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Bible Science Final

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4. What kind of God or gods does Einstein consider to be impossible, based on his vision of the essence of science? Why is this kind of God impossible?

55. Describe the elements mentioned in the "dethronement of man" story that science seemed to be telling, at least up until the discovery of the anthropic coincidences.

7. Walton's reasoning in Proposition 6 depends on the Masoretic vowel points, which were not used in the earliest Hebrew texts and would not have been fixed in the Masoretic form until somewhere in the mid-first millennium CE. Without vowel points, indefinite and definite article noun forms are much more ambiguous. How would this impact Walton's arguments? (not discussed in the text - a question for you to think through.)

85. What are similar and different in the ways Hebrews talks about Melchizedek and the way Paul talks about Adam, according to Walton? What are his reasons?

89. What problem for Walton's argument arises from Israel's practice of male-only priesthood, and how does Walton address it?

92. In what ancient texts does Walton find true parallels to the Eden accounts? What parallels does he explore?

98. How does Walton view what happened in the fall, and how does his view differ from more traditional views?

52. In chapter 8, what West Asian and Egyptian texts does Walton appeal to to illustrate the link between building the temple and making the cosmos function?

????

150. What is a biomorph in the program that Dawkins invented?

A biomorph is an animal embryo, the "trees" he creates with his program to represent embryonic development and the effects of genes.

163. What are the main biblical arguments in favor of the literary framework view?

a. Genesis 1:1 is an intro statement. b. 1:2 sets forth the problem the rest of the chapter is going to solve (the world is chaos) c. Creation is divided into 2 groups. a. 1-3 and 4-6 each group has 4 creative acts b. 1-3 addresses darkness, deep, and formlessness c. 4-6 addresses the voidness by filling it with stuff

159. What objections to the day-age view are listed and how do defenders of it respond?

f. Enumerated "days" were used in Genesis 1. Some think yom can refer to an infinite period of time if it doesn't have a number in front of it. This is not a grammatical rule in the Hebrew language, even if it does refer to days everywhere else we shouldn't think that applies to Genesis 1 because it referes to human days, not God's time. g. The use of "evening" and "morning" suggest a 24 hour period, but the sun doesn't appear until the 4th day states that "evening" and "morning" cannot be taken literally, but they refer to the beginning and ending of epochs or ages. h. The world 'olam refers to an epoch or age, which isn't used in Genesis 1. However, yom have been used to mean epoch or era in other places in the Old Testament, and it is not clear that 'olam could refer to "epoch" or era in the biblical times. i. Death entered the World with Adam. However, geological evidence suggests that animal death happened before human death. Paul talks about humans in Romans 5 not the entire animal kingdom and all vegetation, and the "death" that Paul refers to doesn't have to be a physical death, but rather a spiritual death. j. The length of the Sabbath matches God's original Sabbath, the 24 hours of rest. In Exodus the length of the Sabbath isn't important, but the idea of the Sabbath rest is.

3. How do day 2 and the great sea creatures of day 5 complicate Walton's account?

146. How does Plantinga describe "God-of-the-gaps" theology and why does he agree that it is a truly bad theory? Include his criticisms of it.

The universe is complete and not defective in our understanding of it so a God of the gaps is to place God where we do not understand. This would lead to causality as we understand more of the universe, it would also "presume to exercise power over God". It would also place God as a component of the universe, which He is not. A God of the gaps theorist is someone who thinks of the universe as a vast machine working to fulfil natural laws that would not be violated by God if they could be. 1. The world is a vast machine that is self-sufficient 2. Divine activity only happens in that we can't explain 3. There is phenomenon that cannot be explained by science now Critisisms: 1. God is constanty active in his creation and upholds its existence 2. Natural laws are not in any way independent of God 3. Christians enter science already believing in God so it shouldn't have to prove God

1. What is theistic evolution? In specific, list the six tenets of this view. Who are some important people who advocate this view?

Theistic evolution is evolution views that regard religious teachings about God compatible with modern scientific views 1. The universe came into being out of nothingness, 14 billion years ago 2. The properties of the universe have been precisely tuned for life 3. Origin of life on earth is unknown, process of evolution and natural selection permit development of diversity and complexity 4. No supernatural means occurred after evolution 5. Humans are part of the process, sharing common ancestor with apes 6. Existence of Moral Law and search for God that characterizes all human cultures throughout history Hindus, Muslims, Jews, Christians (Pope John Paul II), Maimonides

70. Explain the objection that very different kinds of life might be possible then the kind we know. Include the evidence for this objection.

There are three fundamental rules we know to be true for life to exist a. Their life processes are based on chemistry b. Their chemistry is based on carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and other elements c. The energy that powers their life derives from nuclear reactions that take place inside the stars

68. Why is the very existence of matter a puzzle to physicists, and how does Barr argue that this is an anthropic coincidence as well?

There would be no quarks but only Higgs particles and Gