BEHV 5613

What are the ways that we typically think of wrong? (Select all that apply)

A lack of correspondence what is said and what actually happened. A lack of correspondence between what we believe to be right and what we actually do. We don't know the law and its applications, or we willfully choose to violate the law.

What is meant by the statement that behavior analysts have ethical obligations to address the social significance of certain treatments, such as aversive treatments in more severe behavioral disabilities? (Select all that apply)

A moral position must be adjudicated with the data reports.. Scientific knowledge must allow for both fallibility and alternatives, regardless of the continued success..

Which of the following are arguments opposing the "right to choice"? (Select all that apply)

Abridging personal liberties in order to teach independent living skills is an appropriate trade off. The freedom to choose may hold back individuals with developmental disabilities from learning independent living skills. Individuals with developmental disabilities may make bad choices.

Consider the following scenario, Aleid is a new BCBA who is meeting with parents who are seeking services for their child. During their first interview, the parents bring up some concerns with Aleid, stating that they have heard from their friends that ABA is abusive, that practitioners of ABA will use aversive treatments to change behavior quickly for their own benefit, and that it leaves their children traumatized. They want to know if this is the case for all ABA practitioners and how Aleid would treat their child. Which of the following is an appropriate response for Aleid to give these parents?

Aleid should explain to the parents that while there is a history of unethical conduct with behavior analytic practitioners in the past, the Behavior Analytic Certification Board has since created a strict ethical code which emphasizes placing the wellbeing of the client above everything else, and that Aleid follows the code whenever possible.

Generally speaking, men tend towards an ethics of _________ , while women tend towards an ethics of _________ . Typically, men care most that _____________________ , while women care most that __________________ .

Answer 1: justice Answer 2: care Answer 3: everyone is treated the same Answer 4: no one is hurt

What tests can be applied to determine whether wrongdoing is involved? (Select all that apply)

Are codes of conduct involved?Would somebody I look up to for their moral character do this? Is lawbreaking involved?How would you feel if your actions became public?Does it go against your personal moral code?

Kidder cites what factor as the "great danger" that lies in the hands of ordinary people?

At a critical moment, we may not realize we are are walking into moral temptation.

Consider the following scenario, Chidi is a BCBA whose client, Chelsea, engages in high rates of stereotypy in the form of hand flapping. Chelsea's parents have given their consent for Chidi to run a program that would involve putting gloves on Chelsea's hands to reduce her hand flapping while doing work. After running this program with Chelsea a few times, when Chidi brings out the gloves to put on Chelsea's hands, she engages in escape behaviors such as eloping and turning away from Chidi. Chidi continues to run the program and after several weeks his graphs show that when Chelsea is wearing the gloves her hand flapping decreases. Is Chelsea giving consent, assent, or both in participating in this program, and why?

Chelsea is unable to give consent due to being a child and not having the capacity to do so. She is not assenting to participating in this program because her behavior shows that she would rather engage in alternative behaviors to escape putting gloves on rather than approaching the gloves and showing signs of wanting to wear them.

From a behavior-analytic perspective, which of the following are true? (Select all that apply)

Choice is anything but free. Choice and options in life are valued. Choice is a function of historical and existing reinforcement and punishment contingencies.

Why is professional relativism permissible in both fact and prudence?

Different professions involve different goals, differential training, specific services to society, and require ethical conduct that adjudicates between philosophical morality, normative ethics, and practical application and contextualization.

Which of the following is true when considering ethics as they apply to specific disciplines and professions?

Each discipline and profession has underlying core values that lend well to the analysis described in this book.

If it isn't illegal, it must be ethical.

False

KIdder puts forth the idea that it is worth distinguishing between morals and ethics, but it is NOT worth distinguishing between morals and manners.

False

Obeying the law is the equivalent of behaving ethically.

False

The three modes of decision making described in this chapter provide detailed formulas for action.

False

Those who are raised in more affluent families are less likely to cheat.

False

We should abandon the framework of basic, shared prohibitions because all ethics are relative.

False

When examining ethical dilemmas, the long-term should always be prioritized over the short-term.

