B MUS 250
El Manisero
Don Azpiazu
The parts for the small group in a concerto grosso are noticeably more difficult than the parts for the orchestra.
False
The patronage system allowed composers to sell their works to the highest bidder.
False
The pipe organ reached its height of development during the Renaissance, but it was still important during the Baroque
False
The pipe organ, like the piano, has one keyboard
False
The purpose of the valves or slide on a brass instrument is to allow for louder sounds
False
The style of singing needed for opera singers also is suitable for singing folk songs
False
The subject in a fugue appears only in its exposition
False
The term for the degrees of loudness in music is volume
False
The texts of madrigals are on religious topics, especially old testament stories
False
The third movement of J.S. Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 has an important part for the pipe organ.
False
The word that indicates the music should get louder is decrescendo
False
Until the nineteenth century, music was more developed than the visual arts
False
When playing the harpsichord, it is possible for the player to make gradual changes of dynamic level, which is not true on the piano
False
When playing the harpsichord,not is possible to make gradual changes of dynamic level, which is not true on the piano.
False
Roll With Me Henry
Female Vocalist: Etta James
The timbre of any sound played on an instrument (other than an electronic one) or sung almost always changes slightly from its beginning to its ending
True
The way a string player draws the bow across the strings can significantly affect the quality of sound
True
The way a string player draws the now across the strings can significantly affect the quality of sound
True
Timpani sound different pitches, but bass drums cannot
True
Usually all the words in an opera are sung
True
Wind bands include woodwinds, brass, and percussion, but no strings
True
You should notice your reactions to the musical sounds you hear.
True
Countersubject
Two or more independent lines ith melodic character occuring at the same time
Counterpoint Contrapuntal
Two or more independent lines with melodic character occurring at the same time
Polyrhythm
Two or more rhythmic patterns occurring simultaneously
Monody
Type of homophony consisting of a solo line with instrumental accompaniment, flourished in the early 17th century
The illustrator James Montgomery brought this character to life, and created a memorable icon, in his poster I Want You for U.S. Army:
Uncle Sam
Notation
Visual record of heard or imagined musical sound, or a set of visual instructions for performance of music.
The group of four concertos called The Four Seasons was composed by
Vivaldi
Cantata
Vocal composition in several movements for solo voices, instruments, and usually a chorus. It is usually based on a religious text.
Rebecca
Vocalist: Big Joe Turner
No Particular Place To Go
Vocalist: Chuck Berry
I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry
Vocalist: Hank Williams
Smokestack Lightin'
Vocalist: Howlin' Wolf
Frankie and Johnny
Vocalist: Jimmy Rodger
My Babe
Vocalist: Little Walter
Just a Gigalo
Vocalist: Louis Prima
Got My Mojo Working
Vocalist: Muddy Waters
Rock Me
Vocalist: Sister Rosetta Tharpe
Call It Stormy Monday
Vocalist: T-Bone Walker
The most important and innovative composer of German opera was
Wagner
Who are some important wind band transcriptionists?
Walter Beeler, Lucien Cailliet (Kale-lee-yet), Clare Grundman, Donald Hunsberger, Erik Leidzén, Lawrence Odom, John Paynter
The use of vibrato when playing a string instrument makes the sound
Warmer
On a musical instrument like the violin, what kind of sound will be produced if you pluck the string harder?
a louder sound
A theme is
a melodic idea that plays a central role in a musical work
countermelody
a melody happening simultaneously with another melody
Hildegard's Ordo virtutum is
a morality play
When light-sensitive film is exposed to light, ________ image is formed.
a negative
what term is usually used to refer to the first-chair violinist in an orchestra?
concertmaster
chorale prelude
contrapuntal piece for organ built on a chorale melody
Concerto
contrast between soloist and/or small group and remainder of the orchestra
countersubject (fugue)
contrasting theme
Woodwind and brass instrument players start and stop sounds by
controlling the flow of air with the tongue
Which type of arch, made up of stones that are progressively stepped inward, was used by the ancient Babylonians and Mycenaeans?
corbeled arch
Electronic music
created with synthesizers and computers, early versions created by manipulating tape, today digital recording technology is used
crescendo
cresc. < ,increase in dynamics (get louder)
The technique in which an artist creates a series of closely arranged parallel lines that is overlapped by another set of parallel strokes to create a sense of value is called:
cross-hatching
In the recitative from Monteverdi's Coronation of Poppea, Poppea is trying to get Nero to
come back to her soon
An interior designer can balance curved and straight lines to __________ each other.
complement
"Sicut Cervus"
composed by Palestrina, written in latin, polyphonic, each voice entering in imitation, not a strong meter or beat (not "toe-tapping," could have had sparing instrumental accompaniment
orchestra, piece, work, conductor
composed music: piece, work
Tonal Center (Baroque)
composer began to think of how progression of chords (based on a tonal center) affected the music
Commercial color printers use the following three primary colors, plus black:
cyan, magenta, yellow
Instrumental music during the Renaissance consisted largely of
dance music
decrescendo
decresc. > , decrease in dynamics (get softer)
Metronome Marking
denotes tempo, ie. a metronome marking of 84 would denote 84 BPM, most works have a tempo of 1 to 3 BPS
A representational work of art ________.
depicts objects or people so that we can recognize them
Origins of Western Music
developed 2,500 years ago in Mediterranean city-states (Such as Athens)
Polyphony (Medieval)
developed in Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, a fourth line was added to music in organum, based on phrases of Gregorian Chant
This kind of line tends to be more visually active, so it can draw the viewer's attention.
diagonal
A musical tells a story using ______.
dialog, dance, and songs
A good example of variety in a work would be:
different shapes and colors
When a string on a musical instrument vibrates, it produces a tone we recognize as a certain pitch. The vibrating string, however, is also producing additional pitches that are not as strong. These additional pitches are called overtones; they govern tone color and allow us to do what?
differentiate between both instruments and differentiate between voices
disjunct
disjointed or disconnected melody with many leaps
Leonardo da Vinci engaged in which activity—banned by the Church—in order to get detailed drawings of the human anatomy?
dissection
What is the musical term for the opposite of the restful or comfortable sound of consonance?
dissonance.
Groups of notes that do not seem to blend together well and give a feeling of tension are described as
dissonant
interval
distance between two pitches
This use of scale can create an abnormal or supernatural effect, and was used by the Surrealists to do just that.
distorted scale
The most impressive feature of the Church of Hagia Sophia is its enormous ________.
dome
Life drawing is the process of:
drawing from a live model
The sequences in Meshes of the Afternoon are similar to ______.
dream imagery
What is the musical term for an underlying beat pattern that has feeling of two?
duple meter
The term for the different levels of loudness and softness in music is
dynamics
e. Each answer shown is correct
e. Each answer shown is correct
Recitative
early efforts to have one line of melody, singers would often act, and not repeat words, to express text (think recite)
Early photographer William Henry Fox Talbot discovered how to make positive prints that could be:
easily reproduced
octave
eight or more notes higher or lower then another note with the same name
Pointed arches conduct the downward thrust of the weight of the building by redirecting it outward toward the walls, and have a strong upward visual ________.
emphasis
accent
emphasis placed on the beat, often first beat is strongest
if a performance is well received, an audience can request an ___ with extended applause
encore
When Marina Abramović performed The Artist is Present at MoMA in 2010, she did not speak or move, but created what she called a/an "________" with participants.
energy dialogue
An acoustical quirk of nature in tuning called the "Pythagorean comma" was compensated for by the use of
equal temperament
metrical pattern
every piece of music follow metrical pattern, indicated in 2 ways- meter signature or time signature
contrast
example: part 'b' from "Simple Gifts"
Psychological analysis of The Scream by the artist Edvard Munch tells us that the painter was:
expressing anxiety
When Paul Gauguin painted his work The Yellow Christ he chose the color yellow for its __________ qualities.
expressive
Baroque melodies
expressive "reciting" style (recitative) in vocal music
forte
f-loud
Bizet's opera Carmen was an immediate success when it was first presented
false
Harmony is any simultaneous sounding of notes that sounds pleasing and agreeable
false
Hearing music and listening to music are essentially the same thing
false
Operas are sung without accompanying orchestras or keyboard instrument
false
Operas contain only arias and recitatives, but no chorus parts
false
The characters in Wagner's operas are mostly drawn from Greek mythology
false
The orchestra in an opera is placed on the left hand side of the stage
false
Artemisia Gentileschi lived at a time when women were not easily accepted into the art profession, but she was supported by her ________, who was also an artist.
father
fortissimo
ff-very loud
Suppose you really like a type of popular music. Your attitude toward the classical music in this course should be
finding out why many people find classical works interesting to listen to
"Simple Gifts"
hymn, Shaker song from 1840
A ________ is an architectural space that is created by using a series of columns, or a colonnade, to support a flat ceiling.
hypostyle hall
Theme
identifies an instrumental melody that plays important role in the work (of music)
Michelangelo used this Italian term, which refers to nudity, to describe the figures he intended to use for the tomb of Pope Julius II:
ignudi
dissonance
implies tension and disequilibrium
Voice
important instrument, air causes vocal chords and larynx to vibrate, control of air-flow is very important, length of vocal cords regulates pitch
how do performers of "classical" music ensembles typically dress?
in black formal wear
How is pitch measured?
in vibrations per second
When a string on a musical instrument vibrates, it produces a tone we recognize as a certain pitch. The vibrating string, however, is also producing additional pitches that are not as strong. What are these additional pitches are called?
overtones
piano
p-soft
Handel's Water Music Suite is so named because
it was composed to be played on barges as the king cruised the river
Frank Gehry's design for the Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, uses contrasts of:
organic and geometric form
An artist creates compositional unity by:
organizing all of the visual elements of the work
A persistently repeated, rather short phrase in music is called a(n)
ostinato
The outlook of many people during the Middle Ages was
otherworldly
We perceive scale in relation to:
our own size
Color deception occurs when:
our perception of a color is influenced by the color next, or adjacent, to it
What phenomenon governs tone color (or timbre)?
overtones
The artist Chuck Close used a repeated pattern of organic concentric rings set into a diamond shape to create his large:
paintings
The traditional, and narrow, definition of "fine art" includes ________.
paintings on canvas and sculptures on pedestals
sequence
pattern of notes repeated several times in succession, each time at a different pitch
overtone series
pattern of pitches produced by dividing sound producing mechanism into equal parts
The overtone or harmonic series is the
pattern of pitches that results when dividing a string or air column at fractional points
Meter is the
pattern of the beats
Lute
pear-shaped, hollow, instrument that was plucked, (sort of "guitar-ish")
"Verismo" operas were about
people in everyday life
The kinds of artworks made using alternative media are ________.
performance art, conceptual art, installations, and environments
Monasteries
perserved writing and culture during middle or "Dark" ages
conductor
person who, by means of gestures, leads performances of music ensembles, especially orchestras, bands, or choruses
South-African wood turner Andrew Early chooses to keep the natural irregularities of wood in his finished artworks, in order to preserve a sense of the material's innate ________.
personality
The highness or lowness of a sound is called
pitch
What are the four characteristics of traditional musical sound?
pitch, duration, loudness and tone color
The term for sounds that are made on string instruments by plucking the string is
pizzicato
Clay used to make earthenware has a good ________: it is pliable and can be easily formed into almost any orientation.
plasticity
Morality Play
play designed to scare common folk into obeying God/showed them what would happen if they didn't
A vibrato is
slight, rapid fluctuations in the pitch of a sound
Adagio
slow, leisurely
Partials
small bits of other pitches in addition to the instruments fundamental pitch ("accessories")
Artists use this kind of texture if they want to contradict a viewer's normal expectations of a textured surface.
subversive
Ordinary of the Mass
sung or said in 5 parts: kyrie, gloria, credo, sanctus, Angus Dei
figured bass
system of shorthand employed by keyboard players playing the continuo
Maya pyramids primarily served as platforms for ________.
temples
This attribute of time is a measurement of the speed at which time elapses.
tempo
Refer to Figure 2.1. Number 2 in the above example is pointing to the
tempo marking
The leading male role is often sung by a(n)
tenor
The role of a heroic young man in an opera will probably be sung by
tenor
The role of a heroic young man in an opera will probably be sung by a(n)
tenor
A slick cold surface of a finely finished metal object, the rough-hewn splintery character of a broken branch, and the pebbly surface of a rocky beach are all examples of this element of art:
texture
"Western civilization" refers to the culture
that developed in ancient Greece and then spread throughout Europe
Classical music can be thought of as music
that was created to be listened to carefully
Dynamics
the "loudness" of music (measured in decibels)
Harmony
the "under layer" that pairs with the melody
This famous object is the largest carving in the world created from a single stone.
the Sphinx
Continuo
the accompanying bass line in much Baroque music usually has a continuous, steady quality. Called the "Basso Continuo" or continuo for short
Performance art differs from theater because ________.
the actions usually take place in an art context
Collagraph printing is different to relief or intaglio methods, because:
the artist builds up rather than cuts into the surface that is to be inked
An important development was the introduction of
the bass voice part
What is the musical term for the ongoing, underlying pulse found in almost all music?
the beat
Pigment names are often derived from their source. For example the pigment that we call umber is named after ________.
the brown soil of Umbria, Italy
The painting Starlight by Agnes Martin uses broad emphasis to draw attention to this part of the work:
the composition as a whole
Texture
the different points of interest moving together in a piece of music
Timbre
the different tones in sound made by different instruments in a piece of music
interval
the distance between any two pitches
range
the distance between highest and lowest notes
interval
the distance between two pitches
The combination of music and words can have a much greater emotional impact on listeners than just the words without music
true
Verdi's career was aided by the tide of Italian nationalism in the mid-180s
true
Your impression of a melody can be influenced a lot by which instruments are playing it
true
Photographs have only recently been collected by fine art museums because for a long time they were considered by some not to be ________.
true forms of art
examples of brass
trumpets, french horns, trombones, tuba
The recurring theme played by the orchestra in a concerto grosso is called the
tutti
The Hawaiian sculpture of a war god (Figure 2.4.7) is a composition that represents how many different gods?
two
Counterpoint
two different and distinct lines of music performed at the same time
counterpoint
two different and distinct lines performed at the same time
Organum is not polyphonic because the
two lines of music move in strict parallel motion
polyphonic
two or more lines with melodic character sounded together
Polyphonic texture is
two or more lines with melodic character sounding at the same time
major and minor
two patterns of scales, the main difference between the scales in the third step, which is one half step lower in the minor scale
Secondary colors can be created from a mixture of:
two primary colors
The instruments used in a trio sonata are
two violins, one cello, and a continuo part
Genres
type of classification of music
A "genre" is a(n)
type of music
Genre
type of music (i.e.. jazz, opera, swing... etc.)
