BBH 203 Exam 3 Practice Questions

Adele went with her husband to his doctor since he had been having episodes in which he was "acting out his dreams." She was worried that he kept hurting himself and that he might have _____. a. REM sleep behavior disorder b. restless legs syndrome c. SIDS d. trouble with sleepwalking

A

Albertha has been diagnosed with Turner syndrome. She received ______. a. only one X chromosome b. only one Y chromosome c. three X chromosomes d. one Y and two X chromosomes

A

An individual with an X and Y chromosome will usually develop into _____. a. a male b. a female c. neither male nor female d. both male and female

A

Bailey just had a baby. She likely has elevated levels of ____, which help her bond with her new baby. a. oxytocin b. estradiol c. dopamine d. serotonin

A

Because she is awake and concentrating on her calculus homework, it would be expected that Alexandria's EEG pattern would show _____. a. beta waves b. theta waves c. delta waves d. alpha waves

A

Cory is a homosexual male who has an identical twin, Fred. As Cory's identical twin, Fred is ___________ to be homosexual than if he were Cory's typical sibling or fraternal twin instead. a. more likely b. guaranteed c. definitely not going d. less likely

A

Danny has just entered puberty. As a result of normal hormonal events, he will develop _____. a. secondary sex characteristics b. a resistance to estradiol c. primary sex characteristics d. a resistance to testosterone

A

Deetta suffers from uncontrolled type 1 diabetes. She may lose weight because _____. a. glucose can neither enter her cells to be used for energy nor be stored in her body as fat b. food passes through her digestive tract so rapidly that nutrients cannot be absorbed into her body c. her appetite is suppressed due to the condition d. her high levels of insulin "burn off" glucose so it cannot be used by her body

A

Dr. Pruden is observing her patient using EEG. She can tell that her patient has entered a deep stage of NREM sleep because of the presence of _______. a. delta waves b. theta waves c. alpha waves d. gamma band waves

A

In general, humans tend to remember events that are ______. a. highly arousing and negative b. highly arousing and positive c. non-emotional d. mildly arousing and positive

A

Lonnie is a sailor on a submarine. As a result of this type of environment, Lonnie often experiences a free-running circadian rhythm that is ____ 24 hours. a. more than b. 1-2 hours less than c. exactly equal to d. almost 5 hours less than

A

Lorene has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern. Which of the following is likely part of the reason Lorene is experiencing this issue? a. Lorene is already prone to depression and since serotonin levels typically drop in the fall and winter, she is vulnerable. b. Lorene is already prone to depression and since dopamine levels typically drop in the fall and winter, she is vulnerable. c. Lorene lives up north and has had disruptions in cortisol levels as a result of the lack of sunlight. d. Lorene lives up north and has had disruptions in dopamine levels as a result of the lack of sunlight.

A

Meredith has been given the choice of $10 right now or $100 next week. If everything is functioning properly, she will ______. a. wait and get $100 next week b. take the $10 now c. bargain to get both the $10 and the $100 d. become confused and not take either amount

A

Most of the time, humans drink ____ is needed. a. more fluid than b. a little less fluid than c. significantly less fluid than d. exactly what fluid

A

Narcolepsy results from disruptions in the synthesis of ______ or in the receptors for this type of chemical. a. orexins b. serotonin c. GABA d. dopamine

A

Patient H.M. serves as a classic example of memory loss. Researchers would ask him to perform a mirror drawing task. He was able to master the task as well as controls but had no recollection of ever having performed it. This led researchers to conclude that _____. a. damage to the medial temporal lobes affects declarative but not nondeclarative memories b. damage to the medial temporal lobes affects nondeclarative but not declarative memories c. damage to the medial temporal lobes affects short-term memory d. anterograde amnesia can be overcome with sufficient training

A

Professor Hertzler is studying classical conditioning of emotional responses to fear. Most recently, his lab lesioned the ______ to demonstrate that it was essential for this type of learning. a. amygdala b. hippocampus c. cerebellum d. frontal lobe