False

Consider the following scenario, Floriana is a BCBA who has been practicing for almost 10 years. She prides herself on keeping up to date with recent research, as well as attending ABA conferences at least once a year to ensure she is providing the best possible treatment to her clients. Floriana's coworkers report that she always comes to work on time, attends her parent training sessions, leads clinic ethics training classes, and acknowledges and corrects her mistakes. Her service delivery often includes her making treatment decisions such as reinforcer selection, and program implementation on her own without consulting her client's stakeholders, so that she knows the best decision is made. Floriana makes sure to consult with other professionals such as physicians and speech-language pathologists to ensure that her client's treatment is as effective as possible. Which of the four core principles is Floriana neglecting to follow, and why?

Floriana is neglecting to treat others with compassion, dignity, and respect, because her client's stakeholders have the right to be involved with their child's treatment development.

Why does Socrates stand out in the history of the study of ethics? (Select all that apply)

He introduced the meaning of the "Good Life" and tried to figure out the goal of human life. He used consistent, universal, non-relative, and predictive answers in his study of ethics rather than supernatural answers.

In the story about Floyd, Kidder talks about some specific factors that helped him have the courage to act ethically. Which of the following were listed as reasons he acted ethically in this situation? (Select all that apply)

He knew that the culture of his firm supported ethical behavior. He wanted to do what was in the best long-term interest of the firm.

Which of the following does Josiah Royce list as being reasons that people show loyalty? (Select all that apply)

I'm loyal because I am being paid. I'm loyal for emotional reasons.I'm loyal due to my allegiance to a group. I'm loyal due to my political beliefs.

Match each of the following statements with the shorthand label described by Kidder.

Imagine how you would feel if you were the recipient of your actions (care). Do what leads to the greatest good for the greatest number (ends). Follow the principle that you want everyone else to follow (rules). Requires one to predict outcomes and consider the consequences (ends). Stick to your principles, despite the consequences (rules).

Which of the following does Kidder assert, either himself or by quoting others, regarding relativism? (Select all that apply)

In the end, ideas seep down to the level of practice. Some arguments are more firmly grounded in fact and reason than others.

Research on choice and behavior has led to which of the following findings? (Select all that apply)

Individuals frequently choose situations in which choice is available. Individuals participate more in activities when opportunities for choice are available. Opportunities to make choices may improve performance.

Recognizing that there is a moral issue requires us to discriminate between which of the following questions? (Select all that apply)

Is their truly a moral issue being faced? Is this actually a question about manners and social conventions? Is this actually a question about conflicting economic, technological, and aesthetic values?

What characterizes an effective code of ethics? (Select all that apply)

It centers on moral values. It can be expressed in many ways (e.g., positive vs. negative, a series of words vs. statements) It is brief.

How does the process of categorizing a dilemma into a paradigm guide us to make difficult choices? (Select all that apply)

It helps us to see past the unnecessary details and into the core issue. Reducing dilemmas into common patterns helps us to see the similarity with other problems and how it is a workable problem. It helps us separate right vs. right issues from right vs. wrong issues.

In which of the following ways does Kidder describe character as having both a personal and social aspect? (Select all that apply)

It is staying ethically fit through interactions with others. It is what you communicate to others about yourself. There are benefits from being part of a culture that values ethical behavior.

Which of the following are included in John Gardner's list of ingredients of successful communities? (Select all that apply)

Leadership tasks are shared such that there is individual involvement in the pursuit of shared purpose. Groups can face and resolve differences without fragmenting. Norms and values are explicit and there are many opportunities to express values in relevant action. Members are nurtured and protected which leads to a feeling that everybody wins.

Which of the following are arguments in favor of the "right to choice"? (Select all that apply)

Legislation guarantees it. Making choices prepares clients to live in the community.

Masha is an RBT working in a classroom for students who are severely affected by disabilities. Masha's primary responsibility is working with Jack who is fourteen years old and is not toilet trained. When Jack soils his diaper, Masha is shown how to have Jack lie down on a mat in the communal bathroom where she can help to clean him up. Which of the following options would best reflect the highest level of moral thinking based on Kohlberg's work on the moral development children?

Masha advocates for there to be a private place where she can clean Jack up without others seeing this process.

Can we do science without ethics? (Select all that apply)

No, and we don't lose objectivity as a science when we engage in ethics; our virtues of objectivity get higher. No, because science is a profession and has inherent interests and values that are fine-tuned into it.