Symphony Orchestra Groups
typically has four groups: strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion
The tools of formal analysis help us to:
understand how the artist applied the elements and principles to his or her artwork
renaissance motets
unified piece, all voices sing in Latin, reserved, serious-designed for worship
In his work The Flagellation, Piero della Francesca communicates a mood of detachment and contemplation by using this principle of design.
unity
Chants
used in Church, church was important for music during middle ages, most of their chants and music lose meaning when translated so we don't hear them today
Presto
very fast
Largo
very slow, broad
Grave
very slow, heavy
Music depends on sound, and all sound is the result of what?
vibrations
The string family in a symphony orchestra consists of
violins, violas, cellos, and double basses
examples of Strings
violins, violas, cellos, double basses, harps
In The Treachery of Images, Magritte tells us that painting is a:
visual trick
The lines of a fugue are called
voices
This element of art is used to describe the usable interior space of an architectural form.
volume
Wagner called his operas "music dramas" because he
wanted to eliminate the separation between recitatives and aria
The artist Jenny Holzer created an illusion of motion using a spiraling electronic message board to create a piece of art made up of:
words
During the Baroque a sonata was a
work for one or more instruments
"Pachelbel's Canon in D"
written by Johann Pachelbel, uses both grand bass and ostinato, composed in 1680 though largely ignored until 20th century
Which percussion instrument can produce different pitches?
xylophone
Allegro
moderately fast, moving leisurely
Harmony
simultaneous sound of two of more pitches
Oratorio
A musical composition for voices and orchestra based on a religious text
Concerted style
Musical effect of contrast between groups of instruments
Harpsichord
Strings are plucked by mechanism, very popular in Baroque Era
Piano
Strings are struck by felt tipped hammers.
Which percussion instruments can produce different pitches.
Xylophone
Concert
a live performance of music performed by people for listeners to hear
A musical phrase is
a logical grouping of notes
Baroque genres
oratorio, cantata (recitative, aria, chorus)
In order to be considered music, the sounds must have been rendered in music notation
False
Madrigals usually have slower tempos than motets
False
a capella
singing style showcasing "the purity of sound, no accompaniment
T or F: Technology has affected the way people consume music.
true
Many of the more familiar songs sung in America and Europe end on notes other than the tonic
False
Medieval motets have no rhythm
False
Messiah was the only oratorio Handel composed; most of his other music consisted of operas and instrumental works
False
Most concert music is louder than popular music
False
Music is either definitely consonant or definitely dissonant.
False
Music is necessary for physical existence
False
Nuemes
A musical notation, a sign for one or a group of successive musical pitches, predecessor of modern musical notes.
Arranger
A musician who adapts a composition for particular voices or instruments or for another style of performance.
Operas are sung without accompanying orchestra or keyboard instrument
False
Why are some guidance and instruction often needed to understand and appreciate many works of concert music?
All of these choices
Stylized Dance Music
"Dressed up" to make them more interesting for listening
Libretto
"Little book" The text of an opera or oratorio
Ostinato
"Stubborn" a short, persistently repeated melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic pattern.
treble cleff
"and sign" thing, denotes high notes
bass cleff
"backwards 'c' with dots/colon," denotes low notes
nonmetrical rhythm
"can't tap foot"
Sonata de Camera
"chamber sonata"- contained stylized versions of dance music
Sonata de Chiesa
"church sonata"-more serious
Requiem
"mass for the dead"- funeral mass, included the chant "Dies Irae" or "Days of Wrath"
Andate
"walking," moderate
sharp
#-half step higher
There are certain traditions surrounding concerts and concert-going: these include the performers' (1), the appropriate time to (2), and time to move from you (3)
(1) attire, (2) applaud, (3) seat
tourbook, biographical, scales, works, conductor, map, financial
(1) works, (2) biographical, (3) conductor
Your impression of a melody is affected by
All of these choices
Hildegard of Bingen
(1098-1179) 10th child of noble German parents, multi-talented Abbess, given to Church by parents (common practice at time,) developed alternative alphabet for her writing and poetry, 7+ of her musical works remain (more than any other medieval composer,) maintained close relationship between character of music and text (difficult because there was no standard for music writing,) wrote "Ordo Virtutum"
Francesco Landini
(1325-1397) blind Italian composer
John Dunstable
(1385-1453) English, used simultaneous pitches to give music a nicer sound
Claudio Monteverdi
(1567-1643) Italian violinist, music master at St. Mark's in Venice,
Johann Pachelbel
(1653-1706) born and died in Nuremberg, church organist and teacher-taught J.S. Bach's teacher, composed great deal of religious and chorale music (which was admired by Bach,) most famous for his "Canon in D" though that work went largely ignored during his life
Arcangelo Corelli
(1653-1713)
Henry Purcell
(1659-1695)
Antonio Vivaldi
(1675-1741) born in Venice,
Johann Sebastian Bach
(1685-1750) church composer, born in Eisenbach Germany
George Frideric Handel
(1685-1759) established standard of oratorio, German, played Harpsichord, went to Hamburg then Italy, Director of Electoral Court at Hanover and then the Royal Academy of Masi (all under King George I,) refused to not compose less popular Italian operas, went broke and went to debtor's prison, recovered and wrote more than 26 oratorios, 1741-wrote "Messiah" in just over three weeks, died in 1759 and had the posthumous honor of being interred in Westminster Abbey
George Bizet
(1838-1875), Paris Conservatory, recipient of prestigious Prix de Rome award, mostly theatre and opera, often not well received during his time-had to earn a living teaching piano, Franco-Prussian war (1870) veteran, after the war wrote "Farandole" (1872) for his friend, Alphonsause Daudet's play "L'Arlesienne" ("Woman of Arles"), wrote "Carmen"-perhaps bets know opera in world, not initially well received due to obscene content, Bizet died soon after-couln't handle the poor reception
Joaquin Rodrigo
(1901-1999) spanish composer, wanted to evoke beauty of the grounds, fountains, and buildings of Royal Palace (Aranjuez,) wrote "Concerto de Aranjuez" (1939,) wrote 170 compositions
Benjamin Britten
(1913-1976), British (moved to USA but came back soon after, toured a bit in USA,) started young, wrote pieces for every medium and difficulty, wrote "The Young Person's Guide to Orchestra"
Renaissance
(about 1450 to 1600) Northern Italian Noblemen's revival in interest of Greek and Roman Classic culture, music portion began in the Netherlands
John Rutter
(b. 1945) London born, best known for choral works (especially "Carol's for Choir (sp.),) conducted and lectured extensively
alto
(bass) lower singing women
Guillaume de Machet
(c. 1300-1377) Secretary to Count of Luxembourg and worked for King John of Bohemia, also became priest, very influential-worked for many aristocrats and rulers
Josquin Des Prez
(c. 1440-1521) Shaped the High Renaissance, born in Flanders (now Belgium,) worked as choir singer in Milan, musician for various aristocrats and as a musician for King Louis XII of France, admired by Martin Luther-he composed what he wanted not what his patrons wanted, very particular and highly paid, famous for his chansons and motets, emphasized technique of imitation
Palestrina
(c. 1526-94) born outside of Rome (near Palestrina,) choir master for two Popes, fired because he got married, became successful businessman-left behind large fortune and finely crafted music, considered greatest church composer of time, around the time of Palestrina the church was threatened by the Protestant Reformation and wanted to purge music of "pagan obscenities" (Council of Trent 1545-63,) Palestrina was able to please church without having his music regress and suffer
Thomas Weelkes
(c. 1576-1623) English choral composer, heavy drinking got him out of favor with Church, wrote lighter madrigals typical of England during this period
Soprano
(higher) singing women
music
(organized sound)
Polyphonic Modes
(similar to devices used in poetry) kept different lines together
Why are some guidance and instructions often needed to understand and appreciate many works of concert music.
All the above
Renaissance motets and madrigals are most authentically performed when sung by large choral groups
False
T or F: the only place to see a live performance of "classical" music is in a major urban center like New York or Los Angeles
False
The first section of a fugue is called the overture
False
Aaron Copland
1900-1990, born in Brooklyn, Wrote "Hoe-Down," studied under Nadia Boulanger at American School of France in Paris, wanted to bridge gap between concert audiences and popular audiences, many best known works are examples of "music w/ an American Quality"
NAfME was formed in what year?
1907 - first the Music Supervisors National Conference, then the Music Educators National Conference.
When was the first National School Band Contest?
1923
The hair on the bow of a string instrument is treated camel hair
False
quarter note
1 beat, used most frequently
Suite
1) A collection or group of stylized pieces of dance music (Baroque definition)
Chorus
1) A group that sings choral music
Prelude
1) A short instrumental work
What are the four basic tenants of a march?
1. Music as an ornamentation of a regular, fixed, or repetitive drum rhythm.
eighth note
1/2 beat
The approximate dates of the Medieval period are
1100-1450
estampie
12th century dance in Triple-Meter w/ fast, clear tempo
The approximate dates of the Baroque period in music are
1600-1750
The approximate dates of the Renaissance period are
1600-1750
Baroque Period dates
1600-1750 (Bach's death)
The ABA was formed in the year
1929
When was the Eastman Wind Ensemble formed?
1952
Tonic Chord
1st, 3rd, and 5th notes on scale
half note
2 beats
Major/Minor
2 scale patterns in Western Music (happy & sad sounding)
polyphonic
2+ lines
Images were painted using a saliva-and-pigment solution on cave walls at Pech Merle, France ________ years ago.
25,000
The basic ratio on which the notation of rhythm is based is
2:1
Aria
2nd type (after oratorio) of music for 1 singer w/ accompaniment, much more melodic than recitatives and repeated lines of text (recitatives don't,) often reflective and does not advance (as recitatives do,) followed a form ( ABA being most common)
whole note
4 beats
About how many parts (solos, choruses, etc.) does Messiah contain
53
Octave
8 notes up or down from note of the same name
The letter f indicates that the music should be soft
False
Baroque forms
A B (binary)
Sonata
A Baroque multimovement work for solo instrument
Trio sonata
A baroque sonata written for 3 players on melody accompanied by the continuo line
The role of king or authority figure in an opera is usually sung by
A bass
Continuo (Continuous Bass)
A bass line for instruments in which the player is given only a succession of single notes and other symbols from which to fill out the remainder of the harmony. Also, the instruments that play the continuo part.
Basso Continuo
A bass line for keyboard and other instruments in which the player is giving only a succession of single notes and other symbols from which to fill out the remainder of the harmony
Suite
A collection or group of stylized music
Musician
A composer, conductor, or performer of music; especially instrumentalist.
Fugue
A composistion in which the main theme is presented in imitation in several parts
mute
A device for muffling the sound of an instrument
Opera
A drama set to music in which the lines of text are sung with orchestral accompaniment
Toccata
A free-sounding virtuoso work, usually for keyboard
Consonance Consonant
A group of simultaneous sounds that seems agreeable or restful
Dissonance Dissonant
A group of simultaneous sounds that seems disagreeable or harsh
What are some characteristics of a Beethoven march for military band?
A homophonic style with phrases of two to four measures in length, often emphasizing repeated notes and double-dotted figures.
Boogie-Woogie
A jazz piano style featuring a repeated figure in the bass part and a highly decorated melody line
Realization
A keybord player performing the music indicated by the figured bass
Symphony Orchestra
A large ensemble of approximately 100 players containing the four families of instruments
A movement in an instrumental work is
A large independent section
Movement
A large independent section of an instrumental composition
Estampie
A medieval dance that is one of the earliest surviving forms of instrumental music
A theme is
A melodic idea that plays a unifying role in a musical work.
Blue Notes
A minor interval where a major would be expected, used especially in jazz and blues.
Concerto grosso (grand)
A multi movement work contrasting a small instrumental Group with a large group
Concerto Grosso
A multimovement work consisting of music that contrasts a soloist with an orchestra or band
Voices
A part in an instrumental composistion, especially a fuge
Sequence
A pattern of notes repeated several times in succession, but each time at a different pitch level
Suspension
A pattern of tension and release by holding a consonant note from one chord over into the next chord, where it was dissonant, and then resolving that note to a consonant note in the new chord.
The word "virtuoso" refers to
A person who can do a highly skilled activity
Composer
A person who creates or writes music.
