasis placed on the beat, often first beat is strongest

if a performance is well received, an audience can request an ___ with extended applause

encore

When Marina Abramović performed The Artist is Present at MoMA in 2010, she did not speak or move, but created what she called a/an "________" with participants.

energy dialogue

An acoustical quirk of nature in tuning called the "Pythagorean comma" was compensated for by the use of

equal temperament

metrical pattern

every piece of music follow metrical pattern, indicated in 2 ways- meter signature or time signature

contrast

example: part 'b' from "Simple Gifts"

Psychological analysis of The Scream by the artist Edvard Munch tells us that the painter was:

expressing anxiety

When Paul Gauguin painted his work The Yellow Christ he chose the color yellow for its __________ qualities.

expressive

Baroque melodies

expressive "reciting" style (recitative) in vocal music

forte

f-loud

Bizet's opera Carmen was an immediate success when it was first presented

false

Harmony is any simultaneous sounding of notes that sounds pleasing and agreeable

false

Hearing music and listening to music are essentially the same thing

false

Operas are sung without accompanying orchestras or keyboard instrument

false

Operas contain only arias and recitatives, but no chorus parts

false

The characters in Wagner's operas are mostly drawn from Greek mythology

false

The orchestra in an opera is placed on the left hand side of the stage

false

Artemisia Gentileschi lived at a time when women were not easily accepted into the art profession, but she was supported by her ________, who was also an artist.

father

fortissimo

ff-very loud

Suppose you really like a type of popular music. Your attitude toward the classical music in this course should be

finding out why many people find classical works interesting to listen to

"Simple Gifts"

hymn, Shaker song from 1840

A ________ is an architectural space that is created by using a series of columns, or a colonnade, to support a flat ceiling.

hypostyle hall

Theme

identifies an instrumental melody that plays important role in the work (of music)

Michelangelo used this Italian term, which refers to nudity, to describe the figures he intended to use for the tomb of Pope Julius II:

ignudi

dissonance

implies tension and disequilibrium

Voice

important instrument, air causes vocal chords and larynx to vibrate, control of air-flow is very important, length of vocal cords regulates pitch

how do performers of "classical" music ensembles typically dress?

in black formal wear

How is pitch measured?

in vibrations per second

When a string on a musical instrument vibrates, it produces a tone we recognize as a certain pitch. The vibrating string, however, is also producing additional pitches that are not as strong. What are these additional pitches are called?

overtones

piano

p-soft

Handel's Water Music Suite is so named because

it was composed to be played on barges as the king cruised the river

Frank Gehry's design for the Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, uses contrasts of:

organic and geometric form

An artist creates compositional unity by:

organizing all of the visual elements of the work

A persistently repeated, rather short phrase in music is called a(n)

ostinato

The outlook of many people during the Middle Ages was

otherworldly

We perceive scale in relation to:

our own size

Color deception occurs when:

our perception of a color is influenced by the color next, or adjacent, to it

What phenomenon governs tone color (or timbre)?

overtones

The artist Chuck Close used a repeated pattern of organic concentric rings set into a diamond shape to create his large:

paintings

The traditional, and narrow, definition of "fine art" includes ________.

paintings on canvas and sculptures on pedestals

sequence

pattern of notes repeated several times in succession, each time at a different pitch

overtone series

pattern of pitches produced by dividing sound producing mechanism into equal parts

The overtone or harmonic series is the

pattern of pitches that results when dividing a string or air column at fractional points

Meter is the

pattern of the beats

Lute

pear-shaped, hollow, instrument that was plucked, (sort of "guitar-ish")

"Verismo" operas were about

people in everyday life

The kinds of artworks made using alternative media are ________.

performance art, conceptual art, installations, and environments

Monasteries

perserved writing and culture during middle or "Dark" ages

conductor

person who, by means of gestures, leads performances of music ensembles, especially orchestras, bands, or choruses

South-African wood turner Andrew Early chooses to keep the natural irregularities of wood in his finished artworks, in order to preserve a sense of the material's innate ________.

personality

The highness or lowness of a sound is called

pitch

What are the four characteristics of traditional musical sound?

pitch, duration, loudness and tone color

The term for sounds that are made on string instruments by plucking the string is

pizzicato

Clay used to make earthenware has a good ________: it is pliable and can be easily formed into almost any orientation.

plasticity

Morality Play

play designed to scare common folk into obeying God/showed them what would happen if they didn't

A vibrato is

slight, rapid fluctuations in the pitch of a sound

Adagio

slow, leisurely

Partials

small bits of other pitches in addition to the instruments fundamental pitch ("accessories")

Artists use this kind of texture if they want to contradict a viewer's normal expectations of a textured surface.

subversive

Ordinary of the Mass

sung or said in 5 parts: kyrie, gloria, credo, sanctus, Angus Dei

figured bass

system of shorthand employed by keyboard players playing the continuo

Maya pyramids primarily served as platforms for ________.

temples

This attribute of time is a measurement of the speed at which time elapses.

tempo

Refer to Figure 2.1. Number 2 in the above example is pointing to the

tempo marking

The leading male role is often sung by a(n)

tenor

The role of a heroic young man in an opera will probably be sung by

tenor

The role of a heroic young man in an opera will probably be sung by a(n)

tenor

A slick cold surface of a finely finished metal object, the rough-hewn splintery character of a broken branch, and the pebbly surface of a rocky beach are all examples of this element of art:

texture

"Western civilization" refers to the culture

that developed in ancient Greece and then spread throughout Europe

Classical music can be thought of as music

that was created to be listened to carefully

Dynamics

the "loudness" of music (measured in decibels)

Harmony

the "under layer" that pairs with the melody

This famous object is the largest carving in the world created from a single stone.

the Sphinx

Continuo

the accompanying bass line in much Baroque music usually has a continuous, steady quality. Called the "Basso Continuo" or continuo for short

Performance art differs from theater because ________.

the actions usually take place in an art context

Collagraph printing is different to relief or intaglio methods, because:

the artist builds up rather than cuts into the surface that is to be inked

An important development was the introduction of

the bass voice part

What is the musical term for the ongoing, underlying pulse found in almost all music?

the beat

Pigment names are often derived from their source. For example the pigment that we call umber is named after ________.

the brown soil of Umbria, Italy

The painting Starlight by Agnes Martin uses broad emphasis to draw attention to this part of the work:

the composition as a whole

Texture

the different points of interest moving together in a piece of music

Timbre

the different tones in sound made by different instruments in a piece of music

interval

the distance between any two pitches

range

the distance between highest and lowest notes

interval

the distance between two pitches

The combination of music and words can have a much greater emotional impact on listeners than just the words without music

true

Verdi's career was aided by the tide of Italian nationalism in the mid-180s

true

Your impression of a melody can be influenced a lot by which instruments are playing it

true

Photographs have only recently been collected by fine art museums because for a long time they were considered by some not to be ________.

true forms of art

examples of brass

trumpets, french horns, trombones, tuba

The recurring theme played by the orchestra in a concerto grosso is called the

tutti

The Hawaiian sculpture of a war god (Figure 2.4.7) is a composition that represents how many different gods?

two

Counterpoint

two different and distinct lines of music performed at the same time

counterpoint

two different and distinct lines performed at the same time

Organum is not polyphonic because the

two lines of music move in strict parallel motion

polyphonic

two or more lines with melodic character sounded together

Polyphonic texture is

two or more lines with melodic character sounding at the same time

major and minor

two patterns of scales, the main difference between the scales in the third step, which is one half step lower in the minor scale

Secondary colors can be created from a mixture of:

two primary colors

The instruments used in a trio sonata are

two violins, one cello, and a continuo part

Genres

type of classification of music

A "genre" is a(n)

type of music

Genre

type of music (i.e.. jazz, opera, swing... etc.)

Symphony Orchestra Groups

typically has four groups: strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion

The tools of formal analysis help us to:

understand how the artist applied the elements and principles to his or her artwork

renaissance motets

unified piece, all voices sing in Latin, reserved, serious-designed for worship

In his work The Flagellation, Piero della Francesca communicates a mood of detachment and contemplation by using this principle of design.

unity

Chants

used in Church, church was important for music during middle ages, most of their chants and music lose meaning when translated so we don't hear them today

Presto

very fast

Largo

very slow, broad

Grave

very slow, heavy

Music depends on sound, and all sound is the result of what?

vibrations

The string family in a symphony orchestra consists of

violins, violas, cellos, and double basses

examples of Strings

violins, violas, cellos, double basses, harps

In The Treachery of Images, Magritte tells us that painting is a:

visual trick

The lines of a fugue are called

voices

This element of art is used to describe the usable interior space of an architectural form.

volume

Wagner called his operas "music dramas" because he

wanted to eliminate the separation between recitatives and aria

The artist Jenny Holzer created an illusion of motion using a spiraling electronic message board to create a piece of art made up of:

words

During the Baroque a sonata was a

work for one or more instruments

"Pachelbel's Canon in D"

written by Johann Pachelbel, uses both grand bass and ostinato, composed in 1680 though largely ignored until 20th century

Which percussion instrument can produce different pitches?

xylophone

Allegro

moderately fast, moving leisurely

Harmony

simultaneous sound of two of more pitches

Oratorio

A musical composition for voices and orchestra based on a religious text

Concerted style

Musical effect of contrast between groups of instruments

Harpsichord

Strings are plucked by mechanism, very popular in Baroque Era

Piano

Strings are struck by felt tipped hammers.

Which percussion instruments can produce different pitches.

Xylophone

Concert

a live performance of music performed by people for listeners to hear

A musical phrase is

a logical grouping of notes

Baroque genres

oratorio, cantata (recitative, aria, chorus)

In order to be considered music, the sounds must have been rendered in music notation

False

Madrigals usually have slower tempos than motets

False

a capella

singing style showcasing "the purity of sound, no accompaniment

T or F: Technology has affected the way people consume music.

true

Many of the more familiar songs sung in America and Europe end on notes other than the tonic

False

Medieval motets have no rhythm

False

Messiah was the only oratorio Handel composed; most of his other music consisted of operas and instrumental works

False

Most concert music is louder than popular music

False

Music is either definitely consonant or definitely dissonant.

False

Music is necessary for physical existence

False

Nuemes

A musical notation, a sign for one or a group of successive musical pitches, predecessor of modern musical notes.

Arranger

A musician who adapts a composition for particular voices or instruments or for another style of performance.

Operas are sung without accompanying orchestra or keyboard instrument

False

Why are some guidance and instruction often needed to understand and appreciate many works of concert music?

All of these choices

Stylized Dance Music

"Dressed up" to make them more interesting for listening

Libretto

"Little book" The text of an opera or oratorio

Ostinato

"Stubborn" a short, persistently repeated melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic pattern.

treble cleff

"and sign" thing, denotes high notes

bass cleff

"backwards 'c' with dots/colon," denotes low notes

nonmetrical rhythm

"can't tap foot"

Sonata de Camera

"chamber sonata"- contained stylized versions of dance music

Sonata de Chiesa

"church sonata"-more serious

Requiem

"mass for the dead"- funeral mass, included the chant "Dies Irae" or "Days of Wrath"

Andate

"walking," moderate

sharp

#-half step higher

There are certain traditions surrounding concerts and concert-going: these include the performers' (1), the appropriate time to (2), and time to move from you (3)

(1) attire, (2) applaud, (3) seat

tourbook, biographical, scales, works, conductor, map, financial

(1) works, (2) biographical, (3) conductor

Your impression of a melody is affected by

All of these choices

Hildegard of Bingen

(1098-1179) 10th child of noble German parents, multi-talented Abbess, given to Church by parents (common practice at time,) developed alternative alphabet for her writing and poetry, 7+ of her musical works remain (more than any other medieval composer,) maintained close relationship between character of music and text (difficult because there was no standard for music writing,) wrote "Ordo Virtutum"

Francesco Landini

(1325-1397) blind Italian composer

John Dunstable

(1385-1453) English, used simultaneous pitches to give music a nicer sound

Claudio Monteverdi

(1567-1643) Italian violinist, music master at St. Mark's in Venice,

Johann Pachelbel

(1653-1706) born and died in Nuremberg, church organist and teacher-taught J.S. Bach's teacher, composed great deal of religious and chorale music (which was admired by Bach,) most famous for his "Canon in D" though that work went largely ignored during his life

Arcangelo Corelli

(1653-1713)

Henry Purcell

(1659-1695)

