B&B Exam 4

The average reaction time in an uncomplicated choice-reaction-time test (i.e., the time it takes from the initial visual signal until the subject pushes the choice button) is approximately _______ ms. 35 110 175 250

250

Atypical neuroleptics tend to be more effective on _______ receptors. 5-HT2 D1 NE D2

5-HT2

The discovery of the relationship between syphilis and paralytic dementia revealed that A. a mental disorder turned out to have a physiological cause. B. schizophrenia often co-occurred in patients with sexually transmitted infections like syphilis. C. both sexually transmitted infections and mental disorders can have a common viral cause. D. people with paralytic dementia tend to be promiscuous.

A mental disorder turned out to have a physiological cause

Neurofibrillary tangles are clumps of dead neurons in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. senile plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. abnormal tangles of neurofilaments. patches of dead and dying axons.

Abnormal tangles of neurofilaments

Disturbance in reading is called A. anomia. B. apraxia. C. alexia. D. agnosia.

Alexia

Henry Molaison's (patient H.M.) surgery involved removal of the hippocampus and the A. amygdala. B. dorsomedial thalamus. C. mammillary bodies. D. temporal stem.

Amygdala

Which of the following is an example of an obsession? A. Checking 15 times that all doors and windows are locked before leaving the house B. An overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen at any moment C. Ritualized hand washing once per hour D. The overpowering need to repeatedly go in and out of a door

An overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen at any moment

Pharmacological treatment of Tourette's syndrome involves drugs that antagonize dopamine. inhibit norepinephrine. enhance levels of dopamine. enhance GABA.

Antagonize dopamine

It has been proposed that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be reduced or eliminated by the administration of drugs that accelerate forgetting. block the effects of emotional stress on memory. inhibit behavioral sensitization. reduce frontal lobe activity.

Block the effects of emotional stress on memory

The increase of cortical thickness with enriched experience is probably mainly due to the increased A. size of synaptic junctions. B. number of axons. C. branching of dendrites. D. fluid content of cortical tissue.

Branching of dendrites

A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can cause __ aphasia. A. Broca's B. Conduction C. Wernicke's D. Subcortial

Broca's

A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia. Wernicke's Broca's conduction global

Broca's

Because chimpanzees seem able to learn a version of American Sign Language (ASL), some researchers have concluded that they are able to acquire language. Those who disagree, however, offer which criticism of this conclusion? Sign language is simply not a language. Chimpanzees do not produce novel sequences of signs. Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers. Chimpanzees do not have the fine motor control to fully execute ASL.

Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers.

"Where's Waldo?" is a puzzle in which one must find the right combination of features to identify Waldo in a busy scene. Which type of attentional process does this refer to? A. Feature search B. Conjunction search C. Binding analysis D. "Pop-out"

Conjunction search

According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time. melodic intonation constraint-induced movement edema reduction intense massage

Constraint-induced movement

A person credited with having "eyes in the back of their head" more probably is skilled at covert attention. overt attention. selective tuning. the cocktail party effect.

Covert attention

Which of the following genes has been associated with schizophrenia? neuregulin 1 DISC1 schizotypy orexin

DISC1

The symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with _______ activity in the _______ lobes. A. decreased; frontal B. decreased; temporal C. increased; parietal D. increased; occipital

Decreased; frontal

_______ dyslexia is a form of acquired dyslexia in which the patient incorrectly reads a word as another semantically-related word. A. Deep B. Surface C. Superficial D. Fluent

Deep

Prevalence rates for _______ are much higher for women than for men. A. depression B. anxiety C. schizophrenia D. drug abuse

Depression

The monoamine hypothesis of depression proposes that A. depression is a result of too little stimulation at monoamine synapses. B. depression is a result of too much stimulation at monoamine at synapses. C. monoamine is absent in very depressed people. D. monoamine is overproduced in very depressed people.

Depression is a result of too little stimulation at monoamine synapses

The adage "cells that fire together, wire together" refers to a hypothesis proposed by ___ A. Charles Sherrington. B. Alan Baddeley. C. Raymond Kesner D. Donald Hebb

Donald Hebb

Which attention network is responsible for top-down control of endogenous attention? A. The dorsal frontoparietal system B. The temporoparietal system C. The ventral frontal cortical system D. The medial orbitoparietal system

Dorsal frontoparietal system

Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of dyslexia. apraxia. childhood aphasia. Broca's aphasia.

Dyslexia

In one variant of a shadowing task, subjects are presented simultaneously with different stimuli to each ear and asked to focus their attention only on one ear. The result is that subjects are unable to report much about the content in the unattended ear. Which form of attentional processing accounts for this difficulty?