Cantus Firmus
A preexisting melody that is used as the basis for a polyphonic vocal work
The harpsichord produces sound when
A quill or a plectrum plucks a string
The harpsichord produces sounds when
A quill or prectrum plucks a string
Passacaglia
A repeated set of variations based on a melodic Ostinato in the lowest-pitched part.
Passacaglia
A repeated set of variations based on a melodic ostinato in the lowest-pitched part
Ostinato
A repeating motif, phrase, or pattern in music
Liturgy
A ritual for public worship
Melody
A series of consecutive pitches that form a unified musical whole (also called tune). Aspects include: Length, Range (hi or low pitch), Contour (shape), Decoration (plain or ornamented)
Triad
A set of three notes (or "pitches") that can be stacked vertically in thirds.
Prelude
A short instrumental work
Motet
A short piece of sacred choral music, typically polyphonic and unaccompanied.
Figured Bass
A shorthand system of numbers and accidentals used by keyboard players in Baroque music for indicating chords
The basic idea of a concerto is contrasting
A soloist or small group with an orchestra or band.
Parlor Song
A song, generally accompanied by piano, intended for home entertainment
Recitative
A style of singing that covers it's text expressively, usually in an economical and direct way
Recitative
A style of singing that covers its text expressively, usually in an economical and direct way
Polyrhythms are a feature of the music from which part of the world?
Africa
Poyrhymes are feature of the music from which part of the world.
Africa
The lower male voice is the tenor voice
False
Equal Temperament
A system of tuning, in which the intervals are adjusted to divide the octave into twelve equal parts
Equal temperament
A system of tuning, in which the intervals are adjusted to divide the octave into twelve equal parts
Baton
A thin stick that is used by a music conductor to lead a band or orchestra.
Swing
A type of popular music containing many jazz influences that was arranged for big bands
The composer of 'Hoe-Down' from Rodeo is
Aaron Copeland
Terraced Dynamics
Abrupt changes in levels of loudness
The reason for "Dido's Lament" in Purcell's Dido and Aeneas was because
Aeneas had to leave Carthage to found Rome
Pitches in music can be part of
All of these choices
The Four Seasons by Vivaldi
All of these choices
The singing style used in operas is powerful and dramatic because
All of these choices
Which of these is included in opera?
All of these choices
Which of these is true about Gregorian chant
All of these choices
Pipe Organs
Air blown through pipes, very popular in Baroque Era.
Which of these is not used to make the bristles for a brush with a bamboo shaft, for example those used by Asian artists?
All of the answers shown are used
A cantata differs from an oratorio in that it
All of these choices
A feature of recitatives is
All of these choices
An oratorio is similar to an opera except that it does not have
All of these choices
Gregorian chant has no
All of these choices
Handel's oratorio Messiah calls for
All of these choices
In what ways does an aria differ from a recitative? An aria
All of these choices
J.S. Bach composed six concertos, performed often today, for the margrave of
All of these choices
Bass Cleff
Also known as the F cleff
Wind bands are largely a(n) _______________________ institution
American
Jazz
An African American style of music developed in twentieth-century America that is characterized by improvised playing and syncopated rhythms
One important difference between The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari and An Inconvenient Truth is that ______.
An Inconvenient Truth is based on actual events
Aria
An accompanied solo song, usually of some length and complexity, in an opera, oratorio, or cantata.
Duration
An amount of time or a particular time interval: how long or short a note, phrase, section, or composition lasts.
Describe a wind band in 17th century Germany.
An ensemble of cornettos and sackbuts which signaled the changing of the hour from the tower in the center of town.
Ensemble
An instrumental or vocal performing group.
Passion
An oratorio based on the suffering of Jesus on Good Friday
Passion
An oratorio based on the suffering of Jesus on Good Friday, according to one of the four gospels.
A persistently repeated, rather short phrase in music is called
An ostinato
Dates
Ancient Period: Middle Ages: Medieval: 1100-1450 (also called gothic) Renaissance: 1450 to 1600.
Chattanooga Choo Choo
Big Band Swing
Ko-Ko
Big Band Swing
Wrappin it Up
Big Band Swing
Its Mighty Dark to Travel
Bill Monroe
"All of Me"
Billie Holiday (Slow Swing)
"I've Got the World On a String"
Bing Cosby (Sweet)
Move on up a Little Higher
Black Gospel Music
The Golden Gate Gospel Train
Black Gospel Music
Black Snake Moan
Blind Lemon Jefferson
Its Mighty Dark to Travel
Bluegrass
Steel Guitar Rag
Bob Wills
Roll Em Pete
Boogie Woogie
A melody
Any series of pitches sounded one after another that seems to belong togther.
Sensuous
Appealing to the senses
Musical phrases often conclude with a pattern of two chords called
Cadence
When the soloist in a concerto plays alone a paraphrase of the themes, he or she is playing a
Cadenza
Modes
As used today, scale patterns containing seven pitches other than major or minor
Which is a typical chord in Western music?
B D FB
Steel Rag Guitar
Band: Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys
Why Do Fools Fall In Love
Band: Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers
Paper Doll
Band: The Mills Brothers
Airmail Special
Bandleader: Lionel Hampton
Saturday Night Fish Fry
Bandleader: Louis Jordan
There's No Sweet Man Worth
Bandleader: Paul Whiteman
Metrical Rhythm
Bar lines. Introduced in the baroque era. However recitatives usually flexed outside of the bar lines to create more expression
Which of these instruments is usually included in the wind bands but not in symphony orchestras.
Baritone horn
Textures
Basic setting of music: monophonic, homophonic, polyphonic
The regular pulse in Music is called the
Beat
Sonata de camera; chamber sonata
Consisted largely of stylized dance music and was lighter in character
Why is memory so important in learning to listen to music
Because we hear just an instant of music at any particular moment, we need to remember and anticipate what preceded and might follow that instant of sound.
Why is memory so important in learning to listen to music?
Because we hear only an instant of music at any particular moment, we need to remember and anticipate what preceded and might follow that instant of sound
Begin the Beguine
Beguine or Rhumba
"Old Joe Clark"
Ben Jarrell (Breakdown)
I Found a New Baby
Benny Goodman Combo
"Empty Bed Blues"
Bessie Smith (Classic Blues)
Rhythmic modes
Constant repetition of rhythm patterns
What does understanding how a piece of music is organized in time make it easier to do what?
Both answers are correct.
What do soap operas and traditional operas have in common?
Both are dramatic
This Italian artist was the first to define a formal system of linear perspective.
Brunelleschi
Suppose you really like a type of popular music. Your attitude toward the classical music in this course should be
C. Learning the first fifteen seconds of works so they can be indentified when play on a test.
Cannon or a round
Canon is a somewhat larger and more complex peace than a round in strict imitation
A Medieval motet was built on a phrase of Gregorian chant. That phrase was called the
Cantus Firmus
Wildwood Flower
Carter Family
A mute is a device that can be attracted to a string or brass instrument to
Change its timbre
Modulation
Changing the tonal center as the music progresses, usually without a break
Modulations
Changing the tonal center as the music progresses, usually without a break
Tone
Characterized by its duration, pitch, intensity (or loudness), and timbre (or quality).
The valves or slide on a brass instrument
Charge the length of the tubing and thereby introduce a different overtone series.
Exceptional large-scale stained-glass windows were featured in the construction of which Gothic cathedral in northern France?
Chartres
Printing with inks was first practiced in which country in the third century CE?
China
Begin the Beguine
Cole Porter/Cugat
Lonely Avenue
Composer(s): Pomus and Shuman
Kansas City
Composer: Leiber and Stoller
Whole Lotta Love
Composer: Willie Dixon
Chorale
Congregational hymn of the German Lutheran church
The main difference between a harpsichord and a piano is the number of keys
False
Break
Contrasting section in the trio of a march; sometimes called "dogfight."
Countersubject
Contrasting theme
In the work The Connectors, the artist James Allen uses this kind of line to draw the viewer's attention to the great height that faced the builders of the Empire State Building.
Correcta. directional
Vertical lines tend to communicate:
Correcta. strength
What can we NOT conclude from a formal analysis of David Hockney's Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures)?
Correctb. the man in the red jacket is the artist's ex-lover
This artist would sometimes go for days without food or sleep in an attempt to explore the deep-rooted sources of creativity and truth.
Correctc. André Masson
These huge 1,300-year-old South American drawings, which include an enormous image of a spider, were discovered in modern times by overflying commercial aircraft.
Correctc. Nazca Lines
Dashes and grids in The Devil Made Me Do It, by Sauerkids, are a good example of this kind of line.
Correctc. implied
Marc Quinn's Self, a self-portrait made from frozen blood, is created in ________ scale.
Correctc. life-sized
Barbara Hepworth used line to plan and visualize her three-dimensional artwork. What kind of three-dimensional artwork did she produce?
Correctc. sculpture
This artist used contrasting positive and negative shapes to create his "Obey" campaign, an expression of guerrilla marketing and street theater.
Correctd. Shepard Fairey
e. Each answer shown is correct
Correcte. Each answer shown is correct
Stolen art loses much of its value because:
Correcte. lacking good title and proper provenance prevents its resale
Noma Bar's illustration Gun Crime uses positive and negative shape to communicate:
Correcte. the act of gun crime and its terrible result
The term for two melodies sounding at the same time is
Counterpoint
Black Snake Moan
Country Blues
Groups of notes that do not seem to blend togther well and give a feeling of tension date described as
Dissonant
Electronic Music
Created with synthesizers and computers, early versions created by manipulating tape, today digital recording technology is used
"De Boatman's Dance"
Dan Emmett (Minstrel Show Song)
Dies Irae
Day of Wrath
Acoustics
Defined as the science that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound.
Why is doubling an issue in bands?
Doubling thickens the band sounds. Doubling is justified so ensemble members don't get bored, but it covers other essential voices and leads to a less refined sound.
Ko-Ko
Duke Ellington
Words for the double-quick march (used for attack - 140+ BPM)
Sturmmarsch, pas de charge
Wind bands
Ensemble comprising wind and percussion instruments
Dixieland
Style of jazz based on improvisation
The term for the different levels of loudness and softness in music is
Dynamics
A group of artists might share a style - an identifiable kind of visual expression - because:
Each answer shown is correct
Barbara Kruger's Untitled (Your Gaze Hits the Side of My Face) makes the viewer consider which of the following issues?
Each answer shown is correct
Chalk, pastel, and crayon are created using pigment with a binder. Which of the following is a binder?
Each answer shown is correct
Color processes can be used to make photographs that are:
Each answer shown is correct
Fresco painting was practiced in which of these locations?
Each answer shown is correct
Installation artworks:
Each answer shown is correct
Katsushika Hokusai's print "The Great Wave Off Shore at Kanagawa" uses compositional unity in which of these ways?
Each answer shown is correct
Something done on a monumental scale usually indicates:
Each answer shown is correct
The earliest photographs were black and white because:
Each answer shown is correct
The lead architect of the Taj Mahal complex borrowed design elements from:
Each answer shown is correct
Which of the following can be used to create emphasis?
Each answer shown is correct
e.Each answer shown is correct
Each answer shown is correct
Organum
Early polyphonic music of medieval times
The name "octave" comes from "octus," which means what in Latin?
Eight
Sound
Energy transferred through a medium and selected, organized and interpreted through our ear.
Although he was born in Germany, Handel lived most of his adult life in
England
Which was a Medieval dance?
Estampie
Max Beckmann exploited the irregular character of drypoint for his print Adam and Eve because it matched the style of the ________ group with whom he was affiliated.
Expressionist
Which African-American artist created the fiber artwork Tar Beach as an autobiographical work about her own experiences growing up in New York?
Faith Ringgold
A sharp (#) lowers a pitch by one half step
False
A toccata is a set of variations on a chorale melody.
False
A traditional acoustic guitar and an electric guitar sound very much alike
False
A trio sonata is for just three instruments
False
Baroque operas are frequently performed by opera companies today
False
Changes of key (tonal center) in Baroque music are rare
False
Fantasizing scenes in your mind helps you listen to music better.
False
Gregorian chants were essentially hymns sung by the congregation at worship services
False
Groups of notes that do not seem to blend together well and give a feeling of tension are described as consonant.
False
Guillaume Machaut is largely responsible for introducing polyphony
False
Guitars produce sounds by the player bowing a string
False
Harmony is any simultaneous sounding of notes that sounds pleasing and agreeable.
False
Hearing and listening to music are the same thing
False
Hearing music and listening to music are much the same thing
False
In order to be considered music, the sounds must be rendered in music notation
False
Rhythmic Modes
Fixed rhythmic patterns of long and short notes, popular in the 13th century
Linseed oil came into general use as a painting binder in the fifteenth century, particularly in the following country:
Flanders
Wrappin it Up
Fletcher Henderson
The piccolo is the smaller "cousin" of the
Flute
The woodwind instruments in a symphony orchestra are
Flute p, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon
Gregorian Chant
Follows a simple melody. It is chanted in monophonic ritualistic pattern in plainsong.
Fugue
For organ. "Flight" a composition in which the main theme (subject) is presented in imitation in several parts
The Medieval motet developed mostly in
France
Which ruler of Renaissance Florence commissioned artist Giambologna to create a sculpture that symbolized the city's strength?
Francesco de' Medici
Blues
Style of music evolving from African American spirituals and noted for its melancholy sound
Why is Johanne Stölzel important?
Stölzel invented the first working valve for brass instruments.
Chanson
French polyphonic song of the Renaissance
Requiem
Funeral Mass of the Roman Catholic Church
Treble Clef
G Clef
"Fascinating Rhythm"
George Gershwin (Rhythm Song)
"Yankee Doodle Boy"
George M. Cohan (March Song)
Gestalt unity is a term that is derived from which language?
