BCOR 370 exam 4

Disadvantages of written communication

Time and effort required to prepare an effective statement Does not permit spontaneous or immediate feedback Sender does not know whether message has been interpreted as intended

influence that is based on a manager's appealing traits or resources, such as charisma or the ability to offer an employee a promotion (type of personal power)

Referent power

Evolution of leadership

Trait perspective - System of ideas that focuses on identifying effective leaders through personal characteristics that are difficult to obtain or cannot be learned

Creates reward contingencies and exchange relationships that result in calculative compliance on the part of followers Provides rewards or punishments for performance

Transactional leadership

Creating and communicating a higher-level vision in a charismatic way that elicits an emotional response and commitment from the followers

Transformational leadership

Behavioral pattern where individuals tend to be ambitious, goal oriented, impatient, determined, highly organized, competitive, and aggressive

Type A personality

Behavioral pattern where individuals tend to be more patient, relaxed, easygoing, and more sensitive to the feelings of others

Type B personality

certainty about handling something that a person desires or needs to do

Confidence

Michigan studies

Employee oriented - focus on building interpersonal relationships Production oriented - focus on task completion

Emphasizes employee self-influence processes rather than hierarchical control processes Actively encourages followers to take ownership of their own behaviors and work processes "Leading others to lead themselves"

Empowering leadership

encourages followers to take greater responsibility for their behavior - Particularly appropriate in today's dynamic and decentralized organizations

Empowering leadership

Stress

Psychological and emotional reactions experienced by individuals to excessive pressure or demands at work

Transformational leaders

uplift and inspire their followers to higher levels of motivation and commitment achieved by: - Idealized influence and inspiration - Intellectual stimulation - Individualized consideration

Commitment to the overall functions of the team and organizational culture in order to improve performance

Citizenship

Positive psychology

Explores ways to help people recognize their positive traits or strengths, rather than their perceived weaknesses and failings - In economically rough times, it is difficult to instill the message of positive psychology

Advantages of written communication

Greater time may be devoted to message preparation Message can be archived Receiver has more time to interpret the message

Leaders gain authority through..

Power: - Ability to influence - Leaders may be given power or earn it

Path-Goal theory cont

Team member characteristics determine how leader is perceived by the team - Need for affiliation - Desire for control - Preference for structure - Self-perceived level of ability

How managers achieve great results with others

" If your actions inspire others to dream more , learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader." - John Quincy Adams

Emotional Intelligence

(EI) - four major emotional factors drive leadership performance -Self-awareness -Self-management -Social awareness -Relationship management

Emotional Intelligence

(EI)- Capacity to recognize and appreciate emotional responses in one's self and others (EQ) - managers who have insight into their own emotions and the feelings of others can inspire a higher quality of work performance - Requires getting substantial feedback from others to increase self-awareness

Barriers to communication

- Filtering - message is screened before being passed on to the receiver - May be resolved with simple language and reliance on several communication channels - Emotion - mood affects communication - May be overcome with awareness of one's feelings and constraining them when communicating - Information overload - large amounts of information can lead to confusion - Prioritize work to avoid simultaneous waves of information - Differing perceptions - imposing one's own reality - Overcome by examining our assumptions and seeking constructive feedback

Authoritarianism

- Management philosophy that using the threat of punishment, power, and legitimacy is required to produce superior results - Less prevalent as organizations have adopted flatter structures

Leadership in a Global Economy

- Modality of communication has had a significant impact on leadership styles and behavior - Globalized companies affected by external forces that can significantly change management challenges

Power of challenging work

- Porter-Lawler introduced two types of rewards into expectancy theory - Intrinsic rewards - positive feelings experienced as a result of achieving the task - Extrinsic rewards - concrete rewards (e.g., bonuses, promotions) - Goal setting - Motivation will increase with clear, challenging goals where employees feel committed to achieve goals and they feel accomplished when they do.