A

Terri's prenatal testing shows that her fetus has an XY genotype. However, the fetus also has a defective gene that produces abnormal androgen receptors. Terri's baby will likely be diagnosed with _____. a. androgen insensitivity syndrome b. estrogen insensitivity syndrome c. congenital adrenal hyperplasia d. anti-Müllerian syndrome

A

The hypothalamus manages the release of sex hormones through its secretion of ____. a. GnRH b. testosterone c. FSH d. LH

A

Virgil was switched to the overnight shift at work. Even though he has been on this shift for about a month, he is still having serious trouble with his sleep. His doctor diagnosed him with _____. a. shift maladaptation syndrome b. seasonal depression c. cataplexy d. narcolepsy

A

Which of the following is not one of the genes/proteins involved with cellular circadian rhythms? a. bio b. Clock c. tim d. per

A

Which substance is produced and secreted by your fat cells to act as a signal to the brain about fat reserves, providing a long-term indicator of overeating or undereating? a. leptin b. CCK c. cherlin d. glucagon

A

Which zeitgeber is most often involved in resetting the internal clock among land animals? a. light b. social stimuli c. activity level d. temperature

A

Who would perform the best on a visuospatial task? a. Charlie, who is a heterosexual male b. Elizabeth, who is a homosexual female c. Jeff, who is a homosexual male d. Marlene, who is a heterosexual female

A

Although it doesn't have an obvious role in sexual behavior, the ____ (a small band of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres) is known to be sexually dimorphic. a. posterior commissure b. anterior commissure c. sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) d. INAH-3

B

Carlota is sitting in her room daydreaming. She likely has significant activity in the _____. a. reticular formation b. default mode network (DMN) c. thalamus d. hypothalamus

B

Catalina really loves chocolate and hasn't had any in several days. At this point she really wants chocolate and is highly motivated to go buy some. Which of her brain regions are likely active? a. nuclei in the pons, the ventral pallidum, the nucleus accumbens, the insula, and the orbitofrontal cortex b. the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain, the striatum, and prefrontal cortex c. the medial forebrain bundle, the ventral pallidum, and the pons d. nuclei in the pons, the ventral pallidum, and the medial forebrain bundle

B

Charlotte just turned one year old. For her birthday she got many different types of toys. Compared to her older brother, Charlotte is likely to spend more time playing with her new _____. a. dump truck b. doll c. blocks d. books

B

Deedee has been taking calcium supplements to support bone health. She is taking advantage of her body's _____, meaning that if she can get her blood calcium level above 0.16 g/L, she knows that the excess calcium will be stored in her bones. a. allostasis b. set point c. negative feedback d. basal metabolism

B

Dr. Bennett is studying dimorphic brain structures in her rats. She found that ___ rats have more motor neurons in the _____ of the spinal cord. a. male; sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) b. male; spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) c. female; spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) d. female; sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA)

B

Dr. McCarley is studying REM-on areas in the brain and found most of the key areas in the ____. a. locus coeruleus b. pons c. spinal cord d. thalamus

B

Dr. West's lab studies the anatomy of the cerebellum. During classical conditioning, they have demonstrated that the ______ are in a perfect position to influence the output from the cerebellum. a. parallel fibers b. Purkinje cells c. climbing fibers d. granule cells

B

Early research concluded that the _____ hypothalamus served as the satiety center. a. lateral b. ventromedial c. rostral d. dorsal

B

Early research suggested that the ____ hypothalamus served as a hunger center. a. rostral b. lateral c. dorsal d. ventromedial

B

For the past few months, Opal has been experiencing depression, changes in appetite, and impaired cognitive performance near the time of her menstrual cycle. Her doctor diagnosed her with _____. a. major depression disorder b. premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) c. premenstrual syndrome d. postpartum depression