German
Chorale
German Lutheran hymn
Words for the quick march (used for maneuvering - 100-140 BPM)
Geschwindmarsch, pas redoublé
Chattanooga Choo Choo
Glen Miller
Gloria
Glory to God
The Golden Gate Gospel Train
Golden Gate Jubilee Quartet
What are some marches from opera repertoire?
Grand March from Aida - Verdi, March of the Priests from The Magic Flute - Mozart, Grand March from Tannhauser - Wagner
"Sunday"
Gray and Coots/Jean Goldkette Orchestra (Foxtrot Song)
The word "type" derives from the ________ meaning "to strike."
Greek
2 -Main points of Chapter 2
Rhythm is the flow of music through time. The beat is the steady pulse found in almost all music in Western civilization. Meter refers to the pattern with which certain beats are emphasized. The notation of rhythm is based on a 2:1 ratio of notes and rests. Tempo is the speed of the beats, not the notes. Syncopation exists when the emphasis occurs where it is not expected or is omitted where it is expected. Polyrhythms are created when two or more rhythmic patterns occur at the same time.
What kind of music was sung in the early Christian Church around 800 A.D.?
Gregorian Chant
Opera
Group of Florentine noblemen wanted to capture drama of Ancient Greece, first operas were entirely recitative, just like oratorios & cantatas- operas had recitatives, arias, and choruses w/ orchestral accompaniment,
Style
Grouping of music with similar characteristics.
Breakfast Feud
Guitarist: Charlie Christian
The Things I Use To Do
Guitarist: Guitar Slim
An important composer of music in the Baroque was
Handel
The composer of Water Music Suite was
Handel
Baroque Instruments
Harpsichord & Pipe Organ reached "acme" during Baroque
Virtuoso
Highly skilled artist
Pitch
Highness and lowness of sound, generated by an intruments vibrations, greater number of vibrations=higher pitch, to be useful in music, pitches must satisfy one of three requirements-1. part of a melody 2. part of a counterpoint 3. part of a harmony
Its Tight Like That
Hokum
Its Tight Like That
Hokum Brothers
Suspension
Holding a dissonant note in a chord, and then resolving it
What are some early works commissioned by the ABA?
Holst - Hammersmith (1930), Resphigi - Huntingtower Ballad (1932), Grainger - Lincolnshire Posy (1937),
Sanctus
Holy
Mass
Holy Communion in Catholic church. and the musical setting of the Ordinary of Mass
An important philosophical outlook of the Renaissance was
Humanism
Humility in terms of naming
Humility=important medieval virtue so many Gregorian Chant composers are not named, many medieval composers overall are not named
In which sixteenth-century work does the Dutch artist Pieter Bruegel use rhythm to direct the viewer's attention to different areas of the work?
Hunters in the Snow
Credo
I Believe
Consonance
Implies agreement and equilibrium
What were the circumstances surrounding the first band contest?
In 1923 the Chicago Piano Club, a dealer's association, searched for entertainment for the annual convention of the Music Industries Chamber of Commerce, an association of manufacturers, publishers, and dealers scheduled to meet in Chicago on June 3 - 7 of the same year.
Estampie
Instrumental dance during middle ages
Sonata
Instrumental work for one or a few instruments.
Program music
Instrumental works associated by the composer with an extra musical idea of object.
Voices
Instrumental, various lines
Keyboard
Interface of keyboard.
What is the form of a march from the late 19th century?
Introduction/fanfare, first and possibly second strains that repeat, a trio section (usually in neighboring key), dogfight, repetition of trio with grandiose playing.
"Cheek to Cheek"
Irving Berlin (Sweet)
If you take a piece of music that was originally written for orchestra and rewrite it for band, what would we say has been done to the music?
It has been transcribed.
If music changes key (or tonality) in the course of the piece, what would we say has happened?
It has modulated.
Your impression of a melody is affected
It's accompaniment, it's rhythm qualities, the style of performances, and the quality of the performance.
In what language is Monteverdi's Coronation of Poppea?
Italian
The terms that indicate tempo in music are usually in
Italian
Allegro
Italian term meaning a fast, cheerful tempo
Andante
Italian term meaning a slow, walking tempo
Forte
Italian word meaning loud
Piano
Italian word meaning soft
How are American bands different than bands in other countries?
Italy and France use an entire gamut of saxhorns, British bands utilize more cornets than trumpets, English and German bands utilize the bassoon in a more fundamental way, E-flat clarinet and soprano sax are staples in French and Italian bands. (Revelli 1957)
"Charleston"
James P. Johnson (Foxtrot)
"Castle House Rag"
James Reese Europe (Ragtime Dance)
Blue Yodel #11
Jimmie Rodgers
The composer of Concieto de Aranjuez is
Joaquin Rodrigo
"Dippermouth Blues"
Joe "King" Oliver (Dixieland Jazz)
Roll Em Pete
Joe Turner and Pete Johnson
The first honorary life president of the ABA was
John Philip Sousa
"Stars and Stripes Forever"
John Phillip Sousa (March)
Star Wars composer
John Williams
Two important Renaissance composers were
Josquin and Palestrina
Many of the practices of the Christian church were adapted from
Judaism
Toccata
Keyboard piece, free in form, that displays dexterity (baroque)
The main building in the Horyu Temple complex in Nara, Japan is the ________.
Kondo
Agnus Dei
Lamb of God
Tutti
Large group
The best procedure to study/listening to a musical work in the course is
Listen while following computer graphics, the listen with Listening Guide, and then listen without any visual aid.
Oratorio
Lengthy musical work for voices and orchestra, consist of many arias, recitatives, and choruses, plus a few sections for the accompanying orchestra. On religious topics used to have a stage element which was later dropped.
Vivace
Lively
"Hotter Than That"
Louis Armstrong (1920's Chicago Dixieland)
A chorale is a(n)
Lutheran hymn
chorale
Lutheran hymn w/ strong, simple melody to be sung by congregation, accompanied by an organ (or other instrument)
Move on up a Little Higher
Mahalia Jackson
Subject
Main theme
Complicacion
Mambo
This twentieth-century artist, and creator of Fountain (a factory-made urinal), was very influential for later artists working in alternative media.
Marcel Duchamp
Jean Tinguely's Homage to New York, a mechanized assemblage of discarded junk, was influenced by:
Marcel Duchamp's readymades, the painting techniques of Jackson Pollock, and the rebellious performances of Dada artists
What are some marches from the symphonic repertoire?
March to the Scaffold - Berlioz, Hungarian March - Berlioz, March from Symphonic Metamorphosis - Hindemith, Crown Imperial - Walton, Funeral March from Symphony no. 3 - Beethoven
Andy Warhol produced silkscreen prints depicting many celebrities, including a work titled Four ________.
Marilyns
Frequency
Measured as the number of wave cycles that occur in one second.
Organum
Medieval polyphony that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines
Which statement is true about Renaissance motets?
They contain points of imitation when new phrases of text enter.
Which statement is true of Medieval motets
They were based on a phrase of Gregorian chant
Requiem
Mass for the dead
Opus
Meaning "work" in Latin, used to identify a composer's compositions
difference between medieval and renaissance motet
Medieval: the motet was a combination of Gregorian chant and secular music that was sung in the courts, not churches. Its religious component was the use of phrases from Gregorian chant in one of its lines of melody as the cantus firmus, or base. The structure consisted of the cantus firmus and two or more lines sounding at the same time. It was complex. Renaissance: The Renaissance motet is very different from the medieval motet. The Renaissance motet is a unified piece with all voices singing the same Latin text. It borrows some phrases from chant, and it conveys the desired spirit of reverence. Above all, the Renaissance motet is serious, restrained, and designed for inclusion in the worship service. In addition, it avoids the complicated musical complexities.
Frets
Metal bars or strings arrayed across the instrument's neck at pitch intervals
What caused the upswing in school band quality in the 1920s?
Military veterans trained in service bands began to teach at the public school. State music contests began to include bands.
Puccini's La bohème concludes when
Mimi dies in Rodolfo's apartment
Quotation Music
Music that makes extensive use of quotations from other music
Although radically different in appearance, Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye and Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater can both be described as ________ architecture.
Modernist
Gregorian Chant
Monophonic chant originally sung by monks and priests.
An important composer of early operas was
Monteverdi
Sonata de Chiesa; Church Sonata
More serious and included some thoughtful music and quite a bit of imitation all the the melodic lines
downbeat
More strongly stressed beat, in "Jingle Bells"- jin-gle Bells, jin-gle Bells (downbeat on "bells")
The designer and artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec created poster designs for which Parisian nightspot?
Moulin Rouge
Concerto
Multi-movement work that contrasts a soloist with an orchestra or band
Canon
Music in which one or more lines imitate one another for almost the entire work
Canon
Music in which one or more lines imitate one another for almost the entire work.
Concerted Style
Music in which one section of a performing group contrasts with another section or soloist
Minimalism
Music in which the composer makes as few changes as possible but still seeks to create an interesting work
Art Music
Music intended for careful attention to its sounds and expressive qualities.
Improvisational
Music that is made up on the spot, usually according to stylistic guidelines.
Because of this Renaissance philosopher, the march has a home as an aid for military marching.
Niccolò Machiavelli
Does the author assume that the reader of his book has music reading skills?
No
Does the author believe that is necessary to be able to identify complex meters in order to enjoy music?
No
The music the early Greeks sounded like
No one knows what it really sounded like
Pizzicato
Notes on a string instrument that are played by the fingers plucking the string instead of using the bow.
Which woodwind instruments produce sounds with a double reed
Oboe and bassoon
Stravinsky's Important Works for Band
Octet for Wind Instruments, Symphonies of Wind Instruments, Chant funèbre, Rag Time, Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments
Describe a wind band in 18th century England.
One might refer to Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks, scored for nine trumpets, nine horns, twenty-four oboes, twelve bassoons, side drums, and three kettle drums.
The traditional means of designating instrumental music works that don't have a title is with the letters
Op
Exposition
Opening section that presents the subject in each voice
An important intellectual movement during the Gothic period was
Scholasticism
"Maple Leaf Rag"
Scott Joplin (Piano Rag)
Style periods in the arts can be designated only well after they have passed
True
Aria
Operatic solo; a song sung by one person in an opera or oratorio
Rhythm
Orderly flow of music though time, all music has rhythm, comprehensive term that includes beat, meter, and tempo, Greek for "flow"
Music
Organized sound: Repetition, variation, contrast
Which is the most accurate definition of music?
Organized sounds occurring in a specific spam of time.
The most accurate definition of music is
Organized sounds occurring in a specified span of time
Which is the most accurate definition of music?
Organized sounds occurring within a specified span of time
The higher female voice is the
Soprano
Harmony
Sounds sounded at the same time
The Constructivist movement in art is associated with which historical European country?
Soviet Union
Words for the slow march (used for parades, reviews, and exercises - 60-80 BPM)
Parademarsch, pas ordinaire
Ordinary
Part of Mass that are ordinarily included: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei
Meter is the
Pattern of the Beats
Meter is the
Pattern of the beats
Forms
Pattern or plan of music
Cadence
Patterns of two chords that often end phrases and establish a center. Some cadences act like commas in writing, others like periods.
An early composer of polyphonic music was
Perotin
Which instrument was not particularly important in Baroque music?
Piano
Styles in music are confined to designated dates
True
The term for sounds that are made on string instruments by plucking the string is
Pizzicato
The term for that are made on string instruments by plucking the string is
Pizzicato
An important ancient Greek philosopher who strongly advocated music as essential for an educated person was
Plato
This Greek sculptor wrote a treatise on how to create a statue of a human being with perfect proportions.
Polykleitos
Ragtime
Popular music of the late 1800's that had a lively, rhythmic sound, and syncopated melody
Which piece of sculpted Roman glass was named after one of its owners, Margaret Bentinck, an English duchess?
Portland Vase
Antiphonal; polychoral
Powerful and exciting stereophonic sound with one group of performers answering the other. Giovanni Gabrieli (1555-1612) made this style popular.
Cantus firmus
Preexisting melody used as the basis for a polyphonic vocal work.
scales
Prescribed pattern of pitches. Serve as "skeleton" around which melodies are built.
"Jeanie With the Light Brown Hair"
Stephen Foster (Parlor Song)
Cantata
Story set to music to be sung by a chorus (shorter than an oratorio)
The Renaissance was the age of the great explorers such as Columbus and Magellan
True
Digital recordings create sounds by
Processing discrete bits of information, usually number
You've Lost That Lovin' Feeling
Producer: Phil Spector
The early Greek who discovered the basic acoustical ratios of musical sounds was
Pythagoras
Pythagoras
Pythagoras performed what he called "soul-adjustments".
Tremolo
Rapidly moving the bow back/forth on the string
Kyrie
Refers to a portion of the Latin mass which contains the words "Lord have mercy."
Pitch
Refers to the highness or lowness of a sound
Beat
Regular pulse found in most music, easily heard in dance and marches, central to Western Music
Development
Remainder of the fugue
El Manisero
Rhumba
The combination of music and words can have a much greater emotional impact on listeners than just the words without music
True
Liturgy
Ritual for public worship
"Hellhound On My Trail"
Robert Johnson (Country Blues)
Which style of church architecture emulates the architectural style of the ancient Romans and uses rounded vaults and vaulted aisles in its plan?
Romanesque
The first markings indicating dynamic levels appeared in Baroque music
True
Yakety Yak
Saxophonist: King Curtis
Shaw Nuff
Saxophonist: Parker
What is the musical term for a series of pitches that proceeds up or down according to a prescribed pattern?