Early selection

Which type of attention can be sustained over the longest period of time? A. Exogenous B. Endogenous C. Both of these D. None of these

Endogenous

What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA synapses? A. Complete blocking of inhibition B. Enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition C. Enhancement of GABA-mediated excitation D. Reduction of chloride permeability

Enhancement of GABA- mediated inhibition

ERP stands for _______ potential. A. evoked response B. event-related C. evoked-related D. event response

Event related

Reflexive attention is also called A. endogenous attention. B. exogenous attention. C. stimulus cuing. D. symbolic cuing.

Exogenous attention

Childhood hemispherectomy is often followed by the need for A. a respirator for the rest of the individual's life. B. extensive functional deficits that are permanent. C. extensive seizure activity. D. extensive functional recovery.

Extensive functional recovery

In the Wada test, anesthetizing the right hemisphere interferes with a subject's ability to recognize words. faces. songs. spoken language.

Faces

Functional imaging studies indicate that drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia tend to increase activation of the A. frontal cortex. B. basal ganglia. C. amygdala. D. cerebellum.

Frontal Cortex

Children with ADHD have slightly reduced brain volume in which of following brain regions? Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Parietal lobe

Frontal lobe

The natural ligand for the AMPA receptor is Mg2+. Ca. glutamate. Na+.

Glutamate

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia? A. Social withdrawal B. Blunted affect C. Impoverished speech D. Hallucinations

Hallucinations

The P3 component of auditory processing is associated with impaired sensory processing. recognized visual stimuli. higher-order cognitive processing of stimuli. early sensory processing.

Higher-order cognitive processing of stimuli

In people with Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques are found in the _______, cortex, and associated limbic system sites. A. hippocampus B. amygdala C. basal ganglia D. cerebellum

Hippocampus

In the adult brain, neurogenesis is evident in the A. amygdala. B. extrastriate cortex. C. hippocampus. D. basal ganglia.

Hippocampus

Place cells, which are located in the _______, become active when searching for previously-hidden food. A. amygdala B. caudate nucleus C. hippocampus D. extrastriate visual cortex

Hippocampus

Some patients with posttraumatic stress disorder have anatomical anomalies of the A. hippocampus. B. basal ganglia. C. olfactory pathways. D. caudate nucleus.

Hippocampus

The "easy problem of consciousness" refers to understanding A. how particular patterns of activity create specific conscious experiences. B. the brain processes that result in a person's unique subjective experience. C. the effects of quantum particles on the pineal gland. D. the neural correlates of free will and agency.

How particular patterns of activity create specific conscious experiences

Methylation is the process by which gene expression is _______ through _______. A. facilitated; DNA modification B. inhibited; DNA modification C. facilitated; chromosomal deletion D. inhibited; chromosomal deletion

Inhibited; DNA modification

Martin has been treated with lithium for bipolar disorder for most of his adult life. He finds he takes his medication for a while but then stops. The most likely reason he does this is because A. the side effects are unbearable. B. it interacts with his dietary choices, resulting in bad headaches. C. it robs him of the exhilaration of the manic phase. D. he feels like a zombie when takes it.

It robs him of the exhilaration of the manic phase

The main cause of Korsakoff's syndrome is A. lack of thiamine. B. encephalitis. C. syphilis. D. concussion.

Lack of thiamine

Which of the following statements is most true of childhood aphasia? Aphasia produced by brain injury in childhood is severe and permanent. Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood. Childhood aphasia and adult aphasia are similar in their recovery patterns. The brain progressively increases its ability to compensate for injury with aging.

Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood.

The drug _______ is often used to treat bipolar disorder. A. diazepam B. lithium C. haloperidol D. phencyclidine

Lithium

Which memory store holds the largest number of items? Iconic memory Working memory Intermediate-term memory Long-term memory

Long-term memory

Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called paraphasias. dyslexias. confabulations. neologisms.

Neologisms

Which of the following protects neurons from apoptosis? A. Methylation B. Neurotrophic factors C. Neurogenesis markers D. Death genes

Neurotropic Factors

Which of the following is the most commonly exhibited OCD symptom? A. Intrusive nonsense vocalizations B. Performing excessive or ritualized behaviors C. Sudden angry outbursts D. Fatigue

Performing excessive or ritualized behaviors

A principal effect of the drug chlorpromazine is the A. postsynaptic blocking of dopamine receptors. B. postsynaptic blocking of acetylcholine. C. release of norepinephrine. D. facilitation of GABA actions.

