BI.2.1.4 Carbohydrates 2: energy storage

What do two alpha glucose molecules bonded together make?

A disaccharide called maltose

What does starch consist of?

A mixture of long,straight chain amylose molecules and branches amylpectin

How is respiration written?

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Linkages between alpha and beta glucose

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Structure of amylase

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Structure of glycogen

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linkage between alpha glucose units

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structure of amylose

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structure of glycogen

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Animals and plants have enzymes that break _____ glucose only. Plant and animal enzymes cannot break down ____ glucose because of its different arrangement of the _ and __ at C1. So animals and plants can use _____ glucose for respiration but not ____ glucose. This is because enzyme function is based on ______.

Animals and plants have enzymes that break alpha glucose only. Plant and animal enzymes cannot break down beta glucose because of its different arrangement of the H and OH at C1. So animals and plants can use alpha glucose for respiration but not beta glucose. This is because enzyme function is based on shape.

Glycogen is significantly more branched than amylopectin. Explain how this difference is important to animals

Animals have a higher demand for energy to support movement of muscles. Increased branching in glycogen means more ends giving access to retrieve glucose from the storage molecules more easily

Both _____ and ________ are made by bonding many thousands of _____ glucose molecules together, they are described as ______ storage molecules

Both starch and glycogen are made by bonding many thousands of alpha glucose molecules together, they are described as energy storage molecules

Why are glycogen and starch called storage molecules, whereas alpha glucose is termed an energy source?

Glucose can enter the respiratory pathway that generates ATP. Glycogen and starch must first be broken down to glucose before the glucose can be respired. Glycogen and starch are insoluble in water so do not cause osmosis in the cells where they are stored.

Glucose molecules contain a large number of bonds that can be broken to form simpler molecules. The breaking of glucose into simpler molecules of water and carbon dioxide in ____________ releases energy. This energy can be used to make ___.

Glucose molecules contain a large number of bonds that can be broken to form simpler molecules. The breaking of glucose into simpler molecules of water and carbon dioxide in respiration releases energy. This energy can be used to make ATP.

Glycogen differs from amylopectin because the _-_ linked __________ chains in glycogen tend to be ____________ and have many more __________ extending from the chain. This means that glycogen is more compact that starch and forms __________ granules in animal cells, especially liver and________ cells

Glycogen differs from amylopectin because the 1-4 linked glucose chains in glycogen tend to be shorter and have many more branches extending from the chain. This means that glycogen is more compact that starch and forms glycogen granules in animal cells, especially liver and muscle cells

Glycogen is sometimes refereed to as animal _______. It is identical to ______ in that it is made up of _____-glucose subunits. It is also a large, _________ molecule that can be broken down to release the __________ to be __________.

Glycogen is sometimes refereed to as animal starch. It is identical to starch in that it is made up of alpha-glucose subunits. It is also a large, branched molecule that can be broken down to release the glucose to be respired.

What do polysaccherides consist of?

Hundreds of monosaccheride monomers bonded together to form a single large molecule

Where is starch stored in plants?

In chloroplasts and in starch grains

What contain a lot of starch in plants?

Plant storage organs

What are polysaccharides?

Polymers of monosaccharides

What are polysaccherides?

Polymers of monosaccherides

Starch and glycogen do not _________, so the stored ________ does not affect the water __________ of the cell. This feature is vital in both plants and animals, as_______ stored in a cell as free molecules would _________ and _______ the water potential

Starch and glycogen do not dissolve, so the stored glucose does not affect the water potential of the cell. This feature is vital in both plants and animals, as glucose stored in a cell as free molecules would dissolve and reduce the water potential

Starch and glycogen hold ________ molecules in chains so they can easily be broken off from the ends to provide _________ for ___________ when needed

Starch and glycogen hold glucose molecules in chains so they can easily be broken off from the ends to provide glucose for respiration when needed

Starch consists of a mixture of long, straight-chain molecules and branched ______________. Starch in plants is a mixture of ________ and _____________. It is stored in ____________ and elsewhere in the plant cell in membrane-bound ______ grains. The cells of plant storage organs contain a lot of ______ grains. Starch can be broken down to ____________ molecules, which may then be respired to release energy.

Starch consists of a mixture of long, straight-chain molecules and branched amylopectin. Starch in plants is a mixture of amylose and amypectin. It is stored in chloroplasts and elsewhere in the plant cell in membrane-bound starch grains. The cells of plant storage organs contain a lot of starch grains. Starch can be broken down to glucose molecules, which may then be respired to release energy.

The breaking down of __________ in living organisms take place in a series of many steps. Each step is driven by a specific enzyme. In order to be able to use glucose in _____________ an organism must have enzymes that can specifically break the __________ molecule.

The breaking down of glucose in living organisms take place in a series of many steps. Each step is driven by a specific enzyme. In order to be able to use glucose in respiration an organism must have enzymes that can specifically break the glucose molecule.

The long chains of _______ coil into a spring because of the shape of the ________ molecules and the formation of the ____________ bonds. This makes amylose quite compact. Iodine molecules can become trapped in the coils of the spring. This causes iodine to change colour from _______ to ____. This is the basics of the starch test

The long chains of amylose coil into a spring because of the shape of the glucose molecules and the formation of the glycosidic bonds. This makes amylose quite compact. Iodine molecules can become trapped in the coils of the spring. This causes iodine to change colour from yellow to blue. This is the basics of the starch test

The same condensation reaction can be carried out over and over again to join ________ molecules together, so forming a molecule called ________. Amylose can consist of many thousands of ________ molecules bonded together. The __________ bond between all the glucose sunbits occurs between carbon 1 of the molecule and carbon number 4 of the next. So its often called _,_ glycosidic bond

The same condensation reaction can be carried out over and over again to join glucose molecules together, so forming a molecule called amylose. Amylose can consist of many thousands of glucose molecules bonded together. The glycosidic bond between all the glucose sunbits occurs between carbon 1 of the molecule and carbon number 4 of the next. So its often called 1,4 glycosidic bond

What is an important feature of large molecules?

They are non-water soluble

What do polysaccharides consist of?

hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide monomers bounded together to form a single large molecule