Basic Psychology Ch. 7
memory
the ability to store and use information
levels of processing
the idea that the more deeply people encode information, the better they will recall it
working memory
the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand; often used interchangeably with "short-term" memory
rehearsal
the process of practicing material repeatedly
retrieval
the recovery of information stored in memory
storage
the retention of memory over time; is the third stage of long-term memory formation
serial-position effect
the tendency to have better recall for items in a list, depending on their position in their list
suggestibility
when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions by someone else or some other source
retroactive interference
when new experiences or information cause people to forget previously learned experiences or information
interference
when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall
According to ______ theory, when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates
decay
long-term memory
has the capacity to store a vast amount of information for as little as 30 seconds and as long as a lifetime
sensory memory
holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time, usually about a half a second or less
procedural memory
implicit knowledge for almost any behavior or physical skill we have learned
What statement(s) apply to the concept of working memory
it is a mental workbench, it consists of 3 parts, and it includes short-term memory and attention ...
implicit memory
knowledge based on previous experience, such as skills that we perform automatically once we have mastered them; resides outside conscious awareness
according to the _______ of processing theory, we are most likely to recall information that has been processed at the deepest level
levels
arrange the following steps for improving your academic performance via improved encoding in the correct order organize the material in a reasonable way make sure information is accurate experiment with different organizational techniques, such as mnemonics, to help you memorize
make sure information is accurate organize the material in a reasonable way experiment with different organizational techniques, such as mnemonics, to help you memorize
semantic memory
memory for facts and general knowledge, such as what we learn in school
connectionism or _______ distributive processing is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory
parallel, (PDP)
Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with
prospective memory
a multiple choice question which requires that you remember what you have seen before is an example of a _______ task
recognition
transience
refers to the fleeting nature of some memories
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, the three separate memory systems are
sensory, short-term, and long term
short-term memory
temporarily stores a limited amount of information before it is either transferred to long-term storage or forgotten. information stays in short-term memory for 2 to 30 seconds
Which of the following statements regarding sensory memory are true? A. it last around 60 seconds B. it last for a lifetime C. it is rich and detailed D. it lasts for only an instant
C and D. It is rich and detailed, and it lasts for only an instant.
Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then, she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of A. rehearsal B. working memory C. serial position effect D. elaboration
D. elaboration
Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of ________ memory
Semantic
repression
a form of blocking, in which retrieval of memories that have been encoded and stored is actively inhibited
recovered memory
a memory from a real event that was encoded and stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time; it is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness
what is true of motivated forgetting
a person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful, and it is a consequence of a an emotional trauma
________ works by "packaging" large amounts of information together so it can be remembered as single units, making it more manageable
chunking
three-stage model of memory
classifies memories based on duration as sensory, short-term, and long-term memories