Scale.
Cadenza
Section in which a soloist plays a free paraphrase on the themes of the work
Episodes
Sections of a fuge in which the subject is not present
Episodes
Sections of the fugue following the exposition in which the subject does not appear
Which German author devised the lithographic printing process because he wanted to use a cheaper printing method?
Senefelder
The three modes of listening to music are
Sensuous,expressive, and sheerly musical.
Encore
Short extra number of performed at the end of a concert in response to the sustained applause of the audience
Motive
Short recurring melodic or rhythmic fragment, the smallest unit of musical form
Ground bass
Short theme, usually in the bass, that is constantly repeated as the other parts of the music vary.
Figured Bass
Shorthand system in which they did not have to write in every note on a chord
Percussion
Strike and hit to produce sound.
The magnificent Süleymaniye mosque in Istanbul, Turkey was designed by:
Sinan
Vibrato
Slight, rapid fluctuations of pitch
I Found a New Baby
Small Group Swing
Virtuoso
Someone who has outstanding skill in performing
Which painter and watercolorist was the first woman to have her work shown at the Louvre during her lifetime?
Sonia Delaunay
Recitativo
Speech like singing
Tempo refers to the
Speed of the beats
Woodwinds
Splitting of a column of air.
In The Meeting of St. Anthony and St. Paul, by the workshop of the fifteenth-century artist known as the Master of Osservanza, there are five figures. These five figures are:
St. Anthony (three times), a centaur, and St. Paul
How did the ABA influence bands in the early 20th century?
Standardization of instrumentation, rehearsal techniques, performance practices, and the encourage new repertoire.
How do we pronounce "timbre," the French word that musicians use for "tone color
TAM-ber
Homophonic / Homophony
Texture consisting of a line of melody with accompaniment
Monophonic / Monophony
Texture consisting of one melodic line alone without any accompianiment
Polyphonic / Polyphony
Texture in which two or more melodic lines of approximate equal importance are sounded at the same time
Doctrine of Affections
The Baroque practice of attempting to project states of feeling and ideas in music
Polyphony developed in
The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris
The higher female voice is the soprano voice
True
"And There Is No Remedy" was part of a horrifying print series created by Francisco Goya, titled ________.
The Disasters of War
Dynamics
The amount of loudness in music
The best known work of Georges Bizet, the composer of Farandole, is
The Opera, Carmen
The Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei constitute what part of the Mass?
The Ordinary
The "Immolation Scene" from Wagner's Götterdämmerung concludes a cycle of four operas titled
The Ring of the Nibelung
Doctrine of affections
The baroque practice of attempting to project states of all feelings. Feelings and ideas in music.
In music the word texture refers to
The basic approach in the use of pitches.
Beat
The basic pulse that recurs regularly in music
Mass
The celebration of Holy Communion in the Roman Catholic Church
Tonality
The centering of pitches around one particular pitch
Syncopation
The displacement of an accent so that it occurs where it is not expected or does not occur where it is expected
Interval
The distance between two pitches
The musical setting of Renaissance Masses were often based on a phrase of Gregorian chant
True
Syncopation occurs when
The emphasis of the rhythm is placed where it is not expected.
Accent
The emphasis placed on a note, usually by playing it louder
What was important about the Eastman Wind Ensemble?
The ensemble with mostly one player to a part, and flexible instrumentation that allowed him to play both the literature of the wind band and the orchestral winds. It also gave the wind band an opaque quality in which individual timbres were not covered up by excessive doubling.
The orchestra in an opera is placed on the left hand side of the stage
True
Rhythm
The flow of music in terms of time
Meter
The grouping of beats (not notes) into patterns, mind tends to group beats into 2s, 3s, and 4s, "Jingle Bells" has a two-beat meter
What created opportunity for a band to exist in the school?
The growth of social programs at the school, the need for support in athletic venues, a musical outlet for boys who could not sing.
The original notation of Gregorian chant consisted of square notes and no indication of meter
True
Who is Wilhelm Wieprecht?
The inventor of the tuba (1835). Also responsible for standardizing instrumentation of German military bands
Tone Color a.k.a Timbre
The quality of a sound that is not characterized as frequency (pitch), duration (rhythm), or amplitude (volume).
The pipe organ has a pedalboard that is played with the feet
True
alto
The lower, heavier female voice
Subject
The main theme of a fuge
Development
The manipulation of themes in a musical work
The pipe organ has a pedalboard that is played with the feet.
True
The plot in operas moves along faster when music included
True
council of trent
The most esteemed composer of the late Renaissance was Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. The Council of Trent was held intermittently between 1545 and 1563. The Church felt threatened by the Protestant Reformation. One aspect that was under attack was its music, which over the centuries had strayed far from Gregorian chant. Complaints about the use of secular tunes, complicated polyphony that made the words nearly impossible to understand, use of noisy instruments, and the irreverence of the singers. The council directed that the music be purged of "barbarism, obscurities, contrarieties, and superfluities" so that "the House of God might rightly be called a house of prayer." To his credit, Palestrina achieved a return to the purity and reverence of earlier music without discarding the highly developed style of his predecessors.
Exposition
The opening section of a fuge
Ritornello form
The orchestral form in which themes at the beginning of a concerto gross is return later in the movement
Ritornello Form
The orchestral form in which themes at the beginning of a concerto grosso return later in the movement
Form in music refers to
The overall plan for the organization of the music.
Ordinary
The parts of the Mass that are normally included regardless of church season
Meter
The pattern of stressed and unstressed beats
Pitch
The perceived highness of lowness of a musical sound determined by vibrations of molecules in air
Renaissance
The period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world
Proper
The portion of Mass that is "proper" for a specific day in the church year.
Proper
The portion of the Mass that is "proper" for a designated day in the church year
Refer to Figure 2.2. Which of these measures contains syncopation?
The second one
Chord
The simultaneous sounding of three or more pitches. Two most prominent types are major and minor.
Harmony
The simultaneous sounds of several pitches, usually in accompanying a melody (consonant to dissonant)
Tone color (timbre) is one of the four characteristics of sound that we recognize as what?
The sound's tone color.
Tonal Center
The specific pitch around which a piece of music is centered
Tonal centre;tonic key
The specific pitch around which a piece of music is centered
Tempo
The speed of the beats in music
Baroque
The style of music that prevailed from 1600-1750
A short melodic or rhythmic figure that is repated often and contributes to the unity of a musical work is called a
Theme
What is the common standard for wind band instrumentation?
There isn't one. Differences in the band's customs in other countries cause the instrumental needs to be changed.
How many notes are in a chord called a "triad"?
Three.
The principle of Gestalt psychology, "The whole is greater than sum of its parts," is true of music
True
"Take Me Out to the Ball Game"
Tilzer/Nortworth (Waltz Song)
Complicacion
Tito Puente
A modulation is a change of
Tonal center
Major/Minor
Tonalities used in Western music that are generally associated with brighter (major) or darker (minor) tonal qualities
Timbre
Tone quality or tone color in music
which of the following is a tradition in live Western "classical" music performances?
Tradition: knowing when to clap and the formal attire the performers wear
Blue Yodel #11
Traditional Country
Wildwood Flower
Traditional Country
Dies irae
Traditional gregorian chant sung at funerals
The setting of an opera or play is somewhat like a room with one wall removed so that the audience can observe what is taking place.
True
The sounds on a pipe organ are produced by air being blown through pipes
True
Do-Re Mi
Tropical Folks Song
A cantata similar to an oratorio, except that it is much shorter.
True
A feature of Baroque music was the use of terraced dynamics
True
A pedal tone is a very long note that is held while the chords and melodic material change
True
A special feature of the pipe organ is a pedalboard that is played with the feet.
True
An important event during the Renaissance was the development of printing from movable type
True
Baroque flutes were often the type played straight in front of the player, not in transverse position as they are today
True
Baroque orchestras performed with only the keyboard player indicating when to begin
True
Because there was no body of established music, many Baroque composers wrote a tremendous amount of music
True
Chorale melodies were often incorporated by composers as themes in instrumental works
True
Composers in the Medieval times were fascinated by complex rhythmic and melodic relationships in music
True
During the Baroque period the modes were largely abandoned in favor of major and minor keys.
True
Even if all the beats in a steady series are equally loud, the tendency of listeners is to think of them in small groups of twos or threes
True
Every civilization throughout history and around the world has had music of some kind
True
Except for recitatives, the rhythm in Baroque music was clearly metrical.
True
Handel often uses text painting in his oratorio Messiah
True
Higher pitches in music notation appear higher on the lines and spaces than low pitches
True
Higher pitches in music notation appear higher on the lines and spaces than low pitches.
True
Imitation is one kind of counterpoint
True
In contrast to recitatives, choruses and arias are sung with a steady, regular rhythm
True
In some operatic scenes a character who is supposed to be very ill engages in some quite healthy singing.
True
J.S. Bach's family and family tree contained many renowned musicians.
True
Madrigals are in vernacular languages
True
Many operas during the Baroque were based on characters from Greek and Roman mythology.
True
Most works of concert music are longer than popular pieces of music
True
Much secular music existed during Medieval times, but only a little of it was written down
True
Neither Gregorian chant nor chorales were created for performance in concert settings but are often the basis for other musical works
True
Notes aligned vertically in music notation are sounded at the same time
True
One of the reasons why recitative singing was developed, especially for dramatic purposes, was that the words could be heard more easily
True
Pachelbel's Canon in D combines a lengthy canon with a basso ostinato
True
Percussion instruments produce sound by being struck or shaken
True
Percussion instruments produce sound by being stuck or shaken
True
Performers often improvised during the Baroque
True
Prior to the Baroque period, composers did not indicate which instrument should play a particular part
True
Text Painting
Using musical tones to reinforce the images in the text of a madrigal or solo song
Chorale Variations; chorale prelude
Usually a contrapuntal piece for organ built on a chorale melody
Noise
Variously described as un-pitched, indeterminate, uncontrolled, loud, unmusical, or unwanted sound.
The two most important composers of Italian operas during the Romantic period are
Verdi and Puccini
Brass
Vibration of lips into metal tube.
Strings
Vibration of strings.
Voice
Vibration of vocal chords.
The string instruments in a symphony orchestra consist of violins, cellos, double basses, harp and
Violas
The string instruments in a symphony orchestra consist of violins, cellos, double basses, harp, and
Violas
Steel Guitar Rag
Western Swing
Do-Re Mi
Woodie Guthrie
OP.9 (opus)
Work
"Carmen"
Written by George Bizet, opera about soldier, Don Jose's decline as a result of his infatuation w/ a Spanish Gypsy (Carmen), initially not well received due to it's obscene content, Don Jose was "ruined by the immoral Carmen," perhaps best known and loved Opera in the world, Bizet died soon after it's release
Popular Music
Written by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold to a large number of people.
Patronage system
Where composers composed music exclusively for their employer
Which English artist and poet suggested that drawing is a fundamental artistic skill?
William Blake
Opera began when a group of noblemen
Wished to recreate musical dramas similar to Ancient Greek Dramas
A Capella
Without instrumental accompaniment
"Farandole"
Written in 1872 by George Bizetor his friend, Alphonsause Daudet's play "L'Arlesienne" ("Woman of Arles,") Composed 27 pieces to go with play
homophonic
a Melody with accompaniment
monophonic
a Melody with no accompanying sound
ternary form
a b a'- "Simple Gifts," prime sign above second 'a' indicates slight change, lower case letters (vs. upper case) = short parts
This object by French artist Marcel Duchamp is considered the first work of kinetic sculpture.
a bicycle wheel mounted on a stool
English madrigals
a bit slow to adopt them but once they did madrigals became extremely popular, written in English- no translation needed, tuneful and singable, weren't super-serious
This type of art involves viewing actual motion and the artist's body in the work.
a chase scene
In string instruments, the vibrating medium is the string. In percussion instruments the vibrating medium is the material that is being struck. What is the vibrating medium in wind instruments?
a column of air
A toccata is
a free sounding virtuoso work, usually for keyboard
Italian Renaissance painter Raphael's The School of Athens depicts ________.
a gathering of great scholars
What does a high frequency yield?
a high pitch
On a musical instrument like the violin, what kind of sound will be produced on a shorter string versus a longer string when it is plucked?
a higher-pitched sound
One of the first moving subjects to be captured on camera was ________.
a horse
In web design, text that when clicked will immediately link to another web page is called ________.
a hyperlink
A movement in an instrumental work is
a large independent section
A movement in an instrumental work is
a large independent section of a large instrumental work
Melody
a line or string of notes that layers on top of the accompaniment or harmony in a piece of music
The "Hornpipe" by Handel is
a piece of stylized dance music
Thomas Struth's photograph Museo del Prado 7 is:
a portrait of art appreciation
The harpsichord produces sound when
a quill or plectrum plucks a string
Motet
a sacred composition for voices
When researching an artwork, you might use primary and secondary sources of information. An example of a secondary source might be:
a scholarly journal article
Movement
a section or scene of a longer piece of music
The German artist Käthe Kollwitz used charcoal to express ________ in her self-portrait of 1933, even though she rendered her face and hand in a static, realistic way.
