BCOR 370 exam 4
Disadvantages of written communication
Time and effort required to prepare an effective statement Does not permit spontaneous or immediate feedback Sender does not know whether message has been interpreted as intended
influence that is based on a manager's appealing traits or resources, such as charisma or the ability to offer an employee a promotion (type of personal power)
Referent power
Evolution of leadership
Trait perspective - System of ideas that focuses on identifying effective leaders through personal characteristics that are difficult to obtain or cannot be learned
Creates reward contingencies and exchange relationships that result in calculative compliance on the part of followers Provides rewards or punishments for performance
Transactional leadership
Creating and communicating a higher-level vision in a charismatic way that elicits an emotional response and commitment from the followers
Transformational leadership
Behavioral pattern where individuals tend to be ambitious, goal oriented, impatient, determined, highly organized, competitive, and aggressive
Type A personality
Behavioral pattern where individuals tend to be more patient, relaxed, easygoing, and more sensitive to the feelings of others
Type B personality
certainty about handling something that a person desires or needs to do
Confidence
Michigan studies
Employee oriented - focus on building interpersonal relationships Production oriented - focus on task completion
Emphasizes employee self-influence processes rather than hierarchical control processes Actively encourages followers to take ownership of their own behaviors and work processes "Leading others to lead themselves"
Empowering leadership
encourages followers to take greater responsibility for their behavior - Particularly appropriate in today's dynamic and decentralized organizations
Empowering leadership
Stress
Psychological and emotional reactions experienced by individuals to excessive pressure or demands at work
Transformational leaders
uplift and inspire their followers to higher levels of motivation and commitment achieved by: - Idealized influence and inspiration - Intellectual stimulation - Individualized consideration
Commitment to the overall functions of the team and organizational culture in order to improve performance
Citizenship
Positive psychology
Explores ways to help people recognize their positive traits or strengths, rather than their perceived weaknesses and failings - In economically rough times, it is difficult to instill the message of positive psychology
Advantages of written communication
Greater time may be devoted to message preparation Message can be archived Receiver has more time to interpret the message
Leaders gain authority through..
Power: - Ability to influence - Leaders may be given power or earn it
Path-Goal theory cont
Team member characteristics determine how leader is perceived by the team - Need for affiliation - Desire for control - Preference for structure - Self-perceived level of ability
How managers achieve great results with others
" If your actions inspire others to dream more , learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader." - John Quincy Adams
Emotional Intelligence
(EI) - four major emotional factors drive leadership performance -Self-awareness -Self-management -Social awareness -Relationship management
Emotional Intelligence
(EI)- Capacity to recognize and appreciate emotional responses in one's self and others (EQ) - managers who have insight into their own emotions and the feelings of others can inspire a higher quality of work performance - Requires getting substantial feedback from others to increase self-awareness
Barriers to communication
- Filtering - message is screened before being passed on to the receiver - May be resolved with simple language and reliance on several communication channels - Emotion - mood affects communication - May be overcome with awareness of one's feelings and constraining them when communicating - Information overload - large amounts of information can lead to confusion - Prioritize work to avoid simultaneous waves of information - Differing perceptions - imposing one's own reality - Overcome by examining our assumptions and seeking constructive feedback
Authoritarianism
- Management philosophy that using the threat of punishment, power, and legitimacy is required to produce superior results - Less prevalent as organizations have adopted flatter structures
Leadership in a Global Economy
- Modality of communication has had a significant impact on leadership styles and behavior - Globalized companies affected by external forces that can significantly change management challenges
Power of challenging work
- Porter-Lawler introduced two types of rewards into expectancy theory - Intrinsic rewards - positive feelings experienced as a result of achieving the task - Extrinsic rewards - concrete rewards (e.g., bonuses, promotions) - Goal setting - Motivation will increase with clear, challenging goals where employees feel committed to achieve goals and they feel accomplished when they do.