Kidder asserts that most wrongdoing arises from immorality. Immorality arises from our actions being out of sync with our values. Why does Kidder suggest that this lack of correspondence occurs?

Our values have not been adequately defined.

Why does Dr. Figueroa refer to science and ethics as "fraternal twins," beginning with much activity in Ancient Greece? (Select all that apply)

Philosophers studying science and ethics ignored the common customs and questioned them. Philosophers were asking questions about science and ethics that the average person couldn't ask. Philosophers were using reason to answer their questions about science and ethics.

What is meant by the statement that the behavior analyst is contributing to some sense of the Good?

The behavior analyst is in a privileged social position to raise social consciousness about the human and moral relationships that can be gained for and from communities of disability..

What are some ethical problems for behavior analysts in regards to problems, conundrums, paradoxes, and obligations? (Select all that apply)

The behavior analyst must adjudicate between professional generalizations in ethical codes and individual instances. The behavior analyst must abide the disabled individual as a moral subject. The behavior analyst must assess the levels of moral agency available to the individual and how to appropriately adjust treatments. The behavior analyst represents a moral example to the individual.

"According dignity" refers to the professional responsibility to treat client wishes with importance, to communicate with clients about their preferences, to address client communication deficits in order to increase their ability to get their wants and needs met, and to treat clients with respect. Which of the following show a behavior analyst following the ethical principle "according dignity"? (Select all that apply)

The behavior analyst requested that a high school student be present for a portion of their Individual Education Plan meeting. The behavior analyst implemented an assertiveness program with a non-vocal child. The behavior analyst asked an adult client to help make a morning schedule.

What are some truths in the relationship between agency and subjects for a behavior analyst and her client? (Select all that apply)

The behavior analyst still has moral obligations to the client, but the client does not have to reciprocate. There is diminished moral agency for the client, but it is not completely absent. A goal of the behavior analyst is to increase the client's moral agency because without this the client is left in an undignified condition.

Which of the following are asserted by Kidder regarding ethics and definitions? (Select all that apply)

The majority of people can recognize good. For ethics to be applicable, it must be viewed as the stuff of daily life.

Matter is the subject matter of natural philosophy, and The Good is the subject matter of ethics. What are some similarities between how these disciplines approach their subject matter? (Select all that apply)

They are anti-common sense; they did not rely upon cultural myths to answer their questions. They were skeptical of Manifest Images (human nature). They are approached with a universal and logical consistency, maintaining their elements/nature in all instances. They are anti-relativism.

The author discusses which of the following as being characteristic of "tough choices"? (Select all that apply)

They contrast two possibilities that both could be considered right. They require us to consider our deepest values

Why can it sometimes be problematic to consider the stakeholders when determining the actors? (Select all that apply)

They may fail to consider care-based and rules-based thinking as part of their decision. They may only consider ends-based utilitarianism.

How does the author of this textbook define "good" people? (Select all that apply)

They seem to have a deep core of ethical values. They seem to struggle over issues that some people might not even recognize as problems. They are aware of a sense of vision.

BCBAs cheating on their schoolwork is NOT a victimless crime. This is because, like doctors, they need to know what they are doing since they will have a significant impact on the lives of those they serve.

True

If we find it difficult to categorize an issue into one of the common "right vs. right" dilemma paradigms, this likely means that it is actually a right vs. wrong issue.

True

Loyalty typically involves fidelity to a person or concept(s) that is strong enough to resist belief in contrary facts.

True

The story about Gray indicates that he wants to avoid even the appearance of doing something wrong.

True

In what ways is the truth typically misreported? (Select all that apply)

We report things happened that did not.We don't report the entire truth or we leave out important details. We obscure a relevant and important truth with other less important truths.

What happens as we move through the levels of the analysis of ethics? (Select all that apply)

We take our moral rules and make them usable to practitioners. Moral virtues operate differently. The field is narrowed and practicality of the rules becomes more apparent.

Why is ethical relativism impermissible for dominance of the philosophical tradition?

When pushed to the extremes, ethical relativism doesn't have much substance due to the kinds of implications it would have in society.