a sense of energy
Melody
a series of consecutive pitches sounded one after another that are cohesive
scales
a series of pictures that Ascend or descend according to prescribed pattern
A melody is
a series of pitches sounded one after another that seem to belong together
Melody
a series of pitches that form a logical unit of music (cohesive entity,) the pitches must seem to belong together (cohesive) in order to form a unit (entity)
Pitches in music can be part of
a series that forms a cohesive entity called melody, several pitches sounded at the same time called harmony, two or more logical series sounded in contrast to each other called counterpoint (all of these choices)
Program
a short preview of what is being performed or who is performing
A concerto grosso contrasts
a small group of players with the rest of the orchestra
The piano produces sound when
a solid felt hammer strikes a metal string
The basic idea of a concerto is contrasting
a soloist or small group with an orchestra or band
Music
a structure of sound
The focal point of Robert Rauschenberg's sculpture Monogram is:
a stuffed goat
Dorothea Lange took a series of photographs of a family in what kind of living quarters?
a tent
Because the camera appears to capture an image of an event exactly as it occurred, viewers often believe that the resulting photograph is ________ record of events.
a totally accurate
phrase
a unit of meaning within a larger structure
Ternary form is represented by the letters
aba
Terraced dynamics are
abrupt changes from one dynamic level to another
terraced dynamics
abrupt changes in dynamic (forte or piano) or vice-versa
Chuck Close's Self Portrait of 1997 is made up of small units that are unrecognizable, or __________, when viewed closely.
abstract
What do we call a beat that is stronger or more heavily stressed than the ones around it?
accent
Baroque performance media
accompanied vocal solos & chorus pieces
We recognize duration (one of the four characteristics of sound) as what?
how long the sound lasts
Color mixtures using light, for example those in digital displays, are called __________ color mixtures.
additive
Singers regulate pitch by
adjusting the tension in the vocal cords
Pipe Organs
air blown through pipes, very popular in Baroque Era
The pipe organ produces sound when
air is blown through pipes
Key and Tonal Center
all melodies and harmonies have a key and tonal center that they center around from which they may leave but almost always return to
Of the twelve figures in Jacob Lawrence's print from his series The Life of John Brown, this figure is emphasized the most:
all of the figures are emphasized in different ways
In what ways can the human voice be considered a musical instrument?
all of these choices
The pedals on the piano can
all of these choices
Conventions of typical opera
all words are sung, style of singing is powerful and dramatic, often not in english, progress of story halted while aria or chorus is sung, "Good opera is good theatre"-larger than life quality to the production
cadenza
allow soloists to paraphrase themes in more virtuous, free-flowing, and technical style
runs
allowed for vocal prowess to be displayed, displayed virtuous singing- "Messiah" has examples of this
Sometimes artists use this kind of changing pattern to make a work more lively.
alternating pattern
The massive earthwork the Great Serpent Mound is made of mounds of earth that resemble a snake eating ________.
an egg
The logo that identifies the Ford Motor Company was created using Spencerian script by ________ named Harold Wills.
an engineer and executive
The bronze sculpture Riace Warrior A was created as ________ representation of the human body.
an idealized
The Roman-era encaustic portraits from Fayum are excellent examples of Roman painting in wax. What was Fayum?
an oasis
When a string on a musical instrument vibrates, it produces a fundamental tone we recognize as a certain pitch. The vibrating string, however, is also producing additional pitches called overtones that are not as strong. The first of these overtones bears a "family resemblance" to the fundamental tone and it produces a phenomenon that is restful or comfortable sounding (or "consonant") that is called what?
an octave
Passion
an oratorio about Christ's suffering on the cross
By using this kind of color combination, artists avoid jarring, contrasting color and mood.
analogous
The Renaissance represented a rebirth of interest in and admiration of the civilizations of
ancient Greece and Rome
Moving images created with a zoetrope were early forms of:
animation
Western artists since the Renaissance have usually considered ______ to be the highest forms of art.
c. sculpture and painting
Which of these is a musical term for a feeling of arrival, fulfillment or resolution?
cadence
The Bauhaus school in Germany was originally conceived as a school of ________ by its founder, Walter Gropius.
architecture
Creation of "Bass"
around 1450 composers began to add line below chant to give music a sold foundation, four-part choral arrangement is standard today
Prestissimo
as fast as possible (ASAP!)
In ancient Egyptian art, the pharaoh was almost always depicted in this way:
as the largest of all the figures
The practice of gathering objects and fabricating them into a work of art is called:
assemblage
when is the best time to arrive at a "classical" concert?
at least 20 minutes before the performance is scheduled to begin
Contemporary filmmakers use this effect to give the illusion of great depth, even when the scene is in a limited space.
atmospheric perspective
Considering films to be works of art because they are the realization of a director's creative vision is known as auteur theory, from the French word for "________."
author
flat
b-half step lower
Over the years, public opinion of the Watts Towers has varied, but people have never thought that:
b. it is a perfect example of the Neoclassical style
Which of these instruments is usually included in wind bands but not in symphony orchestras
baritone horn
There are two kinds of relief sculpture: a pronounced surface treatment called high relief, and a shallow surface low relief called ________.
bas relief
Concerto Grosso
based on contrast, small instrumental group vs. orchestra (larger group known as "tutti")
Texture
basic approaches in the use of pitches (not related to "smoothness or roughness" of music)
The role of king or authority figure in an opera is usually sung by a(n)
bass
The regular pulse in music is called the
beat
Italian opera in the early years of the Romantic period was often called "bel canto" which means
beautiful singing
The symmetrical design of the building that we know as the Taj Mahal carries associations of:
beauty and stability
Why do many contemporary printmakers prefer linocut to woodblock printing?
because it is softer than wood and does not show the grain
When the soloist in a concerto plays alone a paraphrase of the themes, he or she is playing a
cadenza
passacaglia
begins w/ statement of theme in lower notes
Feminist analysis is a subset of ________ analysis.
biographical
Robert Lostutter creates his work with a particular scale in mind. That scale relates to these animals:
birds
These two values are at the extreme ends of a value range.
black and white
This color with a cool temperature is often used to describe a depressed psychological state of mind.
blue
Historically, when artists used silverpoint for a drawing they did so on wood that was covered with a thin coating of ________.
bone ash
Architects must consider the availability and cost of ________ when they plan their projects.
building materials
"Ordo Virtutum"
by Hildegard of Bingen, means "play of virtues," morality play, similar to Gregorian Chant only sung by nuns w/ priest singing as Devil
How did photographer Steve McCurry decide to mark the end of the production of Kodachrome film?
by using the final roll to produce a series of portraits
e. None of the answers shown
c. Katushika Hokusai carved and printed all of his artworks himself
The ________ was an early form of camera.
camera obscura
Musical phrases often conclude with a pattern of two chords called a(n)
candance
When an artist is making pottery by hand-throwing, the first step when forming the clay on a potter's wheel is to ________.
center a mound of clay on the wheel
Improvisation
central element of Baroque music, concept of virtuosos, improvising on "skeleton" outline of music
Cadances
certain pattern of 2-cords that "punctates"
The valves or slide on a brass instrument
change the length of the tubing and thereby introduce a different overtone series
A mute is a device that can be attached to a string or brass instrument to
change their timbre
Modulation
changes of key/tonal center made music more interesting
modulation
changing of tonal center
tonal center
changing the tonal Center or key within a musical work is known as modulation
organum
chant melody w/ at least one voice added to enhance melody
When Raphael transferred his drawing of The School of Athens to the wall for painting, what substance did he force through perforations in the paper?
charcoal dust
Artists sometimes use this method of applying value to give a feeling of three-dimensionality.
chiaroscuro
chorale variations
chorale melody is repeated several times in succession but w/ variations every time
What is the musical term for certain combinations of notes that we hear as "blocks" or "units"?
chords
In order to be considered a melody that most people can remember and like, its pitches must be
cohesive
This is a kind of color "map" that allows an artist to assess quickly the attributes of colors as they relate to each other.
color wheel
Paper was invented by Cai Lun in China around the end of the ________century CE. He used macerated vegetable fibers suspended in water.
first
pentatonic scale
five note, folk-like and Asian music sounding
The piccolo is the smaller "cousin" of the
flute
The woodwind instruments in a symphony orchestra are
flute, oboe, clarinet, and bassoon
examples of woodwinds
flutes, clarinets, oboes, basoons
In Artemisia Gentileschi's work Judith Decapitating Holofernes, the viewer is directed to the __________ that is indicated by directional lines.
focal point
This is a specific place of visual emphasis in a work of art.
focal point
The method whereby rules of perspective are applied to represent unusual points of view is called:
foreshortening
binary form
form often used to structure keyboard sonatas, two related sections-often repeated, often used in dance
Singers change the timbre of a sound by changing the
formation of the tongue and mouth
Pythagorus
found that vibrations for certain musical instruments have simple ratios (i.e. 2:1, and 3:2)
How many strings do violins, violas, and cellos have?
four
toccata
free sounding virtuoso work, usually for keyboard instrument
The metal strips on the fingerboard of a guitar are called
frets
The second overtone (the dominant) is of great significance in the music system because when the tonic is sounded after the dominant, the tonic gives the feeling of what?
homeness or resolution or stability
The "Dies irae" is a Gregorian chant sung at
funerals
Forms
general ways of organizing music, constructed around 1 or more of 3 general considerations-repition, variation, contrast
Naming of Baroque Instrumental Work
generic names (i.e. sonata, or suite) and given opus (latin for "work") numbers
A concerto is a
genre
This kind of shape is mathematically regular and precise.
geometric
Chivalry was an outlook or attitude that
glorified women
Music that features a melody and accompanying parts is
homophonic
What is the musical term for the most common type of musical texture we hear --- music that is perceived as a melody with accompaniment (or someone singing and strumming chords on a guitar)?
homophony.
beam
horizontal line, replacing flags, that connects two notes sharing a beat
Letters such as ff and mp on page of music tell the performer
how loud or soft the music should be
We recognize dynamics (one of the four characteristics of sound) as what?
how loud or soft the sound is
Which material looks and writes like lead, was discovered in the mid-1500s, and became the medium for use in pencils?
graphite
Chorus
group that sings or choral sections of large chorale work (i.e. oratorio,) "chorus sings a chorus," often contains imitation
In Geoffrey Chaucer's time, the makers of the fine objects we can see today in the world's great art museums learned their trade in associations called ________.
guilds
Homophony in the Baroque
had singer sing one line, and all other parts became accompaniment
Approximately what proportion of a symphony orchestra consists of string instrument players?
half
The metalworking process called repoussé, used to create the death mask from Mycenae, involves what kind of craftsmanship?
hammering
The Korean-American artist Hyo-In Kim created the work To Be Modern #2 to emulate a ________, a traditional Korean dress worn with shoes and a hairpin by women of the upper and royal classes.
hanbok
The artists Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris believed that society should reject rampant industrialization and restore ________.
hand craftsmanship
San Ildefonso pottery is created using:
hand-building techniques
Which instrument is not a percussion instrument?
harp
Lyre
harp-like instrument, symbol of ancient music
An important instrument in the Baroque period was the
harpsichord
A piece of stylized dance music is music that
has been created to be listened to
Almost all melodies in the music of Western civilization
have a tonal center
Almost all melodies in the music of Western civilizations
have a tonal center
Pablo Picasso studied and copied Las Meninas because:
he wanted to develop his own individual style
When a Yoruba sculptor created a human form, he or she made this body part disproportionately large:
head
A relief sculpture is one that is designed to be seen from one side. The two kinds of relief sculpture are: ________, which is deeply cut, and ________, which has little depth.
high relief . . . bas-relief
tenor
higher singing men
Pitch (or frequency of vibrations) is one of the four characteristics of sound that we recognize as what?
highness or lowness of sound.
Both Fred Wilson's Mining the Museum and Kara Walker's Insurrection! (Our Tools Were Rudimentary, Yet We Pressed On) combine ________.
historical occurrences and contemporary viewpoints
Form
how certain ideas in a piece of music are repeated or altered
Antony Gormley's Asian Field is a vast ________ artwork made up of small clay figures.
installation
fugue
instrumental work (often for organ) based on recurring and contrasting theme
program music
instrumental work associated w/ non-musical idea or situation
Sonata
instrumental work for 1 or a few instruments
An artist can create an illusion of depth using only color by varying the:
intensity
at a concert, there is usually a break when you can move around. What is this break called?
intermission
A work that is created in small scale can communicate:
intimacy
In Francisco Goya's print The Third of May, 1808, the Spanish citizens are arranged in a(n) ________ rhythm, whereas the French soldiers have ________ rhythm.
irregular...regular
home pitch
is called the key or tonic
polyrhythm
is created by two or more rhythmic patterns occurring at the same time
time signature
is indicated by two numbers at the beginning of a piece of music
Counterpoint or polyphony
is two or more Melodies sounded at the same time
This type of perspective is used by computer- and video-game designers because it allows them to create depth using parallel diagonal lines.
isometric
Why is egg tempera a challenging medium for artists to work with?
it dries almost immediately
Allan Houser's work Reverie is representational because:
it includes two shapes that we recognize as faces
Why might an architect choose a simple, repetitive rhythm for his or her building?
it suggests stability
At one point in the lithography process, the artist must wipe the stone clean with which solvent to prepare for the inking?
kerosene
Sculpture that moves is called ________ sculpture.
kinetic
The three main characteristics of Baroque art and music are
large dimensions, drama, and religious intensity
Movement
large, independent sections of instrumental works
Wagner composed many short melodies associated with characters and ideas which he called
leading motives (leitmotivs)
Which of these is NOT a geometric form?
leaf
oratorio
lengthy work for voices and orchestra, dramatic situations, religious content but performed in concert halls and occasionally churches on special occasions, consists of sections for orchestra, recitatives, and arias, Handel's "Messiah"=most famous of all time
The text of an opera is called the
libretto
The text or words an opera is called the
libretto
What issue(s) concern twenty-first-century architects?
limited resources, energy conservation, and sustainability
The best procedure to studying/listening to a musical work in this course is
listen while following computer graphics, then listen with Listening Guide, and then listen without any visual aid
Phrases
logical groupings of notes (ie "My country tis' of thee,..."