Postsynaptic blocking of dopamine receptors

Birdsong is similar to human speech in that A. proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial. B. the right hemisphere has a greater effect on vocal behavior. C. juveniles do not have to be exposed to vocal adults to develop normal singing behavior. D. both human and bird communication incorporate prosody.

Proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial

Prosopagnosia is the inability to A. identify objects by touch. B. learn the names of objects that are seen. C. distinguish different patterns of visual stimuli. D. recognize faces.

Recognize faces

Which of the following drugs has been shown to inhibit the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder? Tricyclic antidepressants SSRIs Typical neuroleptics Benzodiazepines

SSRI'S

Abnormal visual tracking of moving objects is a symptom associated with A. panic. B. depression. C. schizophrenia. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Schizophrenia

Family studies of schizophrenia reveal that A. virtually all relatives of patients have had or will have schizophrenia at one time or another. B. schizophrenia is more evident among first-degree relatives of patients than it is among more distant relatives. C. schizophrenia is sex-linked. D. schizophrenia is seen only in siblings of patients, but never in their parents.

Schizophrenia is more evident among first-degree relatives of patients than it is among more distant

Which of the following is a feature of birdsong that suggests it is analogous to human speech? A. Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song. B. Removal of the left temporal cortex of birds eliminates characteristic song patterns. C. Brain damage results in permanent song elimination. D. Deafened female birds are more sensitive to left-brain injury.

Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song

In humans, electrical stimulation of Broca's area is most likely to produce organized, coherent words. grunts and groans. speech arrest. wild gestures.

Speech arrest

When the term schizophrenia was first introduced in the early twentieth century, one of the original descriptions indicated that functions of the mind (e.g., memory, perception, etc.) in the sufferer were A. exquisitely sensitive. B. split from one another. C. primitive and underdeveloped. D. undifferentiated.

Split from one another

In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), when a traumatic memory is reactivated it returns to a labile state; it becomes even stronger when reconsolidated in the presence of stress hormones. beta-blockers. intense fear. too many people.

Stress hormones

_______ dyslexia is a form of acquired dyslexia in which the patient has difficulty with the details and sounds of letters. Deep Surface Superficial Fluent

Surface

A common movement disorder caused by traditional neuroleptics is called neurogenic ataxia. ataxic dyskinesia. neuroleptic ataxia. tardive dyskinesia.

Tardive dyskinesia

One's enhanced perception of a particular conversation in a crowded room is referred to as A. covert attention. B. overt attention. C. selective tuning. D. the cocktail party effect.

The cocktail party effect

Which circuit of the brain is active during quiet, introspective thought? A. The dorsal stream B. The ventral stream C. The temporoparietal junction D. The default mode network

The default mode network

A model of the environmental stress and genetics involved in schizophrenia proposes that the disease emerges from A. a single dominant gene. B. a marked anatomical abnormality. C. intense episodes of personal and social stress. D. the interaction of stress and genetic factors.

The interaction of stress and genetic factors

Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of A. the angular gyrus. B. the right inferior frontal region. C. Broca's area. D. the left posterior temporal region.

The left posterior temporal region

Nonverbal visual stimuli are best processed if they are presented to A. the left visual field. B. the right visual field. C. the left hemisphere. D. None of the above; responses are the same in either hemisphere.

The left visual field

Directed attention toward novel or unexpected stimuli is controlled by which cortical system? A. The dorsal frontoparietal system B. The temporoparietal system C. The ventral frontal cortical system D. The medial orbitoparietal system

The temporoparietal system

Because voluntary attention is under direct, conscious control, researchers refer to it as a _______ process. A. conceptual shifting B. symbolic cuing C. bottom-up D. top-down

Top-down

OCD and _______ are believed to be part of a spectrum of related disorders. PTSD schizophrenia Tourette's syndrome bipolar disorder

Tourette's syndrome

Which cue will typically elicit the fastest reaction time to the target in the symbolic cuing task? A. Invalid B. Neutral C. Valid D. Colorful

Valid

The angular gyrus links which auditory and visual regions? A. Auditory region and Wernicke's area B. Visual region and Wernicke's area C. Inter-hemispheric regions

Visual region and Wernicke's area

A patient who produces seemingly fluent but largely unintelligible speech and has poor comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia. Wernicke's Broca's conduction global