Reinforcement Theory Cont
- Positive reinforcement - reward given to motivate a person or group with words of encouragement - Avoidance learning - benefits theory, also called negative reinforcement: behavior is strengthened by the removal of negative statements or actions - Extinction - behavioral method that involves withholding praise or a positive reward
Machiavellianism
- Pragmatic management philosophy that condones unethical and manipulative behavior if it produces desirable results - Machiavellian leaders have little respect for their subordinates, tend to take credit for their ideas, and rule with fear
Moral Courage
- Taking a position against something or someone even though you know the outcome may be unpopular - Involves taking risks - the probability of loss or undesirable consequences
Consequences of stress
-Absenteeism -Burnout -Negative affectivity - general dimension of personality where an individual experiences negative mood states - Lowers likelihood of making contributions to the organization
Traits of women leaders
-Perseverance -Nurturing spirit -Confidence -Giving back -Education -Balance and understanding your own needs -Vision
Person's or group's inclinations toward an idea or situation
Attitudes
Encourages positive psychological capacities, an ethical climate, greater self-awareness, an internalized moral perspective, a balanced processing of information, and self-development
Authentic leadership
Reinforcement theory
Behavioral construct where individuals may be rewarded or punished based on the consequences of their behavior - Reinforcement schedules - Fixed-interval- a set period of time - Variable interval- implemented after a varying period of time to reward successful performance - Fixed ratio- where a specific amount of behaviors must be met before reward is given
Capacity to convey as much information as possible during the communication process
Channel richness
ERG theory of motivation
Clayton Alderfer - System that sets out three categories of human needs, movement within the hierarchy can be up or down - Existence needs - describe our physiological and safety needs - Relatedness needs - reflect our desire for good relationships with others - Growth needs - need for personal fulfillment, self-development, and accomplishment
degree to which an employee is psychologically devoted to an organization or team
Commitment
Act of transmitting information, thoughts, and processes through various channels
Communication
stock options
Company stocks given to employees as additional compensation usually at a discounted price for a limited time
Behavioral perspective
Connects what managers do to their ability to influence others
Locus of control
Degree to which an individual or team feels in control of circumstances and outcomes
Informal expectation between employee and organization that determines quality and satisfaction
Developing psychological contract
Involves providing specific, task-focused directions, giving commands, assigning goals, close supervision, and constant follow-up - Influence based on position or legitimate power
Directive leadership
influence that is derived from perceived knowledge, skill, or competence - E.g., a manager that is skilled in computer programming has expert power with a software development team (type of personal power)
Expert power
Joyful Living
Feelings and emotions defined by interest, passion, curiosity, contentment, enthusiasm, satisfaction and quality of life
Path-goal theory cont
Four categories of leader behavior - Directive - Participative - Supportive - Achievement oriented
Two factor theory of motivation
Fredrick Herzberg - Dual theory, based on job satisfaction and/or job dissatisfaction and the extent which attitudes influence outcomes. - Hygienes- e.g., working conditions , wages , job security and company policy - Motivators- opportunities for personal growth, such as recognition, achievement , and advancement
Communication Networks
Grapevine - informal line of communication where information is passed from one person to another Gossip chain - several individuals spread information through an organization, which is sometimes false or misleading Cluster chain - group of people that disseminate information within their group or cluster
Evolution of leadership cont.