Antonio Vivaldi

(1675-1741) born in Venice,

Johann Sebastian Bach

(1685-1750) church composer, born in Eisenbach Germany

George Frideric Handel

(1685-1759) established standard of oratorio, German, played Harpsichord, went to Hamburg then Italy, Director of Electoral Court at Hanover and then the Royal Academy of Masi (all under King George I,) refused to not compose less popular Italian operas, went broke and went to debtor's prison, recovered and wrote more than 26 oratorios, 1741-wrote "Messiah" in just over three weeks, died in 1759 and had the posthumous honor of being interred in Westminster Abbey

George Bizet

(1838-1875), Paris Conservatory, recipient of prestigious Prix de Rome award, mostly theatre and opera, often not well received during his time-had to earn a living teaching piano, Franco-Prussian war (1870) veteran, after the war wrote "Farandole" (1872) for his friend, Alphonsause Daudet's play "L'Arlesienne" ("Woman of Arles"), wrote "Carmen"-perhaps bets know opera in world, not initially well received due to obscene content, Bizet died soon after-couln't handle the poor reception

Joaquin Rodrigo

(1901-1999) spanish composer, wanted to evoke beauty of the grounds, fountains, and buildings of Royal Palace (Aranjuez,) wrote "Concerto de Aranjuez" (1939,) wrote 170 compositions

Benjamin Britten

(1913-1976), British (moved to USA but came back soon after, toured a bit in USA,) started young, wrote pieces for every medium and difficulty, wrote "The Young Person's Guide to Orchestra"

Renaissance

(about 1450 to 1600) Northern Italian Noblemen's revival in interest of Greek and Roman Classic culture, music portion began in the Netherlands

John Rutter

(b. 1945) London born, best known for choral works (especially "Carol's for Choir (sp.),) conducted and lectured extensively

alto

(bass) lower singing women

Guillaume de Machet

(c. 1300-1377) Secretary to Count of Luxembourg and worked for King John of Bohemia, also became priest, very influential-worked for many aristocrats and rulers

Josquin Des Prez

(c. 1440-1521) Shaped the High Renaissance, born in Flanders (now Belgium,) worked as choir singer in Milan, musician for various aristocrats and as a musician for King Louis XII of France, admired by Martin Luther-he composed what he wanted not what his patrons wanted, very particular and highly paid, famous for his chansons and motets, emphasized technique of imitation

Palestrina

(c. 1526-94) born outside of Rome (near Palestrina,) choir master for two Popes, fired because he got married, became successful businessman-left behind large fortune and finely crafted music, considered greatest church composer of time, around the time of Palestrina the church was threatened by the Protestant Reformation and wanted to purge music of "pagan obscenities" (Council of Trent 1545-63,) Palestrina was able to please church without having his music regress and suffer

Thomas Weelkes

(c. 1576-1623) English choral composer, heavy drinking got him out of favor with Church, wrote lighter madrigals typical of England during this period

Soprano

(higher) singing women

music

(organized sound)

Polyphonic Modes

(similar to devices used in poetry) kept different lines together

Why are some guidance and instructions often needed to understand and appreciate many works of concert music.

All the above

Renaissance motets and madrigals are most authentically performed when sung by large choral groups

False

T or F: the only place to see a live performance of "classical" music is in a major urban center like New York or Los Angeles

False

The first section of a fugue is called the overture

False

Aaron Copland

1900-1990, born in Brooklyn, Wrote "Hoe-Down," studied under Nadia Boulanger at American School of France in Paris, wanted to bridge gap between concert audiences and popular audiences, many best known works are examples of "music w/ an American Quality"

NAfME was formed in what year?

1907 - first the Music Supervisors National Conference, then the Music Educators National Conference.

When was the first National School Band Contest?

1923

The hair on the bow of a string instrument is treated camel hair

False

quarter note

1 beat, used most frequently

Suite

1) A collection or group of stylized pieces of dance music (Baroque definition)

Chorus

1) A group that sings choral music

Prelude

1) A short instrumental work

What are the four basic tenants of a march?

1. Music as an ornamentation of a regular, fixed, or repetitive drum rhythm.

eighth note

1/2 beat

The approximate dates of the Medieval period are

1100-1450

estampie

12th century dance in Triple-Meter w/ fast, clear tempo

The approximate dates of the Baroque period in music are

1600-1750

The approximate dates of the Renaissance period are

1600-1750

Baroque Period dates

1600-1750 (Bach's death)

The ABA was formed in the year

1929

When was the Eastman Wind Ensemble formed?

1952

Tonic Chord

1st, 3rd, and 5th notes on scale

half note

2 beats

Major/Minor

2 scale patterns in Western Music (happy & sad sounding)

polyphonic

2+ lines

Images were painted using a saliva-and-pigment solution on cave walls at Pech Merle, France ________ years ago.

25,000

The basic ratio on which the notation of rhythm is based is

2:1

Aria

2nd type (after oratorio) of music for 1 singer w/ accompaniment, much more melodic than recitatives and repeated lines of text (recitatives don't,) often reflective and does not advance (as recitatives do,) followed a form ( ABA being most common)

whole note

4 beats

About how many parts (solos, choruses, etc.) does Messiah contain

53

Octave

8 notes up or down from note of the same name

The letter f indicates that the music should be soft

False

Baroque forms

A B (binary)

Sonata

A Baroque multimovement work for solo instrument

Trio sonata

A baroque sonata written for 3 players on melody accompanied by the continuo line

The role of king or authority figure in an opera is usually sung by

A bass

Continuo (Continuous Bass)

A bass line for instruments in which the player is given only a succession of single notes and other symbols from which to fill out the remainder of the harmony. Also, the instruments that play the continuo part.

Basso Continuo

A bass line for keyboard and other instruments in which the player is giving only a succession of single notes and other symbols from which to fill out the remainder of the harmony

Suite

A collection or group of stylized music

Musician

A composer, conductor, or performer of music; especially instrumentalist.

Fugue

A composistion in which the main theme is presented in imitation in several parts

mute

A device for muffling the sound of an instrument

Opera

A drama set to music in which the lines of text are sung with orchestral accompaniment

Toccata

A free-sounding virtuoso work, usually for keyboard

Consonance Consonant

A group of simultaneous sounds that seems agreeable or restful

Dissonance Dissonant

A group of simultaneous sounds that seems disagreeable or harsh

What are some characteristics of a Beethoven march for military band?

A homophonic style with phrases of two to four measures in length, often emphasizing repeated notes and double-dotted figures.

Boogie-Woogie

A jazz piano style featuring a repeated figure in the bass part and a highly decorated melody line

Realization

A keybord player performing the music indicated by the figured bass

Symphony Orchestra

A large ensemble of approximately 100 players containing the four families of instruments

A movement in an instrumental work is

A large independent section

Movement

A large independent section of an instrumental composition

Estampie

A medieval dance that is one of the earliest surviving forms of instrumental music

A theme is

A melodic idea that plays a unifying role in a musical work.

Blue Notes

A minor interval where a major would be expected, used especially in jazz and blues.

Concerto grosso (grand)

A multi movement work contrasting a small instrumental Group with a large group

Concerto Grosso

A multimovement work consisting of music that contrasts a soloist with an orchestra or band

Voices

A part in an instrumental composistion, especially a fuge

Sequence

A pattern of notes repeated several times in succession, but each time at a different pitch level

Suspension

A pattern of tension and release by holding a consonant note from one chord over into the next chord, where it was dissonant, and then resolving that note to a consonant note in the new chord.

The word "virtuoso" refers to

A person who can do a highly skilled activity

Composer

A person who creates or writes music.

Cantus Firmus

A preexisting melody that is used as the basis for a polyphonic vocal work

The harpsichord produces sound when

A quill or a plectrum plucks a string

The harpsichord produces sounds when

A quill or prectrum plucks a string

Passacaglia

A repeated set of variations based on a melodic Ostinato in the lowest-pitched part.

Passacaglia

A repeated set of variations based on a melodic ostinato in the lowest-pitched part

Ostinato

A repeating motif, phrase, or pattern in music

Liturgy

A ritual for public worship

Melody

A series of consecutive pitches that form a unified musical whole (also called tune). Aspects include: Length, Range (hi or low pitch), Contour (shape), Decoration (plain or ornamented)

Triad

A set of three notes (or "pitches") that can be stacked vertically in thirds.

Prelude

A short instrumental work

Motet

A short piece of sacred choral music, typically polyphonic and unaccompanied.

Figured Bass

A shorthand system of numbers and accidentals used by keyboard players in Baroque music for indicating chords

The basic idea of a concerto is contrasting

A soloist or small group with an orchestra or band.

Parlor Song

A song, generally accompanied by piano, intended for home entertainment

Recitative

A style of singing that covers it's text expressively, usually in an economical and direct way

Recitative

A style of singing that covers its text expressively, usually in an economical and direct way

Polyrhythms are a feature of the music from which part of the world?

Africa

Poyrhymes are feature of the music from which part of the world.

Africa

The lower male voice is the tenor voice

False

Equal Temperament

A system of tuning, in which the intervals are adjusted to divide the octave into twelve equal parts

Equal temperament

A system of tuning, in which the intervals are adjusted to divide the octave into twelve equal parts

Baton

A thin stick that is used by a music conductor to lead a band or orchestra.

Swing

A type of popular music containing many jazz influences that was arranged for big bands

The composer of 'Hoe-Down' from Rodeo is

Aaron Copeland

Terraced Dynamics

Abrupt changes in levels of loudness

The reason for "Dido's Lament" in Purcell's Dido and Aeneas was because

Aeneas had to leave Carthage to found Rome

Pitches in music can be part of

All of these choices

The Four Seasons by Vivaldi

All of these choices

The singing style used in operas is powerful and dramatic because

All of these choices

Which of these is included in opera?

All of these choices

Which of these is true about Gregorian chant

All of these choices

Pipe Organs

Air blown through pipes, very popular in Baroque Era.

Which of these is not used to make the bristles for a brush with a bamboo shaft, for example those used by Asian artists?

All of the answers shown are used

A cantata differs from an oratorio in that it

All of these choices

A feature of recitatives is

All of these choices

An oratorio is similar to an opera except that it does not have

All of these choices

Gregorian chant has no

All of these choices

Handel's oratorio Messiah calls for

All of these choices

In what ways does an aria differ from a recitative? An aria

All of these choices

J.S. Bach composed six concertos, performed often today, for the margrave of

All of these choices

Bass Cleff

Also known as the F cleff

Wind bands are largely a(n) _______________________ institution

American

Jazz

An African American style of music developed in twentieth-century America that is characterized by improvised playing and syncopated rhythms

One important difference between The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and An Inconvenient Truth is that ______.

An Inconvenient Truth is based on actual events

Aria

An accompanied solo song, usually of some length and complexity, in an opera, oratorio, or cantata.

Duration

An amount of time or a particular time interval: how long or short a note, phrase, section, or composition lasts.

Describe a wind band in 17th century Germany.

An ensemble of cornettos and sackbuts which signaled the changing of the hour from the tower in the center of town.

Ensemble

An instrumental or vocal performing group.

Passion

An oratorio based on the suffering of Jesus on Good Friday

Passion

An oratorio based on the suffering of Jesus on Good Friday, according to one of the four gospels.

A persistently repeated, rather short phrase in music is called

An ostinato

Dates

Ancient Period: Middle Ages: Medieval: 1100-1450 (also called gothic) Renaissance: 1450 to 1600.

Chattanooga Choo Choo

Big Band Swing

Ko-Ko

Big Band Swing

Wrappin it Up

Big Band Swing

Its Mighty Dark to Travel

Bill Monroe

"All of Me"

Billie Holiday (Slow Swing)

"I've Got the World On a String"

Bing Cosby (Sweet)

Move on up a Little Higher

Black Gospel Music

The Golden Gate Gospel Train

Black Gospel Music

Black Snake Moan

Blind Lemon Jefferson

Its Mighty Dark to Travel

Bluegrass

Steel Guitar Rag

Bob Wills

Roll Em Pete

Boogie Woogie

A melody

Any series of pitches sounded one after another that seems to belong togther.

Sensuous

Appealing to the senses

Musical phrases often conclude with a pattern of two chords called

Cadence

When the soloist in a concerto plays alone a paraphrase of the themes, he or she is playing a

Cadenza

Modes

As used today, scale patterns containing seven pitches other than major or minor

Which is a typical chord in Western music?

B D FB

Steel Rag Guitar

Band: Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys

Why Do Fools Fall In Love

Band: Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers

Paper Doll

Band: The Mills Brothers

Airmail Special

Bandleader: Lionel Hampton

Saturday Night Fish Fry

Bandleader: Louis Jordan

There's No Sweet Man Worth

Bandleader: Paul Whiteman

Metrical Rhythm

Bar lines. Introduced in the baroque era. However recitatives usually flexed outside of the bar lines to create more expression

Which of these instruments is usually included in the wind bands but not in symphony orchestras.