B

Given that infants and premature babies spend a large majority of their sleep time in REM sleep, scientists hypothesize that one function of REM sleep is to ________. a. help the body regulate circadian rhythms b. help prune and maintain newly formed synapses c. promote healthy neurotransmitter synthesis d. promote cell growth

B

Isaac went for a prolonged period without REM sleep. When he was finally able to sleep normally, he experienced ______. a. NREM sleep only b. REM rebound c. reduced amounts of REM sleep d. a normal sleep pattern

B

Jodee snores at night. Her husband is concerned because she also seems to stop breathing at times. He sent her to the doctor to see if she has _____. a. SIDS b. sleep apnea c. insomnia d. narcolepsy

B

Kyle has been diagnosed with erectile dysfunction. His doctor gave him a medication that targets ____. a. testosterone b. nitric oxide c. glutamate d. estradiol

B

Lavonna is pregnant with twins and will have a boy and a girl. Early in development, the _____ is present in both the male and the female embryos. However, this is the precursor for the male's internal reproductive structures and not the female's. a. Müllerian system b. Wolffian system c. vas deferens d. prototestes

B

LeVay (1991) demonstrated that the INAH-3 was _____ in heterosexual men than in homosexual men. a. less active b. larger c. more active d. smaller

B

Leptin and insulin communicate with neurons in the _____. a. paraventricular nucleus b. arcuate nucleus; hypothalamus c. lateral hypothalamus d. ventromedial hypothalamus

B

Paul had a dream that he was caught in a rainstorm. He thinks he had this dream because while he was asleep, his roommates thought it would be funny to splash him with small amounts of water. According to Paul's logic, which theory best explains why he had this dream? a. Winson's evolutionary theory b. activation-synthesis c. threat simulation hypothesis d. lucid dreaming

B

Professor Albin is working on an experiment in his lab where his rats have lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). He hypothesizes that when it comes to getting rewards, the rats will ____. a. choose larger, delayed rewards b. choose smaller, immediate rewards c. work harder for food rewards but not for ICSS d. stop caring about rewards completely

B

Research has shown that sleep is especially important for memory _________. a. formation b. reconsolidation c. retrieval d. capacity

B

The body's internal master clock is the _____. a. pineal gland b. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) c. pituitary gland d. lateral geniculate nucleusB

B

The hormone cholecystokinin is released when large quantities of _____ are consumed. a. fiber b. fat c. sugar d. carbohydrates

B

When Hana wakes up in the morning, her levels of _____ are usually higher than they are when she goes to bed at night. a. insulin b. cortisol c. dopamine d. melanin

B

Which of the following psychological disorders is more common among females than among males? a. Autism spectrum disorder b. Major depressive disorder c. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder d. Tourette syndrome

B

A potential marker for prenatal hormonal exposures occurs in the inner ear. As a result of different prenatal testosterone exposure, _____ tend to produce more _______. a. males; cochlear emissions b. females; cochlear emissions c. females; otoacoustic emissions d. males; otoacoustic emissions

C

Although uncomfortable, _____ do/does have beneficial effects in fighting disease. a. hot flashes b. hyperthermia c. fever d. serotonin syndrome

C

Chris has been working outside on a hot, summer day. His coworker gets concerned because Chris has stopped sweating and is acting confused and faint. At the hospital, Chris is diagnosed with _____. a. hyponatremia b. Raynaud's disease c. hyperthermia d. hypothermia

C

Conrad is studying for class. To remember the term _____, he uses the analogy of a thermostat in a house. For instance, when the temperature falls below the set point, the heat will turn on to correct the temperature. a. allostasis b. epistasis c. homeostasis d. biostasis

C

Dopamine is the main neurochemical for reward, but it isn't the only one. New research has shown that rats will stimulate themselves (via ICSS) in the raphe nucleus for a burst of _____. a. GABA b. acetylcholine c. serotonin d. glycine

C

How much of the body's water is contained within cells as intracellular fluid or cytoplasm? a. 7% b. 50% c. 67% d. 33%