Reinforcement Theory Cont

- Positive reinforcement - reward given to motivate a person or group with words of encouragement - Avoidance learning - benefits theory, also called negative reinforcement: behavior is strengthened by the removal of negative statements or actions - Extinction - behavioral method that involves withholding praise or a positive reward

Machiavellianism

- Pragmatic management philosophy that condones unethical and manipulative behavior if it produces desirable results - Machiavellian leaders have little respect for their subordinates, tend to take credit for their ideas, and rule with fear

Moral Courage

- Taking a position against something or someone even though you know the outcome may be unpopular - Involves taking risks - the probability of loss or undesirable consequences

Consequences of stress

-Absenteeism -Burnout -Negative affectivity - general dimension of personality where an individual experiences negative mood states - Lowers likelihood of making contributions to the organization

Traits of women leaders

-Perseverance -Nurturing spirit -Confidence -Giving back -Education -Balance and understanding your own needs -Vision

Person's or group's inclinations toward an idea or situation

Attitudes

Encourages positive psychological capacities, an ethical climate, greater self-awareness, an internalized moral perspective, a balanced processing of information, and self-development

Authentic leadership

Reinforcement theory

Behavioral construct where individuals may be rewarded or punished based on the consequences of their behavior - Reinforcement schedules - Fixed-interval- a set period of time - Variable interval- implemented after a varying period of time to reward successful performance - Fixed ratio- where a specific amount of behaviors must be met before reward is given

Capacity to convey as much information as possible during the communication process

Channel richness

ERG theory of motivation

Clayton Alderfer - System that sets out three categories of human needs, movement within the hierarchy can be up or down - Existence needs - describe our physiological and safety needs - Relatedness needs - reflect our desire for good relationships with others - Growth needs - need for personal fulfillment, self-development, and accomplishment

degree to which an employee is psychologically devoted to an organization or team

Commitment

Act of transmitting information, thoughts, and processes through various channels

Communication

stock options

Company stocks given to employees as additional compensation usually at a discounted price for a limited time

Behavioral perspective

Connects what managers do to their ability to influence others

Locus of control

Degree to which an individual or team feels in control of circumstances and outcomes

Informal expectation between employee and organization that determines quality and satisfaction

Developing psychological contract

Involves providing specific, task-focused directions, giving commands, assigning goals, close supervision, and constant follow-up - Influence based on position or legitimate power

Directive leadership

influence that is derived from perceived knowledge, skill, or competence - E.g., a manager that is skilled in computer programming has expert power with a software development team (type of personal power)

Expert power

Joyful Living

Feelings and emotions defined by interest, passion, curiosity, contentment, enthusiasm, satisfaction and quality of life

Path-goal theory cont

Four categories of leader behavior - Directive - Participative - Supportive - Achievement oriented

Two factor theory of motivation

Fredrick Herzberg - Dual theory, based on job satisfaction and/or job dissatisfaction and the extent which attitudes influence outcomes. - Hygienes- e.g., working conditions , wages , job security and company policy - Motivators- opportunities for personal growth, such as recognition, achievement , and advancement

Communication Networks

Grapevine - informal line of communication where information is passed from one person to another Gossip chain - several individuals spread information through an organization, which is sometimes false or misleading Cluster chain - group of people that disseminate information within their group or cluster

Evolution of leadership cont.

Great Man Leaders - persons born into positions of power and authority and seen by some as having divine right to power - Males were the predominant leaders throughout history - Women are assuming more formal leadership roles throughout society

Advantages of oral communication

Helps to build relationships Accelerates decision making and problem solving Provides a forum for immediate feedback

Variable psychological, behavioral, cultural, and physical dimensions that uniquely distinguish each team member

Individual differences

Disadvantages of oral communication

Informal nature may lead to vague or reckless statements Unless recorded, messages may be unreliable, unstable, and incomplete

Types of locus of control

Internal - one feels in control of own fate External - one feels that fate, rather than the actions of an individual, controls outcomes in life

people who use critical thinking to successfully influence others to get positive organizational results through motivation and communication