Wernicke's

Which drug, when used repetitively, can produce a psychotic state akin to schizophrenia? LSD Heroin Amphetamine Aspirin

amphetamine

The likelihood that the spouse of a person with schizophrenia will develop the disease is similar to the likelihood that ______ will do so. A. the patient's parent B. the patient's sibling C. the patient's first cousin D. an individual in the general population

an individual in the general population

The most striking impairment suffered by Henry Molaison (patient H.M.) was prosopagnosia. anterograde amnesia. retrograde amnesia. episodic amnesia.

anterograde amnesia

Episodic memory concerns A. general knowledge. B. nondeclarative information. C. semantic information. D. autobiographical information.

autobiographical information

Imaging studies indicate that the learning of sensorimotor skills, perceptual skills, and cognitive skills are all affected by damage specifically to the basal ganglia. motor cortex. hippocampus. amygdala.

basal ganglia

According to the theory of perceptual load, a large perceptual load decreases perceptual resources for unattended items. increases perceptual resources for unattended items. decreases problem-solving capacities. increases problem-solving capacities.

decreases perceptual resources for unattended items

Children who have inherited PKU can be helped by surgery. A. dietary manipulation. B. enriched environments. C. gene therapy.

dietary manipulation

The main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex are the _______ and _______ areas. sensory; motor motor; premotor dorsolateral; orbitofrontal dorsolateral; mediofrontal

dorsolateral; orbitofrontal

The primary symptom of hemispatial neglect is forgetfulness. difficulty steering visual gaze. distractibility, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. failure to pay any attention to objects presented to one side of the body.

failure to pay any attention to objects presented to one side of the body

The amygdala is directly involved in spatial location learning. fear conditioning. memory consolidation. skill learning.

fear conditioning

Adult rats living in enriched conditions produce new neurons in the cortex. amygdala. hypothalamus. hippocampus.

hippocampus

In the delayed non-matching-to-sample task in monkeys, the subject A. traces a picture while viewing it in a mirror. B. reads mirror-reversed text. C. identifies an unfamiliar object in a pair of objects. D. searches for food hidden in a maze.

identifies an unfamiliar object in pair of objects

A viewer presented with two videos projected onto the same screen will be aware of only one at any given moment due to an attentional phenomenon called shadowing. inattentional blindness. filter failure. differential blindness.

inattentional blindness

Tricyclic antidepressants A. inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase. B. inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine. C. block the active sites of three specific serotonin receptors. D. block cholinergic synapses.

inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine

In instrumental conditioning, an association is formed between an organism's behavior and the environmental context. the unconditioned response. its consequences. several attributes.

its consequences

Hemispheric specialization is also known as prosopagnosia. lateralization. hemispheric centrality. location of function

lateralization

People with Korsakoff's syndrome often show damage in parts of limbic system, especially the A. trigeminal nucleus and hippocampus B. mammillary bodies and dorsomedial thalamus. C. cranial motor nuclei and frontal lobes. D. fornix and hippocampus.

mammillary bodies and dorsomedial thalamus.

Diminished social insight, distractibility, and emotional lability are associated with injuries to the _______ cortex. premotor orbitofrontal intraparietal dorsolateral prefrontal

orbitofrontal

Attention in which the focus coincides with the individual's sensory orientation is called

overt attention

Hillyard's classic study of auditory attention found that ERPs for attended stimuli are smaller in amplitude than those for nonattended stimuli. localized to the same side of the brain as the attended ear particularly evident in the N1 component. difficult to detect when the attended stimuli is in a low threshold range.

particularly evident in the N1 component

At present, the only way to identify Alzheimer's disease with confidence is through olfactory testing. genetic screening. postmortem examination. MRI.

postmortem examination

In LTP formation, nitric oxide may serve as a(n) synaptic transmitter. inhibitor of protein synthesis. synaptic modulator. retrograde transmitter.

retrograde transmitter

The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody. right; left left; right right; right left; left

right; right

Finding your way to your Brain & Behavior class requires dichotic learning. prosidy. spatial cognition. DTI tractography.

spatial cognition

The physician's report on the effects of Phineas Gage's brain injury provided early information about the functional role of A. the parietal cortex. B. the premotor areas. C. the frontal lobes. D. Wernicke's area.

the frontal lobes

NMDA receptors are gated by the ligand glutamate only. the ligand glutamate and a strong depolarization of the membrane. the ligand glutamate and the ligand AMPA. a strong depolarization of the membrane.

the ligand glutamate and a strong depolarization of the membrane.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been promoted as an important treatment for A. bipolar disorder. B. posttraumatic stress disorder. C. unipolar depression. D. Tourette's syndrome.

unipolar depression