C

Interestingly, many cases of sexual dysfunction have been linked to individuals who also have _____. a. high levels of estradiol b. high levels of testosterone c. type 2 diabetes d. high blood pressure

C

Jena is pregnant with a son. Her doctors have shown that she has unusually high levels of ___ in her urine analysis. Based on current research, it is expected that her son will be _____ interested in typically "masculine" toys than sons of women with lower levels of this chemical. a. androgen; more b. phthalate; more c. phthalate; less d. androgen; less

C

Melda can go to sleep fairly well at night. However, she wakes up around 2 in the morning and cannot get back to sleep. Her doctor might diagnose her with _____. a. cataplexy b. narcolepsy c. maintenance insomnia d. onset insomnia

C

Noreen has tried to go on diets before. While she does lose some weight, she is never able to maintain the weight loss and regains all the weight. For the weight loss to last, her doctors would suggest that she try _____. a. substantial changes in dietary habits and an increase in exercise b. a decrease in exercise with substantial changes in dietary habits c. small, permanent changes to dietary and exercise habits d. an increase in exercise with no change in dietary habits

C

One possible contributor to older adults sleeping less is that the ____ begins to calcify and produce smaller amounts of ______. a. SCN; adenosine b. pineal gland; adenosine c. pineal gland; melatonin d. SCN; melatonin

C

Patty wants to stay up late to study so she consumes a large amount of caffeine. Caffeine helps her stay awake by _____ receptors for ______. a. activating; adenosine b. activating; epinephrine c. blocking; adenosine d. blocking; epinephrine

C

Preoptic area cells are often referred to as _____ cells. a. NREM-off b. REM-off c. NREM-on d. REM-on

C

Robert Heath's classic work suggested that reward is actually two separate psychological components of liking and wanting. Contemporary scientists have made progress in identifying brain regions associated with these separate components. What brain regions are associated with liking? a. nuclei in the VTA and striatum b. the medial forebrain bundle c. nuclei in the pons, the ventral pallidum, the nucleus accumbens, the insula, and the orbitofrontal cortex d. nuclei in the pons, the ventral pallidum, and the medial forebrain bundle

C

Shavon is sitting in a cold classroom. To keep from feeling cold, she might do all of the following except _____. a. release thyroid hormone b. shiver c. release pituitary hormone d. constrict her blood vessels

C

Sid is slightly dehydrated. Until he is able to drink water, his body will release ______, which will _____. a. aldosterone; decrease urine production b. aldosterone; increase urine production c. vasopressin; reduce urine production d. vasopressin; increase urine production

C

Some parts of the brain are sexually dimorphic. For instance, in rats, the _______, which is part of the hypothalamus, is much larger in males than females. a. LGN b. INAH-2 c. SDN-POA d. INAH-3

C

Suzette is getting older and is having trouble with memory consolidation. Her doctor might recommend actions aimed at improving her ________________. a. working memory b. attention c. sleep quality d. reaction time

C

Vanna is giving a lecture about circadian rhythms and the brain. She told her students that the ____ is considered the body's internal master clock. a. hypothalamus b. optic chiasm c. suprachiasmatic nucleus d. pineal gland

C

What is the main implication of Routtenberg and Lindy's (1965) study on ICSS? a. That ICSS works as a model of addiction, but only in animals. b. That ICSS is equally rewarding as food. c. That ICSS is much more rewarding than food. d. That ICSS only works in addicted rats.

C

When blood volume drops, the kidneys release the enzyme ____. a. aldosterone b. vasopressin c. renin d. angiotensin II

C

Which of the following is NOT one of the theories that explains why humans sleep? a. Sleep helps with memory consolidation. b. Sleep restores our bodies. c. Sleep is necessary for maintaining visual perception. d. Sleep keeps us safe.

