Behavioral Neuroscience

Declarative memory is not thought to deal with _______ questions.

"how" (is "why", "where", "what")

The dorsal stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about

"where."

Drug craving is

A compulsion to take a drug

There are sex differences in incidence and symptomology of which disorder(s) in children?

ADHD, Autism, Asperger's syndrome

What are typical places of employment for behavioral neuroscientists?

Academia, Government, Industry

Immune or inflammatory responses may be related to brain damage associated with

Alzheimer's Disease, Multiple sclerosis, Meningitis

What is monoamine oxidase?

An enzyme involved in metabolism of catecholamines and indolamines

What is true about amnesia?

Anterograde amnesia is a failure to remember events after the trauma.

In which part of the neuron are synaptic vesicles found?

Axon terminal

What is the main difference between Asperger's Syndrome and Autism?

Better language and communication abilities in Asperger's

Behavioral neuroscience is also known as

Biopsychology

Cones in the retina form synapses with which of the following cell types?

Bipolar cells

Which of the following is not considered a major anxiety disorder?

Bipolar disorder

Which of the following statements is correct regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

CSF cushions the brain and spinal cord against injury, The brain floats within the CSF, CSF is produced by the choroid plexus

Epigenetics

Can be described as the study of how heritable changes are caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence, Involve long-lasting, even intergenerational effects, Can be described as the study of how non-genetic factors cause the organism's genes to express themselves differently

Which of the following supports the "dopamine hypothesis" of schizophrenia?

Chlorpromazine is an effective antipsychotic drug and blocks dopamine receptors, Reserpine depletes brain dopamine and has antipsychotic properties, Chronic administration of amphetamine can induce psychotic symptoms

Which of the following structures is not part of the external or middle ear?

Cochlea

The clinical effectiveness of typical antipsychotics/antischizophrenic drugs is positively correlated with the degree to which they bind to

D2 receptors

Which of the following is necessary for the process of apoptosis?

Death genes being expressed

Which of the following indicates the proper order of neural transmission in a neuron?

Dendrite, cell body, axon, terminal button.

What neurotransmitter has been implicated in ADHD?

Dopamine

There is only a stereotaxic apparatus for rats.

False

The antianxiety effects of benzodiazepines are related to effects on receptors for which transmitter?

GABA

What neurotransmitter is critical for long-term potentiation?

Glutamate

Which of the following would be considered the "high road" response (according to LeDoux) to a bear appearing at your picnic?

Grabbing pots and pans to make lots of noise

Methylphenidate (aka Ritalin)

Has paradoxical calming effects in those with ADHD

Which statement best illustrates the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Indirectly, laughing causes you to feel happy.

Which route of administration is associated with the most rapid onset of drug action?

Intravenous

In 1957, this monoamine oxidase inhibitor became the first drug to be marketed as an antidepressant:

Iproniazid

Retrograde labeling

Is a method that labels cell bodies that give rise to the terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in a particular region

The loss of function found in HM tells us what about the medial temporal lobe?

It is important for consolidation of memory

Which of the following can postpone the appearance of Alzheimer's disease?

Mental activity and Physical activity

You want to be able to view the neural structures that lie on the midline of the brain. In which view of the brain would you be able to see the corpus callosum, the pituitary, and the cerebellum?

Midsagittal plane

Following birth, most cells born in the dentate gyrus of adults

Migrate to other regions of the hippocampus

Which disease is associated with selective degradation of myelin?

Multiple sclerosis

Some neurons lack which of the following components?

Myelin

The speed of the action potential is determined by

Myelin sheaths, saltatory conduction, length of axon

Which of the following is true of schizophrenia?

Negative symptoms, such as deficits in movement, are not specific to schizophrenia and can occur in other neurological disorders

Which of the following is a major dopaminergic pathway:

Nigrostriatal, Mesolimbic, Mesocortical

Which of the following has not been found to demonstrate a circadian rhythm?

None of the above; they all demonstrate a circadian rhythm (Body temperature, Hormone secretion, Activity levels)

Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study?

Observing the effects of giving a drug to some rats but not to others

Which of the following operations in animals produces a state that serves as a model of human depression?

Olfactory bulbectomy

In an experiment with hamsters, one day the light timer is changed so that the lights now switch on and then off 6 hours earlier than before. The animals will show which of the following responses?

Phase shift

Which of the following classes of drugs is not used to treat depression?

Phenothiazines

What can easily cross the placental barrier and may alter development of the fetus?

Prescription drugs, Cocaine, Alcohol

Golgi stains

Produce sparse and random staining of entire cell bodies and dendrites, Can be used to count dendritic spines, Are useful for determining extent of dendritic branching

What is a similarity between Parkinson's and Huntington's Disease?

Progressive damage in the basal ganglia

What type of glial cells are only found during brain development?

Radial glia

HM had normal function for the following cognitive parameters EXCEPT what?

Retrieval of recent autobiographical memories

Which of the following drugs has been shown to inhibit markedly the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

SSRIs

We discussed the role of androgens for aggressive responding. Which of the following transmitters has been especially implicated in the control of aggression?

Serotonin

How is neuronal activity measured in rodent subjects in an experiment?

Staining of an immediate early gene, c-fos

Which of the following was not an outcome of the Schacter and Singer experiment?

Subjects exposed to an angry confederate were more likely to report feeling elated.

Sister Bernadette can be considered an example of:

Successful cognitive aging, despite Alzheimer's like deposition of plaques and tangles

Where are neurotransmitters packaged

Synaptic vesicles

If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which of the following occur?