Leaders

Process of influence aimed at directing behavior toward the accomplishment of objectives

Leadership

3 areas managers focus on n relation to personality

Locus of Control Authoritarianism Machiavellianism

Types of reward systems

Merit-based rewards Piece-rate incentives Scanlon plan Equity theory Stock options Gainsharing

- Incentive or drive to complete a task, function, or idea - All our behaviors are motivated by an intrinsic desire to do well

Motivation

Big 5 personality traits

Openness - ability to have fun and feel delight Conscientiousness - individual exhibits organization and responsiveness in pursuit of goal Neuroticism - Individuals in high neuroticism (or low in emotional stability) tend to be moody, anxious, irritable Extraversion - generally outgoing, sociable, and easy to get along with Agreeableness - extend to which an individual relates to others

process by which individuals select, interpret, and organize information in the world around them

Perception

influence that is obtained by being perceived as likeable and well informed (type of power)

Personal power

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Physiological - basic items that we need to ensure our survival Safety- need for an environment that is safe , both physically and mentally Affiliation/Belongingness- desire to be accepted by others and to find our place in social settings Esteem-need to be respected and appreciated by others Self-actualization- need for personal growth and self-development

General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)

Physiological reactions to long-term stress that can be grouped into three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

influence that is granted because of a manager's type and ability to affect someone positively or negatively through resource allocation or disciplinary measures (Type of power)

Positional power

Theory that provides prizes, incentives for tasks and jobs well done, and special recognition

Reward systems

process by which individuals accept information consistent with their values and beliefs, while screening out information that is not aligned with their own needs

Selective perception

How is stress decreased

Self awareness Purposeful Thinking Relationships (Healthy)

Focuses on the needs, objectives, and aspirations of team members to help them achieve organizational goals - Ideally suited to the service industry

Servant leader

Collaborative process in which team members share key leadership roles - Generally involves employees engaging in effective self-leadership and responsible follower ship

Shared leadership

Process of Communicating Shannon- Weaver Communications Model

Source -> Encoder (channel message, creates noise) -> decoder -> receiver, who gives feedback to source

Gainsharing

System that allows employees to share in any cost savings made by the firm

Types of Behaviors:

Task behaviors - help team members achieve goals Relationship behaviors - enable team members to be satisfied with one another and their situation

path-goal theory cont

Task characteristics also influence the team's motivation - Task design - Group norms - System authority

Charismatic leadership

ability to motivate employees to exceed expected performance through a leaders inspiring behavior

Pseudotransformational leaders

although effective, their primary aim and goals are to seek personal power and wealth or cause harm to others

Piece-rate incentives

awards and prizes given at a specific rate as accomplishments occur, rather than all at one time

Rejects the notion that there is one best way to lead

contingency perspective

Path-Goal theory

focuses on leadership behaviors that motivate a team through clarification, support, and removal of barriers in pursuit of a goal

Fielders contingency theory

matches the most suitable leadership style with a particular business situation Least preferred coworker scale - defines leadership style - High scorers are relationship motivated - Low scorers are task motivated Leadership situation defined by: - Leader-member relations - Task structure - Position power

Provides verbal discussions, ideas, and processes, either one-on-one or as a group (face-to-face)

oral communication

Merit-based rewards

positive reinforcement based on specific accomplishments, with rewards given for achievement of specified measurements

Self-leadership

process through which people influence themselves to achieve the self-direction and self-motivation necessary to perform - Behavior-focused strategies - Natural reward strategies - Constructive thought strategies

Purposeful tasks

provide a sense of accomplishment that has lasting meaning

Pleasureful tasks

provide an immediate feeling of joy and delight, with little effect on overall life satisfaction

Scanlon plan

recognizes and rewards individuals for collaboration, leadership, and training given to another individual or group cohesively

Equity theory

system where individuals are more motivated if they perceive they treated as fairly as their other workers or other firms