Consider the following scenario Zephaniel is a behavior practitioner working with children with ASD in a clinical setting. Zephaniel is working with his client, Joceline, on decreasing her food restrictions with a food expansion program. This program consists of giving Joceline foods that she has not tried before, or may not prefer, and if she successfully consumes a small amount of the new or non-preferred food, she receives a highly preferred edible. Joceline's parents have requested from Zephaniel that if she spits a piece of food out, to throw that piece of food away and not have her try to eat it again, as she does not like to eat pieces of food that have previously been in her mouth or partially chewed. Zephaniel feels like this is a waste of food and that she should work past this preference, so he continues to offer the spit out pieces of food to Joceline, and even saves them in her lunchbox for later snack times and meals. Which of the following statements about the previous scenario are true? Select all that apply.

Zephaniel is placing his personal ethics and moral principles above his professional ethics. Zephaniel is not placing his role as a practitioner before his role as an individual.

Based on Wyatt v. Stickney, which of the following standards did the court set? (Select all that apply)

a humane physical environment. individualized habilitation plans. assurance of enough qualified staff to administer adequate treatment.

What kind of relationship exists between agency and subjects?

a reciprocal relationship

Why is it important to eventually revisit your decision? (Select all that apply)

adjusts the moral compass. provides new examples for moral discussion. builds expertise.

What is included in the second set of ethical problems for a behavior analysis? What is included in the second set of ethical problems for a behavior analysis? (Select all that apply)

advocacy, science, practitioners

Natural philosophy and ethics were born of the same parentage of anti- relativism. Today, it is becoming harder to objectively define The Good, a problem that Socrates and his colleagues also shared. Why is this so?

because they have so many ethical levels and there are many different cultures to account for

What does Kidder assert that we must do to be ethically fit? (Select all that apply)

being committed to caring. being mentally engaged in grappling with the tough issues.

How do we determine moral agency/ who is a moral agent?

by determining if there is a moral psychology present: can they do the things we ask of them in our moral theory?

The most satisfactory way to resolve ethical dilemmas is to examine things in what manner?

by finding a middle ground between subjective and objective

Emiliano has just found out that his friend is cheating on her husband. He decides that he wants to tell the husband because he would want to know if his wife was cheating. Which principle is Emiliano using to make this decision?

care-based thinking

Which of the following choice situations has resulted in individuals demonstrating less problem behavior? (Select all that apply)

choice of materials. choice of reinforcers. choice of instructional pace. choice of task.

Most laws make funding contingent on which of the following? (Select all that apply)

compliance with specific habilitative standards. provision of an attractive living environment. provision of a safe living environment. teaching independent living skills.

We can be prepared for moral dilemmas that may arise if recognize our ___________ values.

core

In behavior analysis, our clients have rights, e.g. the right to treatment, right to privacy, right to not be coerced, etc. What our some of our rights as behavior analysts? (Select all that apply)

d. Right to not change my data if pressured by colleagues. c. Right to not accept gifts if pressured by clients. a. Right to not be harmed. b. Right to maintain ethical code on my profession

Please match each of the following descriptors to the type of thinking.

do what's best for the greatest number of people (ends) follow your highest sense of principle (rule) do what you want others to do to you (care) deontological (rule) putting ourselves in another's shoes (care) utilitarianism (ends) right and wrong can be assessed by examining consequences (ends) Golden Rule (care) teleological philosophy (ends) criterion of reversibility (care) I ought never to act except in a way that I can also will that my maxim should become universal law (rule) act on our highest sense of inner conscience (rule) our actions conform to certain large patterns which can be converted into universal principles of action (rule)

The dichotomy between science and the humanities, objective and subjective is a type of ___________ that is enforced by the two- part aptitude exams for college-bound students in the USA.

dualism

The author talks about which of the following principles as providing different lenses through which we can view our ethical dilemmas? (Select all that apply)

ends-based thinking, care-based thinking, rules-based thinking

What is one feature of a legitimate profession?

having codified ethics, policies, and appropriate practice

Which of the following are among the first three steps Kidder mentions as underlying ethical decision making? (Select all that apply)

identify that an issue requires attention. gather the relevant facts. determine if I am morally obligated and responsible to do anything regarding a moral dilemma.

Which of the following "imponderables" factor into ethical decision making? (Select all that apply)

judgement. moral awareness. perception. discrimination. character.