Canon
longer, more complex round in strict imitation
Baroque dynamic levels
loud and soft; terraced dynamics in instrumental music
What do the extreme left-hand notes of the piano give us?
low pitches.
bass
lower singing men
Such artists as Jan van Eyck took advantage of the transparency of oil paint glazes to attain a rich ________, as though their painting was lit from within.
luminosity
The most popular instrument during the Renaissance was the
lute
Bioartist Suzanne Anker experiments with creating artificial environments (such as the conditions suitable for life in outer space) in which she grows plants. In Astroculture (Shelf Life), 2009, she found that the plants' leaves turned:
magenta
subject (fugue)
main theme of fugue
Which scale is the most frequently used in music?
major
Since the era of music history known as the High Baroque (about 1700), the vast majority of music has been based on what kind of scales?
major and minor
3 types of scales
major, minor, pentatonic
Though no original works of calligraphy by the ancient Chinese artist Wang Xizhi still exist, many students have been able to retrieve specimens of his writing style by:
making rubbings from a stone tablet
The Goldman and Sousa bands primarily played
marches, orchestral transcriptions, and some arias.
This element of art is used to describe the solidity of a form, such as that of the colossal Olmec heads.
mass
contrapuntal
means "counterpoint"
What is the musical term for a set of single tones placed one after another in a pattern of pitches and durations designed to produce an expressive response in the listener?
melody
monophonic
melody alone, without accompanying works
modol scales
melody has no major or minor
homophonic
melody with accompaniment
What is the musical term for the grouping of beats into regularly recurring patterns?
meter
mezzo forte
mf-moderately loud
Classical architecture inspired Renaissance architects, and the style was also revived in the ________ century.
mid-eighteenth
Digital color displays are illuminated by three different colored light cells: red, green, and blue. These can result in:
millions of color possibilities
Moderato
moderate
Music that is a melody alone with no accompanying sounds is
monophonic
What kind of musical texture does Gregorian Chant have?
monophonic texture
The simplest musical texture is one person singing alone or playing a "one-note-at-a-time" instrument (such as the flute). What do we call this kind of musical texture?
monophony
Nearly all printmaking is done in editions, but some artists will opt to create unique prints. These are called:
monotype prints and monoprints
When online television streaming services, such as Netflix, choose to release all episodes of a series simultaneously, this gives viewers:
more control over their viewing experience than with traditional television
suspension
more frequent in Cadances towards the end of fugues or toccatas
ritornello form
most common form of concertos,
In Islamic art it is not uncommon to see complex interlaced __________, which are designs repeated as units in a pattern.
motifs
The actor Andy Serkis played Gollum in the Lord of the Rings movies. His performance was a combination of traditional acting and ________.
motion capture
A short melodic or rhythmic figure that is repeated often and contributes to the unity of a musical work is called a
motive
movement
movement Complete, self-contained part within a larger musical work
what are the sections of a symphony known as?
movements
smooth contour
moves step-by-step (up or down scale)
Among artistic media, one that developed relatively recently is ________.
moving imagery
mezzo piano
mp-moderatley soft
Allegro Molto
much allegro, very brisk
This kind of perspective is best used when the artist is confronted by a complex scene in which the viewpoint is not at ground level.
multi-point
Text or word painting
music attempts to depict sung words
The "doctrine of affections" or "doctrine of affects" was the belief that
music could project rather specific feelings
music
music is organized sounded occurring within a prescribed span of time
Gregorian Chant
named for 6th Century Pope Gregory I, only music preserved from ancient times in written form, nonmetrical rhythm, monophonic -no harmony, unaccompanied, smooth contour, melody was modal scale, reverent and restrained, written in church Latin, sung by priests and monks, certain chants designed for particular days in church calendar-"proper mass"
The human figure communicates the rich experience of humanity, and artists emulate this experience using this kind of form:
organic
Robert Rauschenberg created a work titled Erased de Kooning Drawing by erasing a work by the Abstract Expressionist artist Willem de Kooning. How long did it take Rauschenberg to erase the whole drawing?
nearly a month
Reflected light excites ________ that line the back of our eyes, and their signals are reprocessed and interpreted as color in our brains.
nerve cells
wind bands
no string instruments, instead include saxophones, baritone horns, conets/cornets/connets?(sp.), sousaphone (type of tuba)
Wind Bands
no string instruments, instead include saxophones, baritone horns, conets/cornets/connets?(sp.), sousaphone (type of tuba).
Secular music is
nonreligious music
sharp and flat
notes are raised one half step when a sharp(#) placed in front of them, and lowered one half step when preceded by a flat(b)
Which woodwind instruments produce sounds with a double reed?
oboe and bassoon
syncopation
occurs by adding emphasis (accent) deliberately off the beat by either adding accent where it is not expected or removing accent where it is expected (ex. "In Dixie")
syncopation
occurs when the rhythmic emphasis shifts to where it is not expected or is absent when it is expected
Some people argued that Robert Mapplethorpe should not have been awarded public funding, because:
of his identity as a gay man and the sexual nature of his photographs
An important difference between Coyote, I Like America and America Likes Me and Following Piece is that Following Piece took place ________.
on the streets of New York
Imitation
one group (or instrument) follows another
imitation
one group or instrumental part periodically follows another exactly
The earliest films did not feature ________.
ongoing dialog
The secular music of Medieval times is less known that the music for worship because
only a small amount of it was written down
In a concert in which a symphony is performed, when is the audience generally expected to clap?
only at the end of the final movement
exposition (fugue)
opening subject presenting each voice
ternary form
or "song form"-three part form (A-B-A)
"Messiah"
oratorio written by Handel in just over three weeks, most famous oratorio of all time, 53 sections- all text from bible, still celebrated, performed, and listened to all over the world,
José Clemente Orozco, a Mexican muralist, worked in fresco. He wrote about the medium of painting, and called it "a ________ and nothing else."
poem
In order to permit portions of the text to be heard more clearly, des Prez and Palestrina used
points of imitation
The binder used to suspend pigment in acrylic paint is ________.
polymer resin
In which texture are fugues
polyphonic
Music that has two or more lines of melody sounding at the same time is,
polyphonic
What is the texture of a round like "Frère Jacques"?
polyphonic
What is the texture of a round such as "Three Blind Mice?"
polyphonic
Baroque texture
polyphonic (contrapuntal) and homophonic
What kind of musical texture does the round "Row, Row, Row Your Boat" have?
polyphonic texture
What is the musical term for music that is perceived to consist of more than one melody?
polyphony
pianissimo
pp-very soft
Digital recordings create sounds by
processing discrete bits or information, usually numbers
names of the performers, the pieces on the concert, the music notation for the night's concert
provided: names of the performers, pieces on the concert
The main difference between the animation used in The Cameraman's Revenge and Spirited Away is that The Cameraman's Revenge was made using ______.
puppets
Which of these is a form?
pyramid
sixteenth note
quarter beat
When Tibetan Buddhist monks create a sand mandala, they are creating a composition that has this kind of balance:
radial
Digital recordings create sounds by
rapidly processing discrete bits of information, usually numbers
In electronic music "sampling" means using
recorded samples of the actual sounds of an instrument
Iconographic analysis interprets objects and figures in an artwork as:
signs or symbols
texture
refers to whatever the music is conceived in terms of melodic lines or simultaneous sounds
When creating a multi-color print, aligning the blocks or plates to ensure that the colors will appear in the correct location is called ________.
registration
Metrical Rhythm in the Baroque
regular metrical patterns became norm, "the tyranny of the bar line"*, except for recitatives
Technology is used in contemporary video artworks, such as those made by Bill Viola and Nam June Paik, in ways that ______.
relate to people using imagery and a medium they can readily understand
development (fugue)
remainder of fugue
Repetition
repeating of a theme, "Simple Gifts" repeats
variation
repeating same melody but with changes
Forms in music are constructed around
repetition, variation, and contrast
Major/Minor keys in Baroque
replaced modes, c to c = major, a to a= minor, other patterns wouldn't return until 20th Century,
Unlike a photocollage, a photomontage is made to be ________.
reproduced
Trio sonata
required 4 (not 3) players- 2 violins, 2 cello, and continuo played on Harpsichord or other bass instrument
cadences
resting places at ends of phrases
Artists intersperse value and texture to create a sense of:
rhythm
Placement of elements in a composition controls ________ and creates multiple focal points.
rhythm
This principle of design arises from repetition of a pattern.
rhythm
What is the musical term that comes from the Greek word for "flow" and has to do with the length of tones, their relation to one another, and to silence?
rhythm
When there are at least two points of reference in an artwork, __________ is present.
rhythm
This is a way in which artists divide visual space into different kinds of sections to achieve different rhythmic effects.
rhythmic design structure
vibrato
rocking hand back and forth across strings to add "warmth" to the sound
This material, derived from tree sap, is used in aquatint printmaking: a process that emulates the appearance of water-based media.
rosin
When a typeface does not have any extra embellishments on the top and bottom of the letterforms, it is called a ________ font.
sans serif
A color that is almost gray has a low chroma, or __________.
saturation
Libretto
script or text of an opera, normally written by a librettist (not the composer) before the music is written
prelude
simply a short piece of instrumental music
Henry Peach Robinson created his photographic work Fading Away by using a Golden ________ for the format dimensions.
section
episodes (fugue)
sections of fugue without subject
The Motet
secular music sung in courts (on secular topics,) built over Gregorian phrases, complicated rhythmic and melody schemes
Melodies
series of consecutive pitches that form a musical entity
scale
series of pitches that goes upward and/or downward
Suite
series or set of musical works that belong together, suites consisting of stylized dance music were popular,
ensemble
several characters singing different words and music expressing different emotional and musical counterpoint
Sequence occurs when pattern of notes is repeated
several times in succession, each time at a different pitch level
subito
sfz-sudden change in dynamics level
How did artist D. J. Hall use color pencil to achieve rich color and intense light effects in her work Piece of Cake?
she pressed the pencil aggressively into the paper
motive
short bursts of notes that help unify a work
cantata
short oratorio w/ chorale melody, performed during worship w/ religious message
ostinato
short phrase of music, repeated again and again, comes from italian word for "stubborn"
Round
short song, one group starts, second group begins at interval and imitates first group, second finishes alone
conjuct
smooth, connected melody that moves principally by small intervals
In what Italian music reading system would the major scale be sung "do re mi fa sol la ti do"?
solfeggio
Equal temperament
solved "acoustical caprice of nature" by making all intervals slightly less than perfect, still used by almost all Western music
percussion pitch
some percussion instruments produce definite pitches (xylophone, chimes, timpani)
Which type of work is not found in a Baroque suite?
sonata
The higher female voice is the
soprano
Naum Gabo's Constructed Head No. 2 investigates the sense of ________ and form implied by flat planes, in contrast to the solid mass of conventional sculpture.
space
Why would graffiti artist Banksy use stencils to transfer his artworks onto walls?
speed of application is important to graffiti artists, who often risk arrest for defacing public property
Tempo refers to the
speed of the beats
Photographs by Eadweard Muybridge could be put into a ________ to create the impression that they were actually moving.
spinning zoetrope
Which of the following is not a method of carving?
spooning
The madrigal
started in Italy,similar to motets but also different, written in vernacular language (not latin,) dealt w/ love (sometimes erotic,) stronger rhythm-faster tempo, performed at social gatherings and meetings of sophisticated artists and learned people (not for common folk,) in England it was custom for all educated to learn them
This material allowed for the construction of huge, glass-fronted skyscrapers.
steel
A one-note change of pitch within a melody is called a(n)
step
Three important photographic genres are portraiture, landscape, and ________ (images of inanimate objects, such as fruit).
still life
Harpsichord
strings are plucked by mechanism, very popular in Baroque Era
Piano
strings are struck by felt tipped hammers
The four families of the symphony orchestra are
strings, brass, woodwinds, and percussion
Baroque rhythm
strong metrical with regular pattern of beats (except in recitative)
Artists face a communication challenge: to find a ________ within the chaos of nature and to select and organize materials into a harmonious composition.
structure
A Baroque suite is a group of
stylized dance works
The main theme of a fugue is called
subject
Conosance/Disonance
subjective and relative terms,
In Pieter Bruegel the Elder's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, the viewer is directed away from Icarus plunging into the sea, through the use of:
subordination
When an artist wants to draw attention away from a particular part of a composition, he or she uses:
subordination
When a string on a musical instrument vibrates, it produces a fundamental tone (or tonic) we recognize as a certain pitch. The vibrating string, however, is also producing additional pitches called overtones that are not as strong. What is the musical term for he second of these overtones?
the dominant
A work can still display unity, even if none of the visual elements has anything in common, if:
the elements have conceptual unity
Doctrine of Affections
the emotional or affective qualities of music, the treatment of words in recitatives and other vocal music illustrates the belief of Baroque composers in projecting the ideas of the text into the music
Syncopation occurs when
the emphasis of the rhythm is placed where it is not expected
Rhythm
the flow of music through time
The most important aspect of a piece of conceptual art is ________.
