Basic Psychology Ch. 7

memory

the ability to store and use information

levels of processing

the idea that the more deeply people encode information, the better they will recall it

working memory

the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand; often used interchangeably with "short-term" memory

rehearsal

the process of practicing material repeatedly

retrieval

the recovery of information stored in memory

storage

the retention of memory over time; is the third stage of long-term memory formation

serial-position effect

the tendency to have better recall for items in a list, depending on their position in their list

suggestibility

when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions by someone else or some other source

retroactive interference

when new experiences or information cause people to forget previously learned experiences or information

interference

when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall

According to ______ theory, when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates

decay

long-term memory

has the capacity to store a vast amount of information for as little as 30 seconds and as long as a lifetime

sensory memory

holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time, usually about a half a second or less

procedural memory

implicit knowledge for almost any behavior or physical skill we have learned

What statement(s) apply to the concept of working memory

it is a mental workbench, it consists of 3 parts, and it includes short-term memory and attention ...

implicit memory

knowledge based on previous experience, such as skills that we perform automatically once we have mastered them; resides outside conscious awareness

according to the _______ of processing theory, we are most likely to recall information that has been processed at the deepest level

levels

arrange the following steps for improving your academic performance via improved encoding in the correct order organize the material in a reasonable way make sure information is accurate experiment with different organizational techniques, such as mnemonics, to help you memorize

make sure information is accurate organize the material in a reasonable way experiment with different organizational techniques, such as mnemonics, to help you memorize

semantic memory

memory for facts and general knowledge, such as what we learn in school

connectionism or _______ distributive processing is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory

parallel, (PDP)

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with

prospective memory

a multiple choice question which requires that you remember what you have seen before is an example of a _______ task

recognition

transience

refers to the fleeting nature of some memories

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, the three separate memory systems are

sensory, short-term, and long term

short-term memory

temporarily stores a limited amount of information before it is either transferred to long-term storage or forgotten. information stays in short-term memory for 2 to 30 seconds

Which of the following statements regarding sensory memory are true? A. it last around 60 seconds B. it last for a lifetime C. it is rich and detailed D. it lasts for only an instant

C and D. It is rich and detailed, and it lasts for only an instant.

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then, she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of A. rehearsal B. working memory C. serial position effect D. elaboration

D. elaboration

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of ________ memory

Semantic

repression

a form of blocking, in which retrieval of memories that have been encoded and stored is actively inhibited

recovered memory

a memory from a real event that was encoded and stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time; it is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness

what is true of motivated forgetting

a person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful, and it is a consequence of a an emotional trauma

________ works by "packaging" large amounts of information together so it can be remembered as single units, making it more manageable

chunking

three-stage model of memory

classifies memories based on duration as sensory, short-term, and long-term memories