Baritone horn

Textures

Basic setting of music: monophonic, homophonic, polyphonic

The regular pulse in Music is called the

Beat

Sonata de camera; chamber sonata

Consisted largely of stylized dance music and was lighter in character

Why is memory so important in learning to listen to music

Because we hear just an instant of music at any particular moment, we need to remember and anticipate what preceded and might follow that instant of sound.

Why is memory so important in learning to listen to music?

Because we hear only an instant of music at any particular moment, we need to remember and anticipate what preceded and might follow that instant of sound

Begin the Beguine

Beguine or Rhumba

"Old Joe Clark"

Ben Jarrell (Breakdown)

I Found a New Baby

Benny Goodman Combo

"Empty Bed Blues"

Bessie Smith (Classic Blues)

Rhythmic modes

Constant repetition of rhythm patterns

What does understanding how a piece of music is organized in time make it easier to do what?

Both answers are correct.

What do soap operas and traditional operas have in common?

Both are dramatic

This Italian artist was the first to define a formal system of linear perspective.

Brunelleschi

Suppose you really like a type of popular music. Your attitude toward the classical music in this course should be

C. Learning the first fifteen seconds of works so they can be indentified when play on a test.

Cannon or a round

Canon is a somewhat larger and more complex peace than a round in strict imitation

A Medieval motet was built on a phrase of Gregorian chant. That phrase was called the

Cantus Firmus

Wildwood Flower

Carter Family

A mute is a device that can be attracted to a string or brass instrument to

Change its timbre

Modulation

Changing the tonal center as the music progresses, usually without a break

Modulations

Changing the tonal center as the music progresses, usually without a break

Tone

Characterized by its duration, pitch, intensity (or loudness), and timbre (or quality).

The valves or slide on a brass instrument

Charge the length of the tubing and thereby introduce a different overtone series.

Exceptional large-scale stained-glass windows were featured in the construction of which Gothic cathedral in northern France?

Chartres

Printing with inks was first practiced in which country in the third century CE?

China

Begin the Beguine

Cole Porter/Cugat

Lonely Avenue

Composer(s): Pomus and Shuman

Kansas City

Composer: Leiber and Stoller

Whole Lotta Love

Composer: Willie Dixon

Chorale

Congregational hymn of the German Lutheran church

The main difference between a harpsichord and a piano is the number of keys

False

Break

Contrasting section in the trio of a march; sometimes called "dogfight."

Countersubject

Contrasting theme

In the work The Connectors, the artist James Allen uses this kind of line to draw the viewer's attention to the great height that faced the builders of the Empire State Building.

Correcta. directional

Vertical lines tend to communicate:

Correcta. strength

What can we NOT conclude from a formal analysis of David Hockney's Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures)?

Correctb. the man in the red jacket is the artist's ex-lover

This artist would sometimes go for days without food or sleep in an attempt to explore the deep-rooted sources of creativity and truth.

Correctc. André Masson

These huge 1,300-year-old South American drawings, which include an enormous image of a spider, were discovered in modern times by overflying commercial aircraft.

Correctc. Nazca Lines

Dashes and grids in The Devil Made Me Do It, by Sauerkids, are a good example of this kind of line.

Correctc. implied

Marc Quinn's Self, a self-portrait made from frozen blood, is created in ________ scale.

Correctc. life-sized

Barbara Hepworth used line to plan and visualize her three-dimensional artwork. What kind of three-dimensional artwork did she produce?

Correctc. sculpture

This artist used contrasting positive and negative shapes to create his "Obey" campaign, an expression of guerrilla marketing and street theater.

Correctd. Shepard Fairey

e. Each answer shown is correct

Correcte. Each answer shown is correct

Stolen art loses much of its value because:

Correcte. lacking good title and proper provenance prevents its resale

Noma Bar's illustration Gun Crime uses positive and negative shape to communicate:

Correcte. the act of gun crime and its terrible result

The term for two melodies sounding at the same time is

Counterpoint

Black Snake Moan

Country Blues

Groups of notes that do not seem to blend togther well and give a feeling of tension date described as

Dissonant

Electronic Music

Created with synthesizers and computers, early versions created by manipulating tape, today digital recording technology is used

"De Boatman's Dance"

Dan Emmett (Minstrel Show Song)

Dies Irae

Day of Wrath

Acoustics

Defined as the science that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound.

Why is doubling an issue in bands?

Doubling thickens the band sounds. Doubling is justified so ensemble members don't get bored, but it covers other essential voices and leads to a less refined sound.

Ko-Ko

Duke Ellington

Words for the double-quick march (used for attack - 140+ BPM)

Sturmmarsch, pas de charge

Wind bands

Ensemble comprising wind and percussion instruments

Dixieland

Style of jazz based on improvisation

The term for the different levels of loudness and softness in music is

Dynamics

A group of artists might share a style - an identifiable kind of visual expression - because:

Each answer shown is correct

Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Your Gaze Hits the Side of My Face) makes the viewer consider which of the following issues?

Each answer shown is correct

Chalk, pastel, and crayon are created using pigment with a binder. Which of the following is a binder?

Each answer shown is correct

Color processes can be used to make photographs that are:

Each answer shown is correct

Fresco painting was practiced in which of these locations?

Each answer shown is correct

Installation artworks:

Each answer shown is correct

Katsushika Hokusai's print "The Great Wave Off Shore at Kanagawa" uses compositional unity in which of these ways?

Each answer shown is correct

Something done on a monumental scale usually indicates:

Each answer shown is correct

The earliest photographs were black and white because:

Each answer shown is correct

The lead architect of the Taj Mahal complex borrowed design elements from:

Each answer shown is correct

Which of the following can be used to create emphasis?

Each answer shown is correct

e.Each answer shown is correct

Each answer shown is correct

Organum

Early polyphonic music of medieval times

The name "octave" comes from "octus," which means what in Latin?

Eight

Sound

Energy transferred through a medium and selected, organized and interpreted through our ear.

Although he was born in Germany, Handel lived most of his adult life in

England

Which was a Medieval dance?

Estampie

Max Beckmann exploited the irregular character of drypoint for his print Adam and Eve because it matched the style of the ________ group with whom he was affiliated.

Expressionist

Which African-American artist created the fiber artwork Tar Beach as an autobiographical work about her own experiences growing up in New York?

Faith Ringgold

A sharp (#) lowers a pitch by one half step

False

A toccata is a set of variations on a chorale melody.

False

A traditional acoustic guitar and an electric guitar sound very much alike

False

A trio sonata is for just three instruments

False

Baroque operas are frequently performed by opera companies today

False

Changes of key (tonal center) in Baroque music are rare

False

Fantasizing scenes in your mind helps you listen to music better.

False

Gregorian chants were essentially hymns sung by the congregation at worship services

False

Groups of notes that do not seem to blend together well and give a feeling of tension are described as consonant.

False

Guillaume Machaut is largely responsible for introducing polyphony

False

Guitars produce sounds by the player bowing a string

False

Harmony is any simultaneous sounding of notes that sounds pleasing and agreeable.

False

Hearing and listening to music are the same thing

False

Hearing music and listening to music are much the same thing

False

In order to be considered music, the sounds must be rendered in music notation

False

Rhythmic Modes

Fixed rhythmic patterns of long and short notes, popular in the 13th century

Linseed oil came into general use as a painting binder in the fifteenth century, particularly in the following country:

Flanders

Wrappin it Up

Fletcher Henderson

The piccolo is the smaller "cousin" of the

Flute

The woodwind instruments in a symphony orchestra are

Flute p, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon

Gregorian Chant

Follows a simple melody. It is chanted in monophonic ritualistic pattern in plainsong.

Fugue

For organ. "Flight" a composition in which the main theme (subject) is presented in imitation in several parts

The Medieval motet developed mostly in

France

Which ruler of Renaissance Florence commissioned artist Giambologna to create a sculpture that symbolized the city's strength?

Francesco de' Medici

Blues

Style of music evolving from African American spirituals and noted for its melancholy sound

Why is Johanne Stölzel important?

Stölzel invented the first working valve for brass instruments.

Chanson

French polyphonic song of the Renaissance

Requiem

Funeral Mass of the Roman Catholic Church

Treble Clef

G Clef

"Fascinating Rhythm"

George Gershwin (Rhythm Song)

"Yankee Doodle Boy"

George M. Cohan (March Song)

Gestalt unity is a term that is derived from which language?

German

Chorale

German Lutheran hymn

Words for the quick march (used for maneuvering - 100-140 BPM)

Geschwindmarsch, pas redoublé

Chattanooga Choo Choo

Glen Miller

Gloria

Glory to God

The Golden Gate Gospel Train

Golden Gate Jubilee Quartet

What are some marches from opera repertoire?

Grand March from Aida - Verdi, March of the Priests from The Magic Flute - Mozart, Grand March from Tannhauser - Wagner

"Sunday"

Gray and Coots/Jean Goldkette Orchestra (Foxtrot Song)

The word "type" derives from the ________ meaning "to strike."

Greek

2 -Main points of Chapter 2

Rhythm is the flow of music through time. The beat is the steady pulse found in almost all music in Western civilization. Meter refers to the pattern with which certain beats are emphasized. The notation of rhythm is based on a 2:1 ratio of notes and rests. Tempo is the speed of the beats, not the notes. Syncopation exists when the emphasis occurs where it is not expected or is omitted where it is expected. Polyrhythms are created when two or more rhythmic patterns occur at the same time.

What kind of music was sung in the early Christian Church around 800 A.D.?

Gregorian Chant

Opera

Group of Florentine noblemen wanted to capture drama of Ancient Greece, first operas were entirely recitative, just like oratorios & cantatas- operas had recitatives, arias, and choruses w/ orchestral accompaniment,

Style

Grouping of music with similar characteristics.

Breakfast Feud

Guitarist: Charlie Christian

The Things I Use To Do

Guitarist: Guitar Slim

An important composer of music in the Baroque was

Handel

The composer of Water Music Suite was

Handel

Baroque Instruments

Harpsichord & Pipe Organ reached "acme" during Baroque

Virtuoso

Highly skilled artist

Pitch

Highness and lowness of sound, generated by an intruments vibrations, greater number of vibrations=higher pitch, to be useful in music, pitches must satisfy one of three requirements-1. part of a melody 2. part of a counterpoint 3. part of a harmony

Its Tight Like That

Hokum

Its Tight Like That

Hokum Brothers

Suspension

Holding a dissonant note in a chord, and then resolving it

What are some early works commissioned by the ABA?

Holst - Hammersmith (1930), Resphigi - Huntingtower Ballad (1932), Grainger - Lincolnshire Posy (1937),

Sanctus

Holy

Mass

Holy Communion in Catholic church. and the musical setting of the Ordinary of Mass

An important philosophical outlook of the Renaissance was

Humanism

Humility in terms of naming

Humility=important medieval virtue so many Gregorian Chant composers are not named, many medieval composers overall are not named

In which sixteenth-century work does the Dutch artist Pieter Bruegel use rhythm to direct the viewer's attention to different areas of the work?

Hunters in the Snow

Credo

I Believe

Consonance

Implies agreement and equilibrium

What were the circumstances surrounding the first band contest?

In 1923 the Chicago Piano Club, a dealer's association, searched for entertainment for the annual convention of the Music Industries Chamber of Commerce, an association of manufacturers, publishers, and dealers scheduled to meet in Chicago on June 3 - 7 of the same year.

Estampie

Instrumental dance during middle ages

Sonata

Instrumental work for one or a few instruments.

Program music

Instrumental works associated by the composer with an extra musical idea of object.

Voices

Instrumental, various lines

Keyboard

Interface of keyboard.

What is the form of a march from the late 19th century?

Introduction/fanfare, first and possibly second strains that repeat, a trio section (usually in neighboring key), dogfight, repetition of trio with grandiose playing.

"Cheek to Cheek"

Irving Berlin (Sweet)

If you take a piece of music that was originally written for orchestra and rewrite it for band, what would we say has been done to the music?

It has been transcribed.

If music changes key (or tonality) in the course of the piece, what would we say has happened?

It has modulated.

Your impression of a melody is affected

It's accompaniment, it's rhythm qualities, the style of performances, and the quality of the performance.

In what language is Monteverdi's Coronation of Poppea?

Italian

The terms that indicate tempo in music are usually in

Italian

Allegro

Italian term meaning a fast, cheerful tempo

Andante

Italian term meaning a slow, walking tempo

Forte

Italian word meaning loud

Piano

Italian word meaning soft

How are American bands different than bands in other countries?

Italy and France use an entire gamut of saxhorns, British bands utilize more cornets than trumpets, English and German bands utilize the bassoon in a more fundamental way, E-flat clarinet and soprano sax are staples in French and Italian bands. (Revelli 1957)

"Charleston"

James P. Johnson (Foxtrot)

"Castle House Rag"

James Reese Europe (Ragtime Dance)

Blue Yodel #11

Jimmie Rodgers

The composer of Concieto de Aranjuez is

Joaquin Rodrigo

"Dippermouth Blues"

Joe "King" Oliver (Dixieland Jazz)

Roll Em Pete

Joe Turner and Pete Johnson

The first honorary life president of the ABA was

John Philip Sousa

"Stars and Stripes Forever"

John Phillip Sousa (March)

Star Wars composer

John Williams

Two important Renaissance composers were

Josquin and Palestrina

Many of the practices of the Christian church were adapted from

Judaism

Toccata

Keyboard piece, free in form, that displays dexterity (baroque)

The main building in the Horyu Temple complex in Nara, Japan is the ________.

Kondo

Agnus Dei

Lamb of God

Tutti

Large group

The best procedure to study/listening to a musical work in the course is

Listen while following computer graphics, the listen with Listening Guide, and then listen without any visual aid.

Oratorio

Lengthy musical work for voices and orchestra, consist of many arias, recitatives, and choruses, plus a few sections for the accompanying orchestra. On religious topics used to have a stage element which was later dropped.

Vivace

Lively

"Hotter Than That"

Louis Armstrong (1920's Chicago Dixieland)

A chorale is a(n)

Lutheran hymn

chorale

Lutheran hymn w/ strong, simple melody to be sung by congregation, accompanied by an organ (or other instrument)

Move on up a Little Higher

Mahalia Jackson

Subject

Main theme

Complicacion

Mambo

This twentieth-century artist, and creator of Fountain (a factory-made urinal), was very influential for later artists working in alternative media.

Marcel Duchamp

Jean Tinguely's Homage to New York, a mechanized assemblage of discarded junk, was influenced by:

Marcel Duchamp's readymades, the painting techniques of Jackson Pollock, and the rebellious performances of Dada artists

What are some marches from the symphonic repertoire?

March to the Scaffold - Berlioz, Hungarian March - Berlioz, March from Symphonic Metamorphosis - Hindemith, Crown Imperial - Walton, Funeral March from Symphony no. 3 - Beethoven

Andy Warhol produced silkscreen prints depicting many celebrities, including a work titled Four ________.

Marilyns

Frequency

Measured as the number of wave cycles that occur in one second.

Organum

Medieval polyphony that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines

Which statement is true about Renaissance motets?

They contain points of imitation when new phrases of text enter.

Which statement is true of Medieval motets

They were based on a phrase of Gregorian chant

Requiem

Mass for the dead

Opus

Meaning "work" in Latin, used to identify a composer's compositions

difference between medieval and renaissance motet

Medieval: the motet was a combination of Gregorian chant and secular music that was sung in the courts, not churches. Its religious component was the use of phrases from Gregorian chant in one of its lines of melody as the cantus firmus, or base. The structure consisted of the cantus firmus and two or more lines sounding at the same time. It was complex. Renaissance: The Renaissance motet is very different from the medieval motet. The Renaissance motet is a unified piece with all voices singing the same Latin text. It borrows some phrases from chant, and it conveys the desired spirit of reverence. Above all, the Renaissance motet is serious, restrained, and designed for inclusion in the worship service. In addition, it avoids the complicated musical complexities.

Frets

Metal bars or strings arrayed across the instrument's neck at pitch intervals

What caused the upswing in school band quality in the 1920s?

Military veterans trained in service bands began to teach at the public school. State music contests began to include bands.

Puccini's La bohème concludes when

Mimi dies in Rodolfo's apartment

Quotation Music

Music that makes extensive use of quotations from other music

Although radically different in appearance, Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye and Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater can both be described as ________ architecture.

Modernist

Gregorian Chant

Monophonic chant originally sung by monks and priests.

An important composer of early operas was

Monteverdi

Sonata de Chiesa; Church Sonata

More serious and included some thoughtful music and quite a bit of imitation all the the melodic lines

downbeat

More strongly stressed beat, in "Jingle Bells"- jin-gle Bells, jin-gle Bells (downbeat on "bells")

The designer and artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec created poster designs for which Parisian nightspot?

Moulin Rouge

Concerto

Multi-movement work that contrasts a soloist with an orchestra or band

Canon

Music in which one or more lines imitate one another for almost the entire work

Canon

Music in which one or more lines imitate one another for almost the entire work.

Concerted Style

Music in which one section of a performing group contrasts with another section or soloist

Minimalism

Music in which the composer makes as few changes as possible but still seeks to create an interesting work

Art Music

Music intended for careful attention to its sounds and expressive qualities.

Improvisational

Music that is made up on the spot, usually according to stylistic guidelines.

Because of this Renaissance philosopher, the march has a home as an aid for military marching.

Niccolò Machiavelli

Does the author assume that the reader of his book has music reading skills?

No

Does the author believe that is necessary to be able to identify complex meters in order to enjoy music?

No

The music the early Greeks sounded like

No one knows what it really sounded like

Pizzicato

Notes on a string instrument that are played by the fingers plucking the string instead of using the bow.

Which woodwind instruments produce sounds with a double reed

Oboe and bassoon

Stravinsky's Important Works for Band

Octet for Wind Instruments, Symphonies of Wind Instruments, Chant funèbre, Rag Time, Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments

Describe a wind band in 18th century England.

One might refer to Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks, scored for nine trumpets, nine horns, twenty-four oboes, twelve bassoons, side drums, and three kettle drums.

The traditional means of designating instrumental music works that don't have a title is with the letters

Op

Exposition

Opening section that presents the subject in each voice

An important intellectual movement during the Gothic period was

Scholasticism

"Maple Leaf Rag"

Scott Joplin (Piano Rag)

Style periods in the arts can be designated only well after they have passed

True

Aria

Operatic solo; a song sung by one person in an opera or oratorio

Rhythm

Orderly flow of music though time, all music has rhythm, comprehensive term that includes beat, meter, and tempo, Greek for "flow"

Music

Organized sound: Repetition, variation, contrast

Which is the most accurate definition of music?

Organized sounds occurring in a specific spam of time.

The most accurate definition of music is

Organized sounds occurring in a specified span of time

Which is the most accurate definition of music?

Organized sounds occurring within a specified span of time

The higher female voice is the

Soprano

Harmony

Sounds sounded at the same time

The Constructivist movement in art is associated with which historical European country?

Soviet Union

Words for the slow march (used for parades, reviews, and exercises - 60-80 BPM)

Parademarsch, pas ordinaire

Ordinary

Part of Mass that are ordinarily included: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei

Meter is the

Pattern of the Beats

Meter is the

Pattern of the beats

Forms

Pattern or plan of music

Cadence

Patterns of two chords that often end phrases and establish a center. Some cadences act like commas in writing, others like periods.

An early composer of polyphonic music was

Perotin

Which instrument was not particularly important in Baroque music?

Piano

Styles in music are confined to designated dates

True

The term for sounds that are made on string instruments by plucking the string is

Pizzicato

The term for that are made on string instruments by plucking the string is

Pizzicato

An important ancient Greek philosopher who strongly advocated music as essential for an educated person was

Plato

This Greek sculptor wrote a treatise on how to create a statue of a human being with perfect proportions.

Polykleitos

Ragtime

Popular music of the late 1800's that had a lively, rhythmic sound, and syncopated melody

Which piece of sculpted Roman glass was named after one of its owners, Margaret Bentinck, an English duchess?

Portland Vase

Antiphonal; polychoral

Powerful and exciting stereophonic sound with one group of performers answering the other. Giovanni Gabrieli (1555-1612) made this style popular.

Cantus firmus

Preexisting melody used as the basis for a polyphonic vocal work.

scales

Prescribed pattern of pitches. Serve as "skeleton" around which melodies are built.

"Jeanie With the Light Brown Hair"

Stephen Foster (Parlor Song)

Cantata

Story set to music to be sung by a chorus (shorter than an oratorio)

The Renaissance was the age of the great explorers such as Columbus and Magellan

True

Digital recordings create sounds by

Processing discrete bits of information, usually number

You've Lost That Lovin' Feeling

Producer: Phil Spector

The early Greek who discovered the basic acoustical ratios of musical sounds was

Pythagoras

Pythagoras

Pythagoras performed what he called "soul-adjustments".

Tremolo

Rapidly moving the bow back/forth on the string

Kyrie

Refers to a portion of the Latin mass which contains the words "Lord have mercy."

Pitch

Refers to the highness or lowness of a sound

Beat

Regular pulse found in most music, easily heard in dance and marches, central to Western Music

Development

Remainder of the fugue

El Manisero

Rhumba

The combination of music and words can have a much greater emotional impact on listeners than just the words without music

True

Liturgy

Ritual for public worship

"Hellhound On My Trail"

Robert Johnson (Country Blues)

Which style of church architecture emulates the architectural style of the ancient Romans and uses rounded vaults and vaulted aisles in its plan?

Romanesque

The first markings indicating dynamic levels appeared in Baroque music

True

Yakety Yak

Saxophonist: King Curtis

Shaw Nuff

Saxophonist: Parker

What is the musical term for a series of pitches that proceeds up or down according to a prescribed pattern?

Scale.

Cadenza

Section in which a soloist plays a free paraphrase on the themes of the work

Episodes

Sections of a fuge in which the subject is not present

Episodes

Sections of the fugue following the exposition in which the subject does not appear

Which German author devised the lithographic printing process because he wanted to use a cheaper printing method?

Senefelder

The three modes of listening to music are

Sensuous,expressive, and sheerly musical.

Encore

Short extra number of performed at the end of a concert in response to the sustained applause of the audience

Motive

Short recurring melodic or rhythmic fragment, the smallest unit of musical form

Ground bass

Short theme, usually in the bass, that is constantly repeated as the other parts of the music vary.

Figured Bass

Shorthand system in which they did not have to write in every note on a chord

Percussion

Strike and hit to produce sound.

The magnificent Süleymaniye mosque in Istanbul, Turkey was designed by:

Sinan

Vibrato

Slight, rapid fluctuations of pitch

I Found a New Baby

Small Group Swing

Virtuoso

Someone who has outstanding skill in performing

Which painter and watercolorist was the first woman to have her work shown at the Louvre during her lifetime?

Sonia Delaunay

Recitativo

Speech like singing

Tempo refers to the

Speed of the beats

Woodwinds

Splitting of a column of air.

In The Meeting of St. Anthony and St. Paul, by the workshop of the fifteenth-century artist known as the Master of Osservanza, there are five figures. These five figures are:

St. Anthony (three times), a centaur, and St. Paul

How did the ABA influence bands in the early 20th century?

Standardization of instrumentation, rehearsal techniques, performance practices, and the encourage new repertoire.

How do we pronounce "timbre," the French word that musicians use for "tone color

TAM-ber

Homophonic / Homophony

Texture consisting of a line of melody with accompaniment

Monophonic / Monophony

Texture consisting of one melodic line alone without any accompianiment

Polyphonic / Polyphony

Texture in which two or more melodic lines of approximate equal importance are sounded at the same time

Doctrine of Affections

The Baroque practice of attempting to project states of feeling and ideas in music

Polyphony developed in

The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris

The higher female voice is the soprano voice

True

"And There Is No Remedy" was part of a horrifying print series created by Francisco Goya, titled ________.

The Disasters of War

Dynamics

The amount of loudness in music

The best known work of Georges Bizet, the composer of Farandole, is

The Opera, Carmen

The Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei constitute what part of the Mass?

The Ordinary

The "Immolation Scene" from Wagner's Götterdämmerung concludes a cycle of four operas titled

The Ring of the Nibelung

Doctrine of affections

The baroque practice of attempting to project states of all feelings. Feelings and ideas in music.

In music the word texture refers to

The basic approach in the use of pitches.

Beat

The basic pulse that recurs regularly in music

Mass

The celebration of Holy Communion in the Roman Catholic Church

Tonality

The centering of pitches around one particular pitch

Syncopation

The displacement of an accent so that it occurs where it is not expected or does not occur where it is expected

Interval

The distance between two pitches

The musical setting of Renaissance Masses were often based on a phrase of Gregorian chant

True

Syncopation occurs when

The emphasis of the rhythm is placed where it is not expected.

Accent

The emphasis placed on a note, usually by playing it louder

What was important about the Eastman Wind Ensemble?

The ensemble with mostly one player to a part, and flexible instrumentation that allowed him to play both the literature of the wind band and the orchestral winds. It also gave the wind band an opaque quality in which individual timbres were not covered up by excessive doubling.

The orchestra in an opera is placed on the left hand side of the stage

True

Rhythm

The flow of music in terms of time

Meter

The grouping of beats (not notes) into patterns, mind tends to group beats into 2s, 3s, and 4s, "Jingle Bells" has a two-beat meter

What created opportunity for a band to exist in the school?

The growth of social programs at the school, the need for support in athletic venues, a musical outlet for boys who could not sing.

The original notation of Gregorian chant consisted of square notes and no indication of meter

True

Who is Wilhelm Wieprecht?

The inventor of the tuba (1835). Also responsible for standardizing instrumentation of German military bands

Tone Color a.k.a Timbre

The quality of a sound that is not characterized as frequency (pitch), duration (rhythm), or amplitude (volume).

The pipe organ has a pedalboard that is played with the feet

True

alto

The lower, heavier female voice

Subject

The main theme of a fuge

Development

The manipulation of themes in a musical work

The pipe organ has a pedalboard that is played with the feet.

True

The plot in operas moves along faster when music included

True

council of trent

The most esteemed composer of the late Renaissance was Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. The Council of Trent was held intermittently between 1545 and 1563. The Church felt threatened by the Protestant Reformation. One aspect that was under attack was its music, which over the centuries had strayed far from Gregorian chant. Complaints about the use of secular tunes, complicated polyphony that made the words nearly impossible to understand, use of noisy instruments, and the irreverence of the singers. The council directed that the music be purged of "barbarism, obscurities, contrarieties, and superfluities" so that "the House of God might rightly be called a house of prayer." To his credit, Palestrina achieved a return to the purity and reverence of earlier music without discarding the highly developed style of his predecessors.

Exposition

The opening section of a fuge

Ritornello form

The orchestral form in which themes at the beginning of a concerto gross is return later in the movement

Ritornello Form

The orchestral form in which themes at the beginning of a concerto grosso return later in the movement

Form in music refers to

The overall plan for the organization of the music.

Ordinary

The parts of the Mass that are normally included regardless of church season

Meter

The pattern of stressed and unstressed beats

Pitch

The perceived highness of lowness of a musical sound determined by vibrations of molecules in air

Renaissance

The period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world

Proper

The portion of Mass that is "proper" for a specific day in the church year.

Proper

The portion of the Mass that is "proper" for a designated day in the church year

Refer to Figure 2.2. Which of these measures contains syncopation?

The second one

Chord

The simultaneous sounding of three or more pitches. Two most prominent types are major and minor.

Harmony

The simultaneous sounds of several pitches, usually in accompanying a melody (consonant to dissonant)

Tone color (timbre) is one of the four characteristics of sound that we recognize as what?

The sound's tone color.

Tonal Center

The specific pitch around which a piece of music is centered

Tonal centre;tonic key

The specific pitch around which a piece of music is centered

Tempo

The speed of the beats in music

Baroque

The style of music that prevailed from 1600-1750

A short melodic or rhythmic figure that is repated often and contributes to the unity of a musical work is called a

Theme

What is the common standard for wind band instrumentation?

There isn't one. Differences in the band's customs in other countries cause the instrumental needs to be changed.

How many notes are in a chord called a "triad"?

Three.

The principle of Gestalt psychology, "The whole is greater than sum of its parts," is true of music

True

"Take Me Out to the Ball Game"

Tilzer/Nortworth (Waltz Song)

Complicacion

Tito Puente

A modulation is a change of

Tonal center

Major/Minor

Tonalities used in Western music that are generally associated with brighter (major) or darker (minor) tonal qualities

Timbre

Tone quality or tone color in music

which of the following is a tradition in live Western "classical" music performances?

Tradition: knowing when to clap and the formal attire the performers wear

Blue Yodel #11

Traditional Country

Wildwood Flower

Traditional Country

Dies irae

Traditional gregorian chant sung at funerals

The setting of an opera or play is somewhat like a room with one wall removed so that the audience can observe what is taking place.

True

The sounds on a pipe organ are produced by air being blown through pipes

True

Do-Re Mi

Tropical Folks Song

A cantata similar to an oratorio, except that it is much shorter.

True

A feature of Baroque music was the use of terraced dynamics

True

A pedal tone is a very long note that is held while the chords and melodic material change

True

A special feature of the pipe organ is a pedalboard that is played with the feet.

True

An important event during the Renaissance was the development of printing from movable type

True

Baroque flutes were often the type played straight in front of the player, not in transverse position as they are today

True

Baroque orchestras performed with only the keyboard player indicating when to begin

True

Because there was no body of established music, many Baroque composers wrote a tremendous amount of music

True

Chorale melodies were often incorporated by composers as themes in instrumental works

True

Composers in the Medieval times were fascinated by complex rhythmic and melodic relationships in music

True

During the Baroque period the modes were largely abandoned in favor of major and minor keys.

True

Even if all the beats in a steady series are equally loud, the tendency of listeners is to think of them in small groups of twos or threes

True

Every civilization throughout history and around the world has had music of some kind

True

Except for recitatives, the rhythm in Baroque music was clearly metrical.

True

Handel often uses text painting in his oratorio Messiah

True

Higher pitches in music notation appear higher on the lines and spaces than low pitches

True

Higher pitches in music notation appear higher on the lines and spaces than low pitches.

True

Imitation is one kind of counterpoint

True

In contrast to recitatives, choruses and arias are sung with a steady, regular rhythm

True

In some operatic scenes a character who is supposed to be very ill engages in some quite healthy singing.

True

J.S. Bach's family and family tree contained many renowned musicians.

True

Madrigals are in vernacular languages

True

Many operas during the Baroque were based on characters from Greek and Roman mythology.

True

Most works of concert music are longer than popular pieces of music

True

Much secular music existed during Medieval times, but only a little of it was written down

True

Neither Gregorian chant nor chorales were created for performance in concert settings but are often the basis for other musical works

True

Notes aligned vertically in music notation are sounded at the same time

True

One of the reasons why recitative singing was developed, especially for dramatic purposes, was that the words could be heard more easily

True

Pachelbel's Canon in D combines a lengthy canon with a basso ostinato

True

Percussion instruments produce sound by being struck or shaken

True

Percussion instruments produce sound by being stuck or shaken

True

Performers often improvised during the Baroque

True

Prior to the Baroque period, composers did not indicate which instrument should play a particular part

True

Text Painting

Using musical tones to reinforce the images in the text of a madrigal or solo song

Chorale Variations; chorale prelude

Usually a contrapuntal piece for organ built on a chorale melody

Noise

Variously described as un-pitched, indeterminate, uncontrolled, loud, unmusical, or unwanted sound.

The two most important composers of Italian operas during the Romantic period are

Verdi and Puccini

Brass

Vibration of lips into metal tube.

Strings

Vibration of strings.

Voice

Vibration of vocal chords.

The string instruments in a symphony orchestra consist of violins, cellos, double basses, harp and

Violas

The string instruments in a symphony orchestra consist of violins, cellos, double basses, harp, and

Violas

Steel Guitar Rag

Western Swing

Do-Re Mi

Woodie Guthrie

OP.9 (opus)

Work

"Carmen"

Written by George Bizet, opera about soldier, Don Jose's decline as a result of his infatuation w/ a Spanish Gypsy (Carmen), initially not well received due to it's obscene content, Don Jose was "ruined by the immoral Carmen," perhaps best known and loved Opera in the world, Bizet died soon after it's release

Popular Music

Written by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold to a large number of people.

Patronage system

Where composers composed music exclusively for their employer

Which English artist and poet suggested that drawing is a fundamental artistic skill?

William Blake

Opera began when a group of noblemen

Wished to recreate musical dramas similar to Ancient Greek Dramas

A Capella

Without instrumental accompaniment

"Farandole"

Written in 1872 by George Bizetor his friend, Alphonsause Daudet's play "L'Arlesienne" ("Woman of Arles,") Composed 27 pieces to go with play

homophonic

a Melody with accompaniment

monophonic

a Melody with no accompanying sound

ternary form

a b a'- "Simple Gifts," prime sign above second 'a' indicates slight change, lower case letters (vs. upper case) = short parts

This object by French artist Marcel Duchamp is considered the first work of kinetic sculpture.

a bicycle wheel mounted on a stool

English madrigals

a bit slow to adopt them but once they did madrigals became extremely popular, written in English- no translation needed, tuneful and singable, weren't super-serious

This type of art involves viewing actual motion and the artist's body in the work.

a chase scene

In string instruments, the vibrating medium is the string. In percussion instruments the vibrating medium is the material that is being struck. What is the vibrating medium in wind instruments?

a column of air

A toccata is

a free sounding virtuoso work, usually for keyboard

Italian Renaissance painter Raphael's The School of Athens depicts ________.

a gathering of great scholars

What does a high frequency yield?

a high pitch

On a musical instrument like the violin, what kind of sound will be produced on a shorter string versus a longer string when it is plucked?

a higher-pitched sound

One of the first moving subjects to be captured on camera was ________.

a horse

In web design, text that when clicked will immediately link to another web page is called ________.

a hyperlink

A movement in an instrumental work is

a large independent section

A movement in an instrumental work is

a large independent section of a large instrumental work

Melody

a line or string of notes that layers on top of the accompaniment or harmony in a piece of music

The "Hornpipe" by Handel is

a piece of stylized dance music

Thomas Struth's photograph Museo del Prado 7 is:

a portrait of art appreciation

The harpsichord produces sound when

a quill or plectrum plucks a string

Motet

a sacred composition for voices

When researching an artwork, you might use primary and secondary sources of information. An example of a secondary source might be:

a scholarly journal article

Movement

a section or scene of a longer piece of music

The German artist Käthe Kollwitz used charcoal to express ________ in her self-portrait of 1933, even though she rendered her face and hand in a static, realistic way.

a sense of energy

Melody

a series of consecutive pitches sounded one after another that are cohesive

scales

a series of pictures that Ascend or descend according to prescribed pattern

A melody is

a series of pitches sounded one after another that seem to belong together

Melody

a series of pitches that form a logical unit of music (cohesive entity,) the pitches must seem to belong together (cohesive) in order to form a unit (entity)

Pitches in music can be part of

a series that forms a cohesive entity called melody, several pitches sounded at the same time called harmony, two or more logical series sounded in contrast to each other called counterpoint (all of these choices)

Program

a short preview of what is being performed or who is performing

A concerto grosso contrasts

a small group of players with the rest of the orchestra

The piano produces sound when

a solid felt hammer strikes a metal string

The basic idea of a concerto is contrasting

a soloist or small group with an orchestra or band

Music

a structure of sound

The focal point of Robert Rauschenberg's sculpture Monogram is:

a stuffed goat

Dorothea Lange took a series of photographs of a family in what kind of living quarters?

a tent

Because the camera appears to capture an image of an event exactly as it occurred, viewers often believe that the resulting photograph is ________ record of events.

a totally accurate

phrase

a unit of meaning within a larger structure

Ternary form is represented by the letters

aba

Terraced dynamics are

abrupt changes from one dynamic level to another

terraced dynamics

abrupt changes in dynamic (forte or piano) or vice-versa

Chuck Close's Self Portrait of 1997 is made up of small units that are unrecognizable, or __________, when viewed closely.

abstract

What do we call a beat that is stronger or more heavily stressed than the ones around it?

accent

Baroque performance media

accompanied vocal solos & chorus pieces

We recognize duration (one of the four characteristics of sound) as what?

how long the sound lasts

Color mixtures using light, for example those in digital displays, are called __________ color mixtures.

additive

Singers regulate pitch by

adjusting the tension in the vocal cords

Pipe Organs

air blown through pipes, very popular in Baroque Era

The pipe organ produces sound when

air is blown through pipes

Key and Tonal Center

all melodies and harmonies have a key and tonal center that they center around from which they may leave but almost always return to

Of the twelve figures in Jacob Lawrence's print from his series The Life of John Brown, this figure is emphasized the most:

all of the figures are emphasized in different ways

In what ways can the human voice be considered a musical instrument?

all of these choices

The pedals on the piano can

all of these choices

Conventions of typical opera

all words are sung, style of singing is powerful and dramatic, often not in english, progress of story halted while aria or chorus is sung, "Good opera is good theatre"-larger than life quality to the production

cadenza

allow soloists to paraphrase themes in more virtuous, free-flowing, and technical style

runs

allowed for vocal prowess to be displayed, displayed virtuous singing- "Messiah" has examples of this

Sometimes artists use this kind of changing pattern to make a work more lively.

alternating pattern

The massive earthwork the Great Serpent Mound is made of mounds of earth that resemble a snake eating ________.

an egg

The logo that identifies the Ford Motor Company was created using Spencerian script by ________ named Harold Wills.

an engineer and executive

The bronze sculpture Riace Warrior A was created as ________ representation of the human body.

an idealized

The Roman-era encaustic portraits from Fayum are excellent examples of Roman painting in wax. What was Fayum?

an oasis

When a string on a musical instrument vibrates, it produces a fundamental tone we recognize as a certain pitch. The vibrating string, however, is also producing additional pitches called overtones that are not as strong. The first of these overtones bears a "family resemblance" to the fundamental tone and it produces a phenomenon that is restful or comfortable sounding (or "consonant") that is called what?

an octave

Passion

an oratorio about Christ's suffering on the cross

By using this kind of color combination, artists avoid jarring, contrasting color and mood.

analogous

The Renaissance represented a rebirth of interest in and admiration of the civilizations of

ancient Greece and Rome

Moving images created with a zoetrope were early forms of:

animation

Western artists since the Renaissance have usually considered ______ to be the highest forms of art.

c. sculpture and painting

Which of these is a musical term for a feeling of arrival, fulfillment or resolution?

cadence

The Bauhaus school in Germany was originally conceived as a school of ________ by its founder, Walter Gropius.

architecture

Creation of "Bass"

around 1450 composers began to add line below chant to give music a sold foundation, four-part choral arrangement is standard today

Prestissimo

as fast as possible (ASAP!)

In ancient Egyptian art, the pharaoh was almost always depicted in this way:

as the largest of all the figures

The practice of gathering objects and fabricating them into a work of art is called:

assemblage

when is the best time to arrive at a "classical" concert?

at least 20 minutes before the performance is scheduled to begin

Contemporary filmmakers use this effect to give the illusion of great depth, even when the scene is in a limited space.

atmospheric perspective

Considering films to be works of art because they are the realization of a director's creative vision is known as auteur theory, from the French word for "________."

author

flat

b-half step lower

Over the years, public opinion of the Watts Towers has varied, but people have never thought that:

b. it is a perfect example of the Neoclassical style

Which of these instruments is usually included in wind bands but not in symphony orchestras

baritone horn

There are two kinds of relief sculpture: a pronounced surface treatment called high relief, and a shallow surface low relief called ________.

bas relief

Concerto Grosso

based on contrast, small instrumental group vs. orchestra (larger group known as "tutti")

Texture

basic approaches in the use of pitches (not related to "smoothness or roughness" of music)

The role of king or authority figure in an opera is usually sung by a(n)

bass

The regular pulse in music is called the

beat

Italian opera in the early years of the Romantic period was often called "bel canto" which means

beautiful singing

The symmetrical design of the building that we know as the Taj Mahal carries associations of:

beauty and stability

Why do many contemporary printmakers prefer linocut to woodblock printing?

because it is softer than wood and does not show the grain

When the soloist in a concerto plays alone a paraphrase of the themes, he or she is playing a

cadenza

passacaglia

begins w/ statement of theme in lower notes

Feminist analysis is a subset of ________ analysis.

biographical

Robert Lostutter creates his work with a particular scale in mind. That scale relates to these animals:

birds

These two values are at the extreme ends of a value range.

black and white

This color with a cool temperature is often used to describe a depressed psychological state of mind.

blue

Historically, when artists used silverpoint for a drawing they did so on wood that was covered with a thin coating of ________.

bone ash

Architects must consider the availability and cost of ________ when they plan their projects.

building materials

"Ordo Virtutum"

by Hildegard of Bingen, means "play of virtues," morality play, similar to Gregorian Chant only sung by nuns w/ priest singing as Devil

How did photographer Steve McCurry decide to mark the end of the production of Kodachrome film?

by using the final roll to produce a series of portraits

e. None of the answers shown

c. Katushika Hokusai carved and printed all of his artworks himself

The ________ was an early form of camera.

camera obscura

Musical phrases often conclude with a pattern of two chords called a(n)

candance

When an artist is making pottery by hand-throwing, the first step when forming the clay on a potter's wheel is to ________.

center a mound of clay on the wheel

Improvisation

central element of Baroque music, concept of virtuosos, improvising on "skeleton" outline of music

Cadances

certain pattern of 2-cords that "punctates"

The valves or slide on a brass instrument

change the length of the tubing and thereby introduce a different overtone series

A mute is a device that can be attached to a string or brass instrument to

change their timbre

Modulation

changes of key/tonal center made music more interesting

modulation

changing of tonal center

tonal center

changing the tonal Center or key within a musical work is known as modulation

organum

chant melody w/ at least one voice added to enhance melody

When Raphael transferred his drawing of The School of Athens to the wall for painting, what substance did he force through perforations in the paper?

charcoal dust

Artists sometimes use this method of applying value to give a feeling of three-dimensionality.

chiaroscuro

chorale variations

chorale melody is repeated several times in succession but w/ variations every time

What is the musical term for certain combinations of notes that we hear as "blocks" or "units"?

chords

In order to be considered a melody that most people can remember and like, its pitches must be

cohesive

This is a kind of color "map" that allows an artist to assess quickly the attributes of colors as they relate to each other.

color wheel

Paper was invented by Cai Lun in China around the end of the ________century CE. He used macerated vegetable fibers suspended in water.

first

pentatonic scale

five note, folk-like and Asian music sounding

The piccolo is the smaller "cousin" of the

flute

The woodwind instruments in a symphony orchestra are

flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon

examples of woodwinds

flutes, clarinets, oboes, basoons

In Artemisia Gentileschi's work Judith Decapitating Holofernes, the viewer is directed to the __________ that is indicated by directional lines.

focal point

This is a specific place of visual emphasis in a work of art.

focal point

The method whereby rules of perspective are applied to represent unusual points of view is called:

foreshortening

binary form

form often used to structure keyboard sonatas, two related sections-often repeated, often used in dance

Singers change the timbre of a sound by changing the

formation of the tongue and mouth

Pythagorus

found that vibrations for certain musical instruments have simple ratios (i.e. 2:1, and 3:2)

How many strings do violins, violas, and cellos have?

four

toccata

free sounding virtuoso work, usually for keyboard instrument

The metal strips on the fingerboard of a guitar are called

frets

The second overtone (the dominant) is of great significance in the music system because when the tonic is sounded after the dominant, the tonic gives the feeling of what?

homeness or resolution or stability

The "Dies irae" is a Gregorian chant sung at

funerals

Forms

general ways of organizing music, constructed around 1 or more of 3 general considerations-repition, variation, contrast

Naming of Baroque Instrumental Work

generic names (i.e. sonata, or suite) and given opus (latin for "work") numbers

A concerto is a

genre

This kind of shape is mathematically regular and precise.

geometric

Chivalry was an outlook or attitude that

glorified women

Music that features a melody and accompanying parts is

homophonic

What is the musical term for the most common type of musical texture we hear --- music that is perceived as a melody with accompaniment (or someone singing and strumming chords on a guitar)?

homophony.

beam

horizontal line, replacing flags, that connects two notes sharing a beat

Letters such as ff and mp on page of music tell the performer

how loud or soft the music should be

We recognize dynamics (one of the four characteristics of sound) as what?

how loud or soft the sound is

Which material looks and writes like lead, was discovered in the mid-1500s, and became the medium for use in pencils?

graphite

Chorus

group that sings or choral sections of large chorale work (i.e. oratorio,) "chorus sings a chorus," often contains imitation

In Geoffrey Chaucer's time, the makers of the fine objects we can see today in the world's great art museums learned their trade in associations called ________.

guilds

Homophony in the Baroque

had singer sing one line, and all other parts became accompaniment

Approximately what proportion of a symphony orchestra consists of string instrument players?

half

The metalworking process called repoussé, used to create the death mask from Mycenae, involves what kind of craftsmanship?

hammering

The Korean-American artist Hyo-In Kim created the work To Be Modern #2 to emulate a ________, a traditional Korean dress worn with shoes and a hairpin by women of the upper and royal classes.

hanbok

The artists Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris believed that society should reject rampant industrialization and restore ________.

hand craftsmanship

San Ildefonso pottery is created using:

hand-building techniques

Which instrument is not a percussion instrument?

harp

Lyre

harp-like instrument, symbol of ancient music

An important instrument in the Baroque period was the

harpsichord

A piece of stylized dance music is music that

has been created to be listened to

Almost all melodies in the music of Western civilization

have a tonal center

Almost all melodies in the music of Western civilizations

have a tonal center

Pablo Picasso studied and copied Las Meninas because:

he wanted to develop his own individual style

When a Yoruba sculptor created a human form, he or she made this body part disproportionately large:

head

A relief sculpture is one that is designed to be seen from one side. The two kinds of relief sculpture are: ________, which is deeply cut, and ________, which has little depth.

high relief . . . bas-relief

tenor

higher singing men

Pitch (or frequency of vibrations) is one of the four characteristics of sound that we recognize as what?

highness or lowness of sound.

Both Fred Wilson's Mining the Museum and Kara Walker's Insurrection! (Our Tools Were Rudimentary, Yet We Pressed On) combine ________.

historical occurrences and contemporary viewpoints

Form

how certain ideas in a piece of music are repeated or altered

Antony Gormley's Asian Field is a vast ________ artwork made up of small clay figures.

installation

fugue

instrumental work (often for organ) based on recurring and contrasting theme

program music

instrumental work associated w/ non-musical idea or situation

Sonata

instrumental work for 1 or a few instruments

An artist can create an illusion of depth using only color by varying the:

intensity

at a concert, there is usually a break when you can move around. What is this break called?

intermission

A work that is created in small scale can communicate:

intimacy

In Francisco Goya's print The Third of May, 1808, the Spanish citizens are arranged in a(n) ________ rhythm, whereas the French soldiers have ________ rhythm.

irregular...regular

home pitch

is called the key or tonic

polyrhythm

is created by two or more rhythmic patterns occurring at the same time

time signature

is indicated by two numbers at the beginning of a piece of music

Counterpoint or polyphony

is two or more Melodies sounded at the same time

This type of perspective is used by computer- and video-game designers because it allows them to create depth using parallel diagonal lines.

isometric

Why is egg tempera a challenging medium for artists to work with?

it dries almost immediately

Allan Houser's work Reverie is representational because:

it includes two shapes that we recognize as faces

Why might an architect choose a simple, repetitive rhythm for his or her building?

it suggests stability

At one point in the lithography process, the artist must wipe the stone clean with which solvent to prepare for the inking?

kerosene

Sculpture that moves is called ________ sculpture.

kinetic

The three main characteristics of Baroque art and music are

large dimensions, drama, and religious intensity

Movement

large, independent sections of instrumental works

Wagner composed many short melodies associated with characters and ideas which he called

leading motives (leitmotivs)

Which of these is NOT a geometric form?

leaf

oratorio

lengthy work for voices and orchestra, dramatic situations, religious content but performed in concert halls and occasionally churches on special occasions, consists of sections for orchestra, recitatives, and arias, Handel's "Messiah"=most famous of all time

The text of an opera is called the

libretto

The text or words an opera is called the

libretto

What issue(s) concern twenty-first-century architects?

limited resources, energy conservation, and sustainability

The best procedure to studying/listening to a musical work in this course is

listen while following computer graphics, then listen with Listening Guide, and then listen without any visual aid

Phrases

logical groupings of notes (ie "My country tis' of thee,..."

Canon

longer, more complex round in strict imitation

Baroque dynamic levels

loud and soft; terraced dynamics in instrumental music

What do the extreme left-hand notes of the piano give us?

low pitches.

bass

lower singing men

Such artists as Jan van Eyck took advantage of the transparency of oil paint glazes to attain a rich ________, as though their painting was lit from within.

luminosity

The most popular instrument during the Renaissance was the

lute

Bioartist Suzanne Anker experiments with creating artificial environments (such as the conditions suitable for life in outer space) in which she grows plants. In Astroculture (Shelf Life), 2009, she found that the plants' leaves turned:

magenta

subject (fugue)

main theme of fugue

Which scale is the most frequently used in music?

major

Since the era of music history known as the High Baroque (about 1700), the vast majority of music has been based on what kind of scales?

major and minor

3 types of scales

major, minor, pentatonic

Though no original works of calligraphy by the ancient Chinese artist Wang Xizhi still exist, many students have been able to retrieve specimens of his writing style by:

making rubbings from a stone tablet

The Goldman and Sousa bands primarily played

marches, orchestral transcriptions, and some arias.

This element of art is used to describe the solidity of a form, such as that of the colossal Olmec heads.

mass

contrapuntal

means "counterpoint"

What is the musical term for a set of single tones placed one after another in a pattern of pitches and durations designed to produce an expressive response in the listener?

melody

monophonic

melody alone, without accompanying works

modol scales

melody has no major or minor

homophonic

melody with accompaniment

What is the musical term for the grouping of beats into regularly recurring patterns?

meter

mezzo forte

mf-moderately loud

Classical architecture inspired Renaissance architects, and the style was also revived in the ________ century.

mid-eighteenth

Digital color displays are illuminated by three different colored light cells: red, green, and blue. These can result in:

millions of color possibilities

Moderato

moderate

Music that is a melody alone with no accompanying sounds is

monophonic

What kind of musical texture does Gregorian Chant have?

monophonic texture

The simplest musical texture is one person singing alone or playing a "one-note-at-a-time" instrument (such as the flute). What do we call this kind of musical texture?

monophony

Nearly all printmaking is done in editions, but some artists will opt to create unique prints. These are called:

monotype prints and monoprints

When online television streaming services, such as Netflix, choose to release all episodes of a series simultaneously, this gives viewers:

more control over their viewing experience than with traditional television

suspension

more frequent in Cadances towards the end of fugues or toccatas

ritornello form

most common form of concertos,

In Islamic art it is not uncommon to see complex interlaced __________, which are designs repeated as units in a pattern.

motifs

The actor Andy Serkis played Gollum in the Lord of the Rings movies. His performance was a combination of traditional acting and ________.

motion capture

A short melodic or rhythmic figure that is repeated often and contributes to the unity of a musical work is called a

motive

movement

movement Complete, self-contained part within a larger musical work

what are the sections of a symphony known as?

movements

smooth contour

moves step-by-step (up or down scale)

Among artistic media, one that developed relatively recently is ________.

moving imagery

mezzo piano

mp-moderatley soft

Allegro Molto

much allegro, very brisk

This kind of perspective is best used when the artist is confronted by a complex scene in which the viewpoint is not at ground level.

multi-point

Text or word painting

music attempts to depict sung words

The "doctrine of affections" or "doctrine of affects" was the belief that

music could project rather specific feelings

music

music is organized sounded occurring within a prescribed span of time

Gregorian Chant

named for 6th Century Pope Gregory I, only music preserved from ancient times in written form, nonmetrical rhythm, monophonic -no harmony, unaccompanied, smooth contour, melody was modal scale, reverent and restrained, written in church Latin, sung by priests and monks, certain chants designed for particular days in church calendar-"proper mass"

The human figure communicates the rich experience of humanity, and artists emulate this experience using this kind of form:

organic

Robert Rauschenberg created a work titled Erased de Kooning Drawing by erasing a work by the Abstract Expressionist artist Willem de Kooning. How long did it take Rauschenberg to erase the whole drawing?

nearly a month

Reflected light excites ________ that line the back of our eyes, and their signals are reprocessed and interpreted as color in our brains.

nerve cells

wind bands

no string instruments, instead include saxophones, baritone horns, conets/cornets/connets?(sp.), sousaphone (type of tuba)

Wind Bands

no string instruments, instead include saxophones, baritone horns, conets/cornets/connets?(sp.), sousaphone (type of tuba).

Secular music is

nonreligious music

sharp and flat

notes are raised one half step when a sharp(#) placed in front of them, and lowered one half step when preceded by a flat(b)

Which woodwind instruments produce sounds with a double reed?

oboe and bassoon

syncopation

occurs by adding emphasis (accent) deliberately off the beat by either adding accent where it is not expected or removing accent where it is expected (ex. "In Dixie")

syncopation

occurs when the rhythmic emphasis shifts to where it is not expected or is absent when it is expected

Some people argued that Robert Mapplethorpe should not have been awarded public funding, because:

of his identity as a gay man and the sexual nature of his photographs

An important difference between Coyote, I Like America and America Likes Me and Following Piece is that Following Piece took place ________.

on the streets of New York

Imitation

one group (or instrument) follows another

imitation

one group or instrumental part periodically follows another exactly

The earliest films did not feature ________.

ongoing dialog

The secular music of Medieval times is less known that the music for worship because

only a small amount of it was written down

In a concert in which a symphony is performed, when is the audience generally expected to clap?

only at the end of the final movement

exposition (fugue)

opening subject presenting each voice

ternary form

or "song form"-three part form (A-B-A)

"Messiah"

oratorio written by Handel in just over three weeks, most famous oratorio of all time, 53 sections- all text from bible, still celebrated, performed, and listened to all over the world,

José Clemente Orozco, a Mexican muralist, worked in fresco. He wrote about the medium of painting, and called it "a ________ and nothing else."

poem

In order to permit portions of the text to be heard more clearly, des Prez and Palestrina used

points of imitation

The binder used to suspend pigment in acrylic paint is ________.

polymer resin

In which texture are fugues

polyphonic

Music that has two or more lines of melody sounding at the same time is,

polyphonic

What is the texture of a round like "Frère Jacques"?

polyphonic

What is the texture of a round such as "Three Blind Mice?"

polyphonic

Baroque texture

polyphonic (contrapuntal) and homophonic

What kind of musical texture does the round "Row, Row, Row Your Boat" have?

polyphonic texture

What is the musical term for music that is perceived to consist of more than one melody?

polyphony

pianissimo

pp-very soft

Digital recordings create sounds by

processing discrete bits or information, usually numbers

names of the performers, the pieces on the concert, the music notation for the night's concert

provided: names of the performers, pieces on the concert

The main difference between the animation used in The Cameraman's Revenge and Spirited Away is that The Cameraman's Revenge was made using ______.

puppets

Which of these is a form?

pyramid

sixteenth note

quarter beat

When Tibetan Buddhist monks create a sand mandala, they are creating a composition that has this kind of balance:

radial

Digital recordings create sounds by

rapidly processing discrete bits of information, usually numbers

In electronic music "sampling" means using

recorded samples of the actual sounds of an instrument

Iconographic analysis interprets objects and figures in an artwork as:

signs or symbols

texture

refers to whatever the music is conceived in terms of melodic lines or simultaneous sounds

When creating a multi-color print, aligning the blocks or plates to ensure that the colors will appear in the correct location is called ________.

registration

Metrical Rhythm in the Baroque

regular metrical patterns became norm, "the tyranny of the bar line"*, except for recitatives

Technology is used in contemporary video artworks, such as those made by Bill Viola and Nam June Paik, in ways that ______.

relate to people using imagery and a medium they can readily understand

development (fugue)

remainder of fugue

Repetition

repeating of a theme, "Simple Gifts" repeats

variation

repeating same melody but with changes

Forms in music are constructed around

repetition, variation, and contrast

Major/Minor keys in Baroque

replaced modes, c to c = major, a to a= minor, other patterns wouldn't return until 20th Century,

Unlike a photocollage, a photomontage is made to be ________.

reproduced

Trio sonata

required 4 (not 3) players- 2 violins, 2 cello, and continuo played on Harpsichord or other bass instrument

cadences

resting places at ends of phrases

Artists intersperse value and texture to create a sense of:

rhythm

Placement of elements in a composition controls ________ and creates multiple focal points.

rhythm

This principle of design arises from repetition of a pattern.

rhythm

What is the musical term that comes from the Greek word for "flow" and has to do with the length of tones, their relation to one another, and to silence?

rhythm

When there are at least two points of reference in an artwork, __________ is present.

rhythm

This is a way in which artists divide visual space into different kinds of sections to achieve different rhythmic effects.

rhythmic design structure

vibrato

rocking hand back and forth across strings to add "warmth" to the sound

This material, derived from tree sap, is used in aquatint printmaking: a process that emulates the appearance of water-based media.

rosin

When a typeface does not have any extra embellishments on the top and bottom of the letterforms, it is called a ________ font.

sans serif

A color that is almost gray has a low chroma, or __________.

saturation

Libretto

script or text of an opera, normally written by a librettist (not the composer) before the music is written

prelude

simply a short piece of instrumental music

Henry Peach Robinson created his photographic work Fading Away by using a Golden ________ for the format dimensions.

section

episodes (fugue)

sections of fugue without subject

The Motet

secular music sung in courts (on secular topics,) built over Gregorian phrases, complicated rhythmic and melody schemes

Melodies

series of consecutive pitches that form a musical entity

scale

series of pitches that goes upward and/or downward

Suite

series or set of musical works that belong together, suites consisting of stylized dance music were popular,

ensemble

several characters singing different words and music expressing different emotional and musical counterpoint

Sequence occurs when pattern of notes is repeated

several times in succession, each time at a different pitch level

subito

sfz-sudden change in dynamics level

How did artist D. J. Hall use color pencil to achieve rich color and intense light effects in her work Piece of Cake?

she pressed the pencil aggressively into the paper

motive

short bursts of notes that help unify a work

cantata

short oratorio w/ chorale melody, performed during worship w/ religious message

ostinato

short phrase of music, repeated again and again, comes from italian word for "stubborn"

Round

short song, one group starts, second group begins at interval and imitates first group, second finishes alone

conjuct

smooth, connected melody that moves principally by small intervals

In what Italian music reading system would the major scale be sung "do re mi fa sol la ti do"?

solfeggio

Equal temperament

solved "acoustical caprice of nature" by making all intervals slightly less than perfect, still used by almost all Western music

percussion pitch

some percussion instruments produce definite pitches (xylophone, chimes, timpani)

Which type of work is not found in a Baroque suite?

sonata

The higher female voice is the

soprano

Naum Gabo's Constructed Head No. 2 investigates the sense of ________ and form implied by flat planes, in contrast to the solid mass of conventional sculpture.

space

Why would graffiti artist Banksy use stencils to transfer his artworks onto walls?

speed of application is important to graffiti artists, who often risk arrest for defacing public property

Tempo refers to the

speed of the beats

Photographs by Eadweard Muybridge could be put into a ________ to create the impression that they were actually moving.

spinning zoetrope

Which of the following is not a method of carving?

spooning

The madrigal

started in Italy,similar to motets but also different, written in vernacular language (not latin,) dealt w/ love (sometimes erotic,) stronger rhythm-faster tempo, performed at social gatherings and meetings of sophisticated artists and learned people (not for common folk,) in England it was custom for all educated to learn them

This material allowed for the construction of huge, glass-fronted skyscrapers.

steel

A one-note change of pitch within a melody is called a(n)

step

Three important photographic genres are portraiture, landscape, and ________ (images of inanimate objects, such as fruit).

still life

Harpsichord

strings are plucked by mechanism, very popular in Baroque Era

Piano

strings are struck by felt tipped hammers

The four families of the symphony orchestra are

strings, brass, woodwinds, and percussion

Baroque rhythm

strong metrical with regular pattern of beats (except in recitative)

Artists face a communication challenge: to find a ________ within the chaos of nature and to select and organize materials into a harmonious composition.

structure

A Baroque suite is a group of

stylized dance works

The main theme of a fugue is called

subject

Conosance/Disonance

subjective and relative terms,

In Pieter Bruegel the Elder's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, the viewer is directed away from Icarus plunging into the sea, through the use of:

subordination

When an artist wants to draw attention away from a particular part of a composition, he or she uses:

subordination

When a string on a musical instrument vibrates, it produces a fundamental tone (or tonic) we recognize as a certain pitch. The vibrating string, however, is also producing additional pitches called overtones that are not as strong. What is the musical term for he second of these overtones?

the dominant

A work can still display unity, even if none of the visual elements has anything in common, if:

the elements have conceptual unity

Doctrine of Affections

the emotional or affective qualities of music, the treatment of words in recitatives and other vocal music illustrates the belief of Baroque composers in projecting the ideas of the text into the music

Syncopation occurs when

the emphasis of the rhythm is placed where it is not expected

Rhythm

the flow of music through time

The most important aspect of a piece of conceptual art is ________.

the idea behind the artwork

Verdi became associated wth Italian nationalism because

the letters of his name represented "Victor Emmanuel, Rex d'Italia"

Op art of the 1960s relied on a physiological effect that creates an illusion of motion. This effect is:

the natural oscillations of the eye

The continuo part in Baroque music is

the nearly continuous bass line

The timbre of an instrument or voice is determined by

the number and strength of the partials its sounds produce

Composer

the one(s) who controls the storytelling in a piece of music

A feature of the aria "Dido's Lament" is

the ostinato in the lower instruments in the orchestra

Form in music refers to

the overall plan for the organization of the music

contour

the overall shape

meter

the pattern created by accented and unaccented beats

Rhythm/Meter

the pulse which music is built upon

timbre

the quality of a sound that distinguishes one voice or instrument from another; also tone color

Katsushika Hokusai is said to have used a live chicken's footprints in a painting that communicated ________.

the sensations of a fall day by the river

The singing style used in operas is powerful and dramatic because

the singing needs to be heard over an orchestra, opera is a highly dramatic type of music, the singing needs to be heard throughout the hall without amplification, the powerful and dramatic singing style has become a tradition (all of these choices)

Garry Winogrand's practice of taking photographs that were not posed or set up in advance was known as:

the snapshot aesthetic

Tempo

the speed of beats, "time' in Italian, indicated through either a metronome marking, or through descriptive terms

Tempo

the term for Speed in music-how quickly the beat

Performing Forces

the types of ensembles present in a piece of music

Beats

the underlying steady pulse In music

T/F: understanding a bit about the music before listening to it can help develop a deeper appreciation of it.

true

Expression

the way dynamics change in ways such as tempos and volume

Language

the way the music forms melodic phrases and harmony into something able to be processed by a listener

An instrumental melody that plays a key role in a musical work is called a(n)

theme

Hokusai and Albrecht Dürer were printmakers who lived at different times and in different countries, but they had this in common:

they both relied on skilled craftsmen to execute their print editions

What do Yoko Ono's Wish Tree and Mel Chin's Fundred Dollar Bill Project have in common?

they rely on participants for their completion

Processing plant fibers begins with separating the fiber from the plant, then preparing it for use by spinning the fiber into a long ________.

thread

How many movements does a typical concerto have

three

chords

three or more notes that are aligned vertically on the musical staff so that they are played or sung at the same time

chord

three or more pitches that are sounded together

Basic chords or "triads" consist of how many notes?

three.

Polish artist Magdalena Abakanowicz spent much of her life with her home country under Communist rule by the Soviet Union. The regime emphasized the collective over the individual. This experience is reflected in her artworks in the following way:

through the use of multiple, repeated figures

A color that is lighter than its basic hue is called a:

tint

Crescendo

to gradually become louder (Italian term)

Decrescendo Diminuendo

to gradually become softer (Italian term meaning to diminish in volume)

Almost all melodies in the music of Western civilization have a _____________ center

tonal

A modulation is a change of

tonal center

Music tends to move away from and back to the

tonal center

What is the musical term for "a sense of musical gravity or homeness"?

tonality.

We can differentiate between two musical instruments because every instrument has its own particular what?

tone color (timbre).

Timbre

tone quality, color of sound (can change during a piece depending on how instrument is played)

voices and roles- opera

traditions regarding type of voice & role:

What is the musical term for the changing of the overall pitch level of an entire musical work?

transposition

Troubadours

traveling minstrels who sung secular songs based on romantic poems, dance music was also developed and was secular in nature

Arcangelo Corelli is known today for his

trio sonatas

What is the musical term for an underlying beat pattern that has a feeling of three?

triple meter

A Medieval motet could have one of its parts in Latin and another in French

true

Almost all the words of an opera are sung

true

Because every piece of music moves through time, every piece of music has some type of rhythm.

true

Even if all the beats in a steady series are equally loud, the tendency of listeners is to think of them in small groups of twos, threes, or fours.

true

Imitation is one kind of counterpoint

true

Many of the persons who created art works and music during Medieval times are anonymous

true

Many operas during the Baroque were based on characters from Greek and Roman mythology

true

Percussion instruments produce sound by being struck or shaken

true

Recognizing and understanding musical styles helps you listen to music with more understanding

true

Romantic operas often ended in tragedy

true

Even though it is a freestanding sculpture, Sculpture of the Lady Sennuwy was made to be displayed in what fashion?

with its back to a pillar or wall

The term a cappella indicates that the music is to be sung

without accompaniment

The German artist Albrecht Dürer created Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse using which relief printmaking method?

woodcut

Ando Hiroshige created the work "Riverside Bamboo Market, Kyōbashi" in this medium:

woodcut print

The rhythm in Medieval motets

was often based on rhythmic modes similar to those found in poetry

A formal analysis of Las Meninas by Diego de Silva y Velázquez would concentrate on this aspect of the work:

what was in the foreground and background

pizzacato

when a string is plucked (vs. a bow drawn across)

Strict Imitation

when imitation is practiced for entire work

basso ostinato

when ostinato is in bass, as in "Dido's Lament"

Sound is produced on all brass instruments when

when the player's lip membranes vibrate as air passes between them

Polyrythm

when two or more rhythms occur at the same time

Text

where a piece of music derived from in literature; usually from a bible passage

Opera began when a group of noblemen

wished to re-create musical dramas similar to ancient Greek dramas

3-Main Points of Chapter 3

• Sound is created by molecules vibrating and colliding with one another in the air. The more rapid the vibrations, the higher the pitch of the sound. • The first seven letters of the alphabet are used to designate pitches. These letter names are repeated for each octave. Each note in an octave is either half (making it lower) or twice (making it higher) the number of vibrations of the note with the same name in the adjacent octave. • Pitch levels are depicted in notation on a graphlike staff. Higher notes use the treble clef (Icon) and lower notes use the bass clef (Icon), with a half-step higher indicated by a sharp (♯) and a half-step lower indicated by a flat (♭). • A melody is a series of consecutive pitches that form a logical entity. Most melodies can be divided into shorter groups of notes called phrases. A listener's impression of a melody is very much affected by other factors in the music such as the accompanying music and instruments or voices performing it. • Harmony is the simultaneous sounding of pitches, usually in chords containing three or more notes. Chords vary from sounding pleasing (consonant) to tense (dissonant). Most chords are built in an every-other note pattern such as C-E-G. • The music in almost all songs and instrumental works centers around one particular note. Changes of this center (key), called modulations, occur rather often. • Scales are the tonal framework around which music is created. Three types of scales predominate in the music of Western civilization: major, minor, and the five-note pentatonic scale. Music using the major scale tends to have a brighter quality than music in minor. Music using the pentatonic scale often has a folklike or Asian quality. • Texture in music refers to the basic arrangement of the lines of melody and harmony. Homophonic texture with its melody-plus-accompaniment character is most familiar to us today. Polyphonic texture has two or more different melodic lines occurring at the same time. Monophonic texture consists of only one line of music performed alone. • Two types of polyphony or counterpoint exist in music. One occurs when a melodic line is imitated in follow-the-leader fashion several beats later, which happens in a round or canon. The other exists when two different lines with melodic character occur at the same time.

6-Main Points of Chapter 6

• The human voice is an important "instrument" in music. It produces sound as air causes the vocal cords in the larynx to vibrate. • The pitch of vocal sounds is regulated by the length and tension of the vocal cords. Women have shorter vocal cords; therefore, they produce a higher pitch than men. Women in choral groups usually sing the soprano (higher) part or the alto (lower) part. Men in choral groups usually sing the tenor (higher) part or the bass (lower)part. • Styles of singing vary enormously in America and around the world according to the type and style of the music. • Wind bands usually contain no string instruments. Instead, they often include saxophones, baritone horns, cornets, and a different type of tuba called a sousaphone. • Harpsichords, pianos, and pipe organs are instruments that control their pitches from a keyboard. Harpsichords create sounds when strings are plucked by a mechanism, whereas pianos produce sounds when hard felt hammers strike strings. Pipe organs create sound when air is blown through pipes and can produce a wide array of timbres. • Electric guitars are shaped like other guitars, but they are actually electronic instruments. Many versions of electronic keyboards also have achieved wide popularity. • Electronic music is created by synthesizers working in conjunction with computers. Early versions of electronic music were created by manipulating tape. Today electronic music is created using digital recording technology.

5-Main Points of Chapter 5

• The instruments in a symphony orchestra are traditionally divided into four groups: strings, woodwinds, brasses, and percussion. Each of these families of instruments differs in how sounds are produced, basic timbres are modified, different pitches are created, and sounds are started and stopped. • Violins, violas, cellos, and double basses produce sound when a bow is drawn across their strings or a string is plucked (pizzicato). Harps can only be plucked. String players rapidly rock their left hand back and forth (vibrato) to add warmth to the sound. • Pitches on string instruments are determined by where a player places a finger on one of the strings. It is also possible to play on more than one string at a time. Several different styles of bowing can be used. • Flutes, clarinets, oboes, and bassoons constitute the woodwind family. All were originally made of wood, but because of their more brilliant sound, metal flutes replaced their wooden predecessors. Oboes and bassoons produce sound through the use of two cane reeds wired together, whereas clarinets use a single cane reed on a mouthpiece. Flutes employ a stopped-pipe principle, in which air entering a pipe collides with air moving out to produce sound. • A vibrato can be used on all woodwinds except the clarinet, which uses it only in jazz style. Different pitches are produced by opening and closing holes and/or depressing and releasing keys. Sounds on woodwind instruments are started and stopped by the action of the player's tongue. • Members of the brass family include trumpets, French horns, trombones, and tubas. All are made of metal. Sounds are produced on them by a buzzing action of the player's lip membranes against a mouthpiece. All produce the pitches of the overtone series. By changing the length of the tubing, by opening and closing valves, or by moving the slide on the trombone, all pitches within the range of the instrument are available. • Percussion instruments all produce sound by being shaken or struck, usually by sticks or beaters. Some percussion instruments produce definite pitches. This group includes xylophones, chimes, and timpani. Others sound no definite pitch and include snare and bass drums, cymbals, and castanets.

8-Main Points of Chapter 8

• The medieval period was the time of Scholasticism and the construction of many of the great cathedrals. It also featured chivalry, guilds, and the founding of universities. Many works of music and art were created anonymously. • Polyphony developed in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. Composers added a third and fourth line to music in organum, which consisted of parallel lines of melody a fourth or fifth apart. Polyphonic religious works were based on phrases from Gregorian chant. • Rhythmic modes, similar to those found in poetry, were used to keep the different lines together. • The motet was built over a phrase of Gregorian chant, which was sung in Latin in long notes. Two or more different lines of music were added with words in vernacular languages on secular topics. Complicated rhythmic and melodic schemes were worked into the music. Motets were performed in the courts, not churches. • Secular music also existed in instrumental dance music and the songs of the troubadours. These were solo songs based on romantic poems.

4-Main Points of Chapter 4

• The term for the degree of loudness in music is dynamics. Dynamics are indicated in a general way by the terms forte for loud (abbreviated ) and piano for soft (abbreviated ). These basic terms are often modified; for example, fortissimo (abbreviated ) for very loud. • Gradual changes in dynamic level are indicated by the abbreviation cresc. for crescendo (get louder) or decresc. for decrescendo (get softer). The symbol for crescendo is , and the opposite is used for decrescendo . • Timbre refers to the tone quality of an instrument or voice. It is determined by the number and strength of the partials sounding in the overtone series. That series is the pattern of pitches that results when a string or column of air is divided in half or at other fractional points. • Music is organized sounds occurring in a specific span of time. Often, portions of music are organized according to forms or patterns of music. These forms make use of three general aspects of music: • Repetition: —Generally repeating the same musical ideas. • Variation: —The same basic musical ideas are repeated but varied. • Contrast: —Entirely different musical ideas are presented. • Letters in italics are used to designate forms. The larger sections of a work are indicated by capital letters, whereas short sections of a work are indicated in lowercase letters. • A concerto features contrast between a small group and a larger group or a soloist and a larger group. Concertos often contain a section called a cadenza, where the soloist plays alone a free-sounding, often technically impressive, section based loosely on one or more of the themes of the music

9-Main Points of Chapter 9

• The word Renaissance means "rebirth" and is the name given to the period that lasted from about 1450 to 1600, when there was a revival of interest in the culture of the ancient Greeks and Romans. It was also the age of explorers and the introduction of the printing press. • The bass voice part became an important addition to choral music. • The Renaissance motet had a sacred text sung in Latin with all parts singing the same text. New phrases of text were often introduced in imitation. Its mood was reverent and restrained, with no strong feeling of meter. • Madrigals were the most popular genre of secular vocal music. They were similar to motets in that they were usually sung without accompaniment by a small group of singers. But madrigals have secular texts in a vernacular language, were performed at social gatherings, often contained text painting, and generally are more lively. • Instrumental music during the Renaissance featured the lute. Most instrumental music was created as dance music.

7-Main Points of Chapter 7

• Western civilization and its music developed over 2,500 years ago in the city-states around the Mediterranean, especially Athens. • The only music preserved in written form from ancient times is Gregorian chant. It was the basis for the Mass in the Christian Church. • Certain Gregorian chants are designated for particular days in the Church calendar, and these chants are called the Proper of the Mass. The Ordinary of the Mass is sung or said at nearly all Masses. • The Requiem is the funeral Mass. It includes the "Dies irae" chant, which means "Day of Wrath," referring to the final judgment. • The music of Gregorian chant is monophonic, sung unaccompanied in Latin by monks and priests, and has no metrical rhythm. It is intended for worship, not for concert performances. • A number of morality plays with music were created to educate listeners about the Christian faith. The music for these plays is similar to Gregorian chant in character.