baseball exam 1

John Montgomery Ward

-1880 became the second pitcher in baseball history to throw a perfect game -Created the brotherhood of professional baseball players -he led a group of players that wanted to get rid of the reserve clause

William Hulbert

-Chicago white stockings owner (baseball hall of fame) -Presented the idea that a new baseball league was needed to restore order between eastern and western cities -Founded the national league with Spalding (baseball's first closed-circuit professional league)

Baseball's National League and its first rival, the American Association, were formed during the Gilded Age. Who established the National League? Why? Why did its first rival, the American Association, form? What type of competition did it present for the National League? How did the National League react to the competition? What changes were taking place in the American economy and American society during the Gilded Age? Why were these changes taking place? How did the formation of professional baseball leagues, and the relationship between these two leagues, reflect what was happening in the American economy?

-Leagues formed to rival each other. American Association was rowdier version; allowed alcohol sales, lower admission price(25 cents), games on Sundays, and teams in bigger cities.--Changed organization by simply adding rival league. Leading to organization of national agreement.--Industrialization of America, growth of immigrant population. New inventions, new major food producers, railroads, etc.--Leagues modeled the American society.-

In 1888 and 1889 sporting goods magnate and Chicago White Stockings owner Albert G. Spalding took two American baseball teams on a world tour in which baseball games were staged in a number of foreign countries. What did Spalding hope to accomplish by this tour? How did this tour anticipate the creation of an American empire in the ensuing decade? In the wake of the tour, Americans began to view baseball as a uniquely American game. Why? What did Americans need to believe to accept baseball as America's national pastime? What did they do to adopt this belief?

-Spalding hoped to help grow the game internationally. By showing it off he hoped people would like it and play the sport so he could sell his products.--The players on the tour were very ignorant, and racist.-

The Cincinnati Red Stockings

1869; baseball's first openly all-professional team with ten salaried players The first team to have all openly professional Baseball players Important because it inspired other teams to have all professional players because they saw that this strategy was helping the cincinnati red stockings be successful.

The 1888-89 World Tour

2 teams of professional baseball players played each other (54 games) on an international tour that included games in Australia, Ceylon, Egypt, Italy and England. -It expanded the game of baseball to countries out of the United States and was a way for Spalding to endorse his sporting equipment company

The Reserve Clause

A Clause adopted by the national league that stated that teams could reserve their best players so that when contracts were up, these players couldn't leave the team for more money put the players at a disadvantage because they were stuck with their teams and player salary decreased

The American Association

A league set up after the Cincinnati Red Stockings were kicked out of the national league for selling beer at their ball games They were the national leagues competition and they were a rowdier version of baseball. They had games on Sundays, Sold beers at games, and charged a cheaper admittance fee

Moses Fleetwood Walker

American professional baseball catcher who was credited to be one of the first black men to play in major league baseball

Knickerbocker Baseball Club

First organized baseball club 1845; created the first set of 20 rules to govern the club

The Knights of Labor

Founded in 1869; the first major labor organization in the United States. They stood for higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions They rose the idea that workers should own shares of the companies they work for

The National Association

Founded in 1876 Included several professional clubs from the previous association of baseball players Sometimes called the amateur association Lasted two years; founded for teams to become professional and play equally

Alexis de Tocqueville

French political thinker and historian who came to America in the preindustrial times. He is important because he wrote the Democracy in America.

The Players' League

Led by John Montgomery Ward A third major baseball league investors and players owned the teams but it didn't last for very long Important because it was created by those who wanted to get rid of the reserve clause and reflected labor unions

Robber Barons

Powerful industrialists who used illegal practices to build monopolies Their selfish ways and chosen working conditions were reason for worker unions to emerge

The National Agreement

Signed in 1883 by National, American association, and NW League. Leagues respected each others player contracts, and territories

Adrian "Cap" Anson

Star player of the Chicago White Stockings He created racism in baseball by not excepting color on the field

The Market Revolution

The drastic change in how manual labor was conducted in the U.S. This was important because it improved how goods were processed and was organized to process trade goods for consumption.

Imperialism

The establishment of colonies by western nations to exploit the local population and resources of the colony. Overall negative effects- insight conflict, morally corrupt

Baseball had developed into a distinctly identifiable game by the 1830s or 1840s. How did it develop? What was American society like during the 1830s and 1840s? Why? How did baseball in the first half of the 19th century reflect American society before the Civil War?

Throughout the 19th century baseball was a rapidly developing game, the game's original roots started with a sport called rounders (cricket did as well). The rules to rounders were published in 1829 and then 5 years later is was published again and it was called base or goal ball, a year later it was published again in America and the rules called it baseball. During this time America was a agricultural based society and the economy was based on personal, cashless exchanges (pre-market revolution). It was like this because people were virtuous (virtue is the idea that one had to be self-sufficient and not controlled by others). Baseball represented American society in a few ways. The game represented equality and individualism because it had no prejudice towards a certain economic class. Baseball was also seen as democratic because everyone gets a chance to defend and score

The Roosevelt Corollary

a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S. might intervene in the affairs of an American republic threatened with seizure or intervention by a European country Basically asked europeans not to increase their influence or recolonize any part of the western hemisphere

"Take Me Out to the Ball Game"

a song created by Jack Norworth and Albert Von Tilzer that people stopped and sang during the 7th inning stretch. Became a token of the game of baseball and contributed to the image of baseball being the American game