The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.

Which of the following is true of the facial expression of emotion?

The facial expression of emotion involves the right hemisphere more than the left hemisphere., Facial expressions of emotion are the same in blind children as in sighted children., These appear to involve unlearned behavior patterns, as suggested by Darwin.

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are catecholamines with a common precursor

True

With drug tolerance, there is often a shift in the dose-response curve to the right.

True

A cortical motor neuron becomes active in response to

a particular movement in space. and contraction of a particular muscle.

Immunocytochemistry techniques take advantage of the specific affinity of antibodies for

a peptide or protein molecule

An imaging study of the brains of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder revealed

a reduction in the volume of the right hippocampus

Neurofibrillary tangles are

abnormal tangles of neurofilaments, including tau protein

Patients with Alzheimer's disease gradually lose many of the basal forebrain neurons that produce the transmitter

acetylcholine

If drug A is found to bind to a certain type of receptor more strongly than drug B does, then drug A is said to have greater

affinity

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression

are parallel processes, have no direct causal relation, are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli

The electrical impulse that stimulates neurotransmitter release, thereby transmitting information to other neurons, arises in the

axon hillock.

The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus compose the

basal ganglia.

If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day length or temperature, their circannual rhythms will

become free-running.

Action potentials

begin by the opening of voltage-activated sodium channels and are "all-or-none"

Lithium has often been used as a treatment for

bipolar affective disorder.

The punch-drunk syndrome typically results from the cumulative effects of many minor

concussions.

Aristotle believed that the brain's major function was to

cool the blood (hence cool emotions)

People who have used a particular dose of a drug several times may develop a similar response to the same dosage of other drugs in the same class. This is an example of

cross-tolerance

The symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with _______ activity in the _______ lobes.

decreased; frontal

Most addictive substances, increase _________ levels in the nucleus accumbens.

dopamine

Descartes's philosophy was called

dualism

The limbic system plays an important role in

emotion

Nature is to nurture as

genetics is to experience

Which pair of transmitters are the primary excitatory and inhibitory (respectively) transmitters in the brain?

glutamate; GABA

The auditory stimulus is transduced into electrical signals (i.e. transduction) by the

hair cells.

One perspective on drug addiction proposes that a feature shared by all habit-forming drugs is that they

have strong rewarding properties

According to the lecture, all of the following are components of an emotional response EXCEPT

hunger

Damage to the right hemisphere

impairs recognition of emotions expressed by others.

Most axons of the retinal ganglion cells terminate in the

lateral geniculate nucleus.

CT and MRI brain scans indicate that schizophrenic patients are likely to have:

lateral ventricles that are twice the size of controls

In comparison with the REM sleep of adults, the REM sleep of young children

makes up a greater proportion of the overall amount of sleep

Match up the correct receptor type and effect:

metabotropic; 2nd messenger effects in neuron

The vestibular system informs the brain about

movement and position of the body.

Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to the

orbitofrontal cortex.

The persistence with which patients with posttraumatic stress disorder recall traumatic memories may be a result of

overconsolidation of memories, or a failure of extinction.

The study of the movement of drugs through the body is termed:

pharmacokinetics

An organism's observable traits are referred to as its

phenotype.

The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep

pontine

A patient is sometimes injected with radioactive 2-deoxyglucose before

positron emission tomography.

Along with behavioral symptoms, at present, the only way to identify Alzheimer's disease with confidence is through

postmortem examination of brain

We have discussed the three main steps for neurogenesis during early development. What steps occur with adult neurogenesis?

proliferation of neural precursor cells, migration of newly born cells, integration and connections formed in existing neural networks

The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts is known as

reductionism.

Abnormal visual tracking of moving objects is a symptom associated with

schizophrenia.

The drug Prozac is an example of a

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Behavioral neuroscience

spans several scientific disciplines

The eight-arm radial maze is used primarily for tests of

spatial learning and memory.

Soldiers training for parachute jumps have shown

spike in norepinephrine before the first day's jump.

In healthy young adults, nearly half of all sleep time is spent in

stage 2 SWS

The physical gap that carries a neural message between two nerve cells is the:

synapse

Galen's views about the bodily origins of behavior were based on his observations of

the effects of head injuries in gladiators

The attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by

the immediate onset of REM.

Dendrites are

the input zone of a nerve cell.

A membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge between

the inside and outside of a cell.

"Methylation" refers to

the lasting inactivation of a gene.

Brain scans of an individual listening to speech sounds is likely to show activation of

the primary auditory area, portions of the thalamus, portions of the midbrain

Introduction of the atypical antipsychotics has been beneficial because

they do not produce Parkinsonian side effects.

In the mirror treatment of phantom limb pain (which is difficult to treat), the visual illusion

tricks the brain into thinking it is controlling the amputated limb.

It has been proposed that SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, which _______ the reticular formation.

tuberomammilary nucleus; actively inhibits

The sleep of dolphins and birds is similar in that both display

unilateral sleep

Prevalence rates for _______ are much higher for women than for men.

unipolar depression

Withdrawal symptoms produced by abstinence from a drug are

usually opposite to the effects of the drug itself

Sensory conflict theory argues that we feel bad when we receive contradictory sensory messages. Passengers on an airplane in turbulence may experience an uncomfortable conflict between _______ and _______ information

vestibular; visual

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

was originally developed as an antihistamine, but was first antipsychotic marketed