the idea behind the artwork
Verdi became associated wth Italian nationalism because
the letters of his name represented "Victor Emmanuel, Rex d'Italia"
Op art of the 1960s relied on a physiological effect that creates an illusion of motion. This effect is:
the natural oscillations of the eye
The continuo part in Baroque music is
the nearly continuous bass line
The timbre of an instrument or voice is determined by
the number and strength of the partials its sounds produce
Composer
the one(s) who controls the storytelling in a piece of music
A feature of the aria "Dido's Lament" is
the ostinato in the lower instruments in the orchestra
Form in music refers to
the overall plan for the organization of the music
contour
the overall shape
meter
the pattern created by accented and unaccented beats
Rhythm/Meter
the pulse which music is built upon
timbre
the quality of a sound that distinguishes one voice or instrument from another; also tone color
Katsushika Hokusai is said to have used a live chicken's footprints in a painting that communicated ________.
the sensations of a fall day by the river
The singing style used in operas is powerful and dramatic because
the singing needs to be heard over an orchestra, opera is a highly dramatic type of music, the singing needs to be heard throughout the hall without amplification, the powerful and dramatic singing style has become a tradition (all of these choices)
Garry Winogrand's practice of taking photographs that were not posed or set up in advance was known as:
the snapshot aesthetic
Tempo
the speed of beats, "time' in Italian, indicated through either a metronome marking, or through descriptive terms
Tempo
the term for Speed in music-how quickly the beat
Performing Forces
the types of ensembles present in a piece of music
Beats
the underlying steady pulse In music
T/F: understanding a bit about the music before listening to it can help develop a deeper appreciation of it.
true
Expression
the way dynamics change in ways such as tempos and volume
Language
the way the music forms melodic phrases and harmony into something able to be processed by a listener
An instrumental melody that plays a key role in a musical work is called a(n)
theme
Hokusai and Albrecht Dürer were printmakers who lived at different times and in different countries, but they had this in common:
they both relied on skilled craftsmen to execute their print editions
What do Yoko Ono's Wish Tree and Mel Chin's Fundred Dollar Bill Project have in common?
they rely on participants for their completion
Processing plant fibers begins with separating the fiber from the plant, then preparing it for use by spinning the fiber into a long ________.
thread
How many movements does a typical concerto have
three
chords
three or more notes that are aligned vertically on the musical staff so that they are played or sung at the same time
chord
three or more pitches that are sounded together
Basic chords or "triads" consist of how many notes?
three.
Polish artist Magdalena Abakanowicz spent much of her life with her home country under Communist rule by the Soviet Union. The regime emphasized the collective over the individual. This experience is reflected in her artworks in the following way:
through the use of multiple, repeated figures
A color that is lighter than its basic hue is called a:
tint
Crescendo
to gradually become louder (Italian term)
Decrescendo Diminuendo
to gradually become softer (Italian term meaning to diminish in volume)
Almost all melodies in the music of Western civilization have a _____________ center
tonal
A modulation is a change of
tonal center
Music tends to move away from and back to the
tonal center
What is the musical term for "a sense of musical gravity or homeness"?
tonality.
We can differentiate between two musical instruments because every instrument has its own particular what?
tone color (timbre).
Timbre
tone quality, color of sound (can change during a piece depending on how instrument is played)
voices and roles- opera
traditions regarding type of voice & role:
What is the musical term for the changing of the overall pitch level of an entire musical work?
transposition
Troubadours
traveling minstrels who sung secular songs based on romantic poems, dance music was also developed and was secular in nature
Arcangelo Corelli is known today for his
trio sonatas
What is the musical term for an underlying beat pattern that has a feeling of three?
triple meter
A Medieval motet could have one of its parts in Latin and another in French
true
Almost all the words of an opera are sung
true
Because every piece of music moves through time, every piece of music has some type of rhythm.
true
Even if all the beats in a steady series are equally loud, the tendency of listeners is to think of them in small groups of twos, threes, or fours.
true
Imitation is one kind of counterpoint
true
Many of the persons who created art works and music during Medieval times are anonymous
true
Many operas during the Baroque were based on characters from Greek and Roman mythology
true
Percussion instruments produce sound by being struck or shaken
true
Recognizing and understanding musical styles helps you listen to music with more understanding
true
Romantic operas often ended in tragedy
true
Even though it is a freestanding sculpture, Sculpture of the Lady Sennuwy was made to be displayed in what fashion?
with its back to a pillar or wall
The term a cappella indicates that the music is to be sung
without accompaniment
The German artist Albrecht Dürer created Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse using which relief printmaking method?
woodcut
Ando Hiroshige created the work "Riverside Bamboo Market, Kyōbashi" in this medium:
woodcut print
The rhythm in Medieval motets
was often based on rhythmic modes similar to those found in poetry
A formal analysis of Las Meninas by Diego de Silva y Velázquez would concentrate on this aspect of the work:
what was in the foreground and background
pizzacato
when a string is plucked (vs. a bow drawn across)
Strict Imitation
when imitation is practiced for entire work
basso ostinato
when ostinato is in bass, as in "Dido's Lament"
Sound is produced on all brass instruments when
when the player's lip membranes vibrate as air passes between them
Polyrythm
when two or more rhythms occur at the same time
Text
where a piece of music derived from in literature; usually from a bible passage
Opera began when a group of noblemen
wished to re-create musical dramas similar to ancient Greek dramas
3-Main Points of Chapter 3
• Sound is created by molecules vibrating and colliding with one another in the air. The more rapid the vibrations, the higher the pitch of the sound. • The first seven letters of the alphabet are used to designate pitches. These letter names are repeated for each octave. Each note in an octave is either half (making it lower) or twice (making it higher) the number of vibrations of the note with the same name in the adjacent octave. • Pitch levels are depicted in notation on a graphlike staff. Higher notes use the treble clef (Icon) and lower notes use the bass clef (Icon), with a half-step higher indicated by a sharp (♯) and a half-step lower indicated by a flat (♭). • A melody is a series of consecutive pitches that form a logical entity. Most melodies can be divided into shorter groups of notes called phrases. A listener's impression of a melody is very much affected by other factors in the music such as the accompanying music and instruments or voices performing it. • Harmony is the simultaneous sounding of pitches, usually in chords containing three or more notes. Chords vary from sounding pleasing (consonant) to tense (dissonant). Most chords are built in an every-other note pattern such as C-E-G. • The music in almost all songs and instrumental works centers around one particular note. Changes of this center (key), called modulations, occur rather often. • Scales are the tonal framework around which music is created. Three types of scales predominate in the music of Western civilization: major, minor, and the five-note pentatonic scale. Music using the major scale tends to have a brighter quality than music in minor. Music using the pentatonic scale often has a folklike or Asian quality. • Texture in music refers to the basic arrangement of the lines of melody and harmony. Homophonic texture with its melody-plus-accompaniment character is most familiar to us today. Polyphonic texture has two or more different melodic lines occurring at the same time. Monophonic texture consists of only one line of music performed alone. • Two types of polyphony or counterpoint exist in music. One occurs when a melodic line is imitated in follow-the-leader fashion several beats later, which happens in a round or canon. The other exists when two different lines with melodic character occur at the same time.
6-Main Points of Chapter 6
• The human voice is an important "instrument" in music. It produces sound as air causes the vocal cords in the larynx to vibrate. • The pitch of vocal sounds is regulated by the length and tension of the vocal cords. Women have shorter vocal cords; therefore, they produce a higher pitch than men. Women in choral groups usually sing the soprano (higher) part or the alto (lower) part. Men in choral groups usually sing the tenor (higher) part or the bass (lower)part. • Styles of singing vary enormously in America and around the world according to the type and style of the music. • Wind bands usually contain no string instruments. Instead, they often include saxophones, baritone horns, cornets, and a different type of tuba called a sousaphone. • Harpsichords, pianos, and pipe organs are instruments that control their pitches from a keyboard. Harpsichords create sounds when strings are plucked by a mechanism, whereas pianos produce sounds when hard felt hammers strike strings. Pipe organs create sound when air is blown through pipes and can produce a wide array of timbres. • Electric guitars are shaped like other guitars, but they are actually electronic instruments. Many versions of electronic keyboards also have achieved wide popularity. • Electronic music is created by synthesizers working in conjunction with computers. Early versions of electronic music were created by manipulating tape. Today electronic music is created using digital recording technology.
5-Main Points of Chapter 5
• The instruments in a symphony orchestra are traditionally divided into four groups: strings, woodwinds, brasses, and percussion. Each of these families of instruments differs in how sounds are produced, basic timbres are modified, different pitches are created, and sounds are started and stopped. • Violins, violas, cellos, and double basses produce sound when a bow is drawn across their strings or a string is plucked (pizzicato). Harps can only be plucked. String players rapidly rock their left hand back and forth (vibrato) to add warmth to the sound. • Pitches on string instruments are determined by where a player places a finger on one of the strings. It is also possible to play on more than one string at a time. Several different styles of bowing can be used. • Flutes, clarinets, oboes, and bassoons constitute the woodwind family. All were originally made of wood, but because of their more brilliant sound, metal flutes replaced their wooden predecessors. Oboes and bassoons produce sound through the use of two cane reeds wired together, whereas clarinets use a single cane reed on a mouthpiece. Flutes employ a stopped-pipe principle, in which air entering a pipe collides with air moving out to produce sound. • A vibrato can be used on all woodwinds except the clarinet, which uses it only in jazz style. Different pitches are produced by opening and closing holes and/or depressing and releasing keys. Sounds on woodwind instruments are started and stopped by the action of the player's tongue. • Members of the brass family include trumpets, French horns, trombones, and tubas. All are made of metal. Sounds are produced on them by a buzzing action of the player's lip membranes against a mouthpiece. All produce the pitches of the overtone series. By changing the length of the tubing, by opening and closing valves, or by moving the slide on the trombone, all pitches within the range of the instrument are available. • Percussion instruments all produce sound by being shaken or struck, usually by sticks or beaters. Some percussion instruments produce definite pitches. This group includes xylophones, chimes, and timpani. Others sound no definite pitch and include snare and bass drums, cymbals, and castanets.
8-Main Points of Chapter 8
• The medieval period was the time of Scholasticism and the construction of many of the great cathedrals. It also featured chivalry, guilds, and the founding of universities. Many works of music and art were created anonymously. • Polyphony developed in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. Composers added a third and fourth line to music in organum, which consisted of parallel lines of melody a fourth or fifth apart. Polyphonic religious works were based on phrases from Gregorian chant. • Rhythmic modes, similar to those found in poetry, were used to keep the different lines together. • The motet was built over a phrase of Gregorian chant, which was sung in Latin in long notes. Two or more different lines of music were added with words in vernacular languages on secular topics. Complicated rhythmic and melodic schemes were worked into the music. Motets were performed in the courts, not churches. • Secular music also existed in instrumental dance music and the songs of the troubadours. These were solo songs based on romantic poems.
4-Main Points of Chapter 4
• The term for the degree of loudness in music is dynamics. Dynamics are indicated in a general way by the terms forte for loud (abbreviated ) and piano for soft (abbreviated ). These basic terms are often modified; for example, fortissimo (abbreviated ) for very loud. • Gradual changes in dynamic level are indicated by the abbreviation cresc. for crescendo (get louder) or decresc. for decrescendo (get softer). The symbol for crescendo is , and the opposite is used for decrescendo . • Timbre refers to the tone quality of an instrument or voice. It is determined by the number and strength of the partials sounding in the overtone series. That series is the pattern of pitches that results when a string or column of air is divided in half or at other fractional points. • Music is organized sounds occurring in a specific span of time. Often, portions of music are organized according to forms or patterns of music. These forms make use of three general aspects of music: • Repetition: —Generally repeating the same musical ideas. • Variation: —The same basic musical ideas are repeated but varied. • Contrast: —Entirely different musical ideas are presented. • Letters in italics are used to designate forms. The larger sections of a work are indicated by capital letters, whereas short sections of a work are indicated in lowercase letters. • A concerto features contrast between a small group and a larger group or a soloist and a larger group. Concertos often contain a section called a cadenza, where the soloist plays alone a free-sounding, often technically impressive, section based loosely on one or more of the themes of the music
9-Main Points of Chapter 9
• The word Renaissance means "rebirth" and is the name given to the period that lasted from about 1450 to 1600, when there was a revival of interest in the culture of the ancient Greeks and Romans. It was also the age of explorers and the introduction of the printing press. • The bass voice part became an important addition to choral music. • The Renaissance motet had a sacred text sung in Latin with all parts singing the same text. New phrases of text were often introduced in imitation. Its mood was reverent and restrained, with no strong feeling of meter. • Madrigals were the most popular genre of secular vocal music. They were similar to motets in that they were usually sung without accompaniment by a small group of singers. But madrigals have secular texts in a vernacular language, were performed at social gatherings, often contained text painting, and generally are more lively. • Instrumental music during the Renaissance featured the lute. Most instrumental music was created as dance music.
7-Main Points of Chapter 7
• Western civilization and its music developed over 2,500 years ago in the city-states around the Mediterranean, especially Athens. • The only music preserved in written form from ancient times is Gregorian chant. It was the basis for the Mass in the Christian Church. • Certain Gregorian chants are designated for particular days in the Church calendar, and these chants are called the Proper of the Mass. The Ordinary of the Mass is sung or said at nearly all Masses. • The Requiem is the funeral Mass. It includes the "Dies irae" chant, which means "Day of Wrath," referring to the final judgment. • The music of Gregorian chant is monophonic, sung unaccompanied in Latin by monks and priests, and has no metrical rhythm. It is intended for worship, not for concert performances. • A number of morality plays with music were created to educate listeners about the Christian faith. The music for these plays is similar to Gregorian chant in character.