Great Man Leaders - persons born into positions of power and authority and seen by some as having divine right to power - Males were the predominant leaders throughout history - Women are assuming more formal leadership roles throughout society
Advantages of oral communication
Helps to build relationships Accelerates decision making and problem solving Provides a forum for immediate feedback
Variable psychological, behavioral, cultural, and physical dimensions that uniquely distinguish each team member
Individual differences
Disadvantages of oral communication
Informal nature may lead to vague or reckless statements Unless recorded, messages may be unreliable, unstable, and incomplete
Types of locus of control
Internal - one feels in control of own fate External - one feels that fate, rather than the actions of an individual, controls outcomes in life
people who use critical thinking to successfully influence others to get positive organizational results through motivation and communication
Leaders
Process of influence aimed at directing behavior toward the accomplishment of objectives
Leadership
3 areas managers focus on n relation to personality
Locus of Control Authoritarianism Machiavellianism
Types of reward systems
Merit-based rewards Piece-rate incentives Scanlon plan Equity theory Stock options Gainsharing
- Incentive or drive to complete a task, function, or idea - All our behaviors are motivated by an intrinsic desire to do well
Motivation
Big 5 personality traits
Openness - ability to have fun and feel delight Conscientiousness - individual exhibits organization and responsiveness in pursuit of goal Neuroticism - Individuals in high neuroticism (or low in emotional stability) tend to be moody, anxious, irritable Extraversion - generally outgoing, sociable, and easy to get along with Agreeableness - extend to which an individual relates to others
process by which individuals select, interpret, and organize information in the world around them
Perception
influence that is obtained by being perceived as likeable and well informed (type of power)
Personal power
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Physiological - basic items that we need to ensure our survival Safety- need for an environment that is safe , both physically and mentally Affiliation/Belongingness- desire to be accepted by others and to find our place in social settings Esteem-need to be respected and appreciated by others Self-actualization- need for personal growth and self-development
General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)
Physiological reactions to long-term stress that can be grouped into three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
influence that is granted because of a manager's type and ability to affect someone positively or negatively through resource allocation or disciplinary measures (Type of power)
Positional power
Theory that provides prizes, incentives for tasks and jobs well done, and special recognition
Reward systems
process by which individuals accept information consistent with their values and beliefs, while screening out information that is not aligned with their own needs
Selective perception
How is stress decreased
Self awareness Purposeful Thinking Relationships (Healthy)
Focuses on the needs, objectives, and aspirations of team members to help them achieve organizational goals - Ideally suited to the service industry
Servant leader
Collaborative process in which team members share key leadership roles - Generally involves employees engaging in effective self-leadership and responsible follower ship
Shared leadership
Process of Communicating Shannon- Weaver Communications Model
Source -> Encoder (channel message, creates noise) -> decoder -> receiver, who gives feedback to source
Gainsharing
System that allows employees to share in any cost savings made by the firm
Types of Behaviors:
Task behaviors - help team members achieve goals Relationship behaviors - enable team members to be satisfied with one another and their situation
path-goal theory cont
Task characteristics also influence the team's motivation - Task design - Group norms - System authority
Charismatic leadership
ability to motivate employees to exceed expected performance through a leaders inspiring behavior
Pseudotransformational leaders
although effective, their primary aim and goals are to seek personal power and wealth or cause harm to others
Piece-rate incentives
awards and prizes given at a specific rate as accomplishments occur, rather than all at one time
Rejects the notion that there is one best way to lead
contingency perspective
Path-Goal theory
focuses on leadership behaviors that motivate a team through clarification, support, and removal of barriers in pursuit of a goal
Fielders contingency theory
matches the most suitable leadership style with a particular business situation Least preferred coworker scale - defines leadership style - High scorers are relationship motivated - Low scorers are task motivated Leadership situation defined by: - Leader-member relations - Task structure - Position power
Provides verbal discussions, ideas, and processes, either one-on-one or as a group (face-to-face)
oral communication
Merit-based rewards
positive reinforcement based on specific accomplishments, with rewards given for achievement of specified measurements
Self-leadership
process through which people influence themselves to achieve the self-direction and self-motivation necessary to perform - Behavior-focused strategies - Natural reward strategies - Constructive thought strategies
Purposeful tasks
provide a sense of accomplishment that has lasting meaning
Pleasureful tasks
provide an immediate feeling of joy and delight, with little effect on overall life satisfaction
Scanlon plan
recognizes and rewards individuals for collaboration, leadership, and training given to another individual or group cohesively
Equity theory
system where individuals are more motivated if they perceive they treated as fairly as their other workers or other firms