On the topic of justice vs. mercy, Rawls talks about love being fine when only one person is in focus. However, "The difficulty is that the love of several persons is thrown into confusion once the claims of these persons are in conflict." It is in this case that ____________ must rise above ____________ .

justice, mercy

What is one result of our obligation to serve society? (Select all that apply)

larger moral obligations. certain privileges

What is legal relativism?

laws devised by different societies and contexts relative to the contextual social ethics and moral justifications

Aristotle put forth the idea that to have excellent moral virtue, we must have the quality of aiming at the ____________.

middle

Does cultural relativism imply ethical relativism?

no

Lawrence Kohlberg posited a theory regarding the moral development of children. Which of the following describes the highest and final stage of moral development?

personal commitment to principles such as justice, equal human rights, and individual dignity.

What is natural philosophy? (Select all that apply)

philosophy that uses natural terms and keeps these terms consistent, using logical reasoning. philosophy that asks questions about the nature of nature.

Which level of the analysis of ethics is of our most concern as behavior analysts?

practical ethics

According to Amitai Etzioni, "It is through community that we find ____________ for our moral inclinations and provide reinforcement to our fellow human beings."

reinforcement

Kidder describes ethical dilemmas in what manner?

right vs. right decisions where two moral values are in conflict

Which of the following are variables that can influence a service provider's decisions regarding client recommendations? (Select all that apply)

satisfying the client's family members. meeting the needs of other consumers. meeting standards for habilitation. being cost effective

When it comes to environmentalism, conservation vs. development falls mostly under which type of ethical dilemma?

short term vs. long term

According to Kidder, which of the dilemmas involve counting? (Select all that apply)

short term vs. long term, self vs. community

The rightness or wrongness of an act is determined only by the morality of one's own motives or intentions in a given situation. This describes ___________ ethics.

situation

Which of the following are ways that a client's personal liberties can be compromised by service providers? (Select all that apply)

teaching behavior without regard for client preference or past learning. limiting the opportunities for clients to make choices. limiting client input regarding treatment goals.

After determining that you are not deciding between right and wrong, what are the next two steps? (Select all that apply)

test for right vs. right paradigms to help guide you. consider the three resolution principles.

Which of the following could be argued to be personal liberties? (Select all that apply)

the freedom to do what one pleases. the freedom to be left alone. freedom from bodily restraint. the freedom to choose between a variety of options without coercion.

What does each level of ethical analysis track back to?

the other levels

Lord Moulton described the ethical middle ground as what?

the region of obedience to the unenforceable

To whom do moral rules apply? (Select all that apply)

to those who have an empathetic imagination. to those who are autonomous. to those who are aware of and concerned for actions that may harm others. to those who are self-conscious.

Kidder has done significant work with individuals discussing core values. Which values consistently appear on the lists that such groups develop? (Select all that apply)

tolerance, love, truth, fairness

The role of the decision process is not always to determine which of two courses of action to take. Sometimes, the best alternative is to find a third course of action which forms the middle ground between two less acceptable solutions. This is referred to in the book as a ___________.

trilemma

Which one of the following does Kidder describe as being the downfall of states, treaties, and other agreements?

trust

Tasha's friend, Mandy, is a BCBA who encouraged Tasha to become an RBT and then helped her to get a position at the company where Mandy works. Tasha has become friendly with another RBT who works under Mandy's supervision. She told Tasha that Mandy filled out a data sheet to indicate a student was doing better than she really was to help the child continue to receive funding. Tasha isn't sure whether to report Mandy or talk to her directly about it. Which of the following is the best way in which this dilemma could be categorized?

truth vs. loyalty

The author considers it helpful to categorize dilemmas into which of the following common paradigms? (Select all that apply)

truth vs. loyalty, justice vs. mercy, individual vs. community, short-term vs. long-term

Regarding regulation, Kidder asserts we are choosing between which of the following TWO options? (Select all that apply)

unenforceable self-regulation. enforceable legal regulation

It is easier to get agreement on the level of _________ than on the level of ___________ .

values, tactics

What are some ways to avoid harm, disrespect, and abuse of power when using our code of ethics as professionals? (Select all that apply)

we will know if our code isn't good enough if it is hindering our work, or that we are not using our code of ethics properly. by acting as a critic of our own ethics and time.

Which of the following are main issues concerning personal liberties? (Select all that apply)

whether it is in the clients' best interest to exercise personal liberties. whether service providers allow clients personal liberties