C

Who has an ectotherm for a pet? a. Albertha, who has a poodle b. Georgann, who has parrot c. Jacki, who has an iguana d. Lakeisha, who has a hamster

C

Who is likely to develop osmotic thirst? a. Russell, who had massive blood loss from an automobile accident b. Merrie, who has had symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea for several days c. Sammy, who is eating really salty chips d. Katheryn, who has not had anything to eat or drink for 12 hours

C

_____ is released by the _____ pituitary gland into the circulation during orgasm for both sexes and during childbirth and breast-feeding in women. a. Testosterone; anterior b. Oxytocin; anterior c. Oxytocin; posterior d. Testosterone; posterior

C

Antonio had to work a double shift today and decided not to eat his lunch so he could leave early. As a result, his body likely released ____ so that he could maintain glucose levels. a. CCK b. leptin c. insulin d. glucagon

D

Duyen (a heterosexual male) is participating in a research study where he is in an fMRI scan while looking at pictures of faces. If he views an attractive face, he is likely to show increased activity in the ______. a. orbitofrontal cortex b. hypothalamus c. hippocampus d. nucleus accumbens

D

Epinephrine indirectly influences the brain (and thus memory) following a stressful event. Epinephrine influences the vagus nerve, leading to stimulation of the ______ and the release of ____ into the amygdala and hippocampus. a. frontal lobe; norepinephrine b. frontal lobe; serotonin c. locus coeruleus; serotonin d. locus coeruleus; norepinephrine

D

Hormonally, who is the most likely to be sexually receptive? a. Erin, who is taking birth control pills b. Nuan, who just started her menstrual cycle c. Albertina, who just finished her menstrual cycle d. Brandi, who is ovulating

D

Jinny took her dog for a walk. Because he got hot, the dog started to pant. This behavior was initiated in part because of the ____ of the ____. a. red nucleus; pituitary gland b. red nucleus; hypothalamus c. preoptic area; pituitary gland d. preoptic area; hypothalamus

D

Michael works the graveyard shift, from 10 at night to 6 in the morning. As a result, he ____. a. should take sleeping pills during the day to force a complete shift in his cycle b. will likely shift his circadian rhythms completely c. can help himself adjust by working under dim lights d. may continue to get less sleep even after years on the job

D

Most neurons in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) use ____ as their primary neurochemical. a. serotonin b. glutamate c. acetylcholine d. dopamine

D

Osmosis is the force that causes water to move from an area with ____ concentration of solutes to an area with ____ concentration of solutes. a. lower; balanced b. higher; balanced c. higher; lower d. lower; higher

D

Patrick is being recorded using an EEG. The readings show a large proportion of synchronous activity, which would indicate that Patrick is ______. a. in REM sleep b. awake c. stressed d. in deep sleep

D

Rona has a BMI of 16 although she views herself as overweight. She is constantly exercising and restricts herself to one meal or less a day. She is likely to be diagnosed with _____. a. obesity b. bulimia nervosa c. binge-eating disorder d. anorexia nervosa

D

The pons and basal forebrain release ______, which is associated with both waking and REM sleep. a. dopamine b. serotonin c. melatonin d. acetylcholine

D

There is a large body of research that suggests that males are better at _____ tasks while females are better at _____ tasks. a. verbal; visuospatial b. artistic; athletic c. athletic; artistic d. visuospatial; verbal

D

Two pathways originating in the reticular formation of the ______ are essential to waking. a. thalamus b. midbrain c. pons d. medulla

D

When an individual's gender identity is inconsistent with the individual's biological sex, that person is said to be _____. a. homosexual b. heterosexual c. asexual d. transsexual

D

When is the locus coeruleus most active? a. When a person in in NREM sleep. b. When a person is in REM sleep. c. When a person is awake and relaxed. d. When a person is awake and vigilant.

D

Who would have the highest level of testosterone? a. Aziz, who is happily married with children b. Jamel, who just watched his team lose the Super Bowl c. Hal, who just won his basketball game d. Steve, who is engaged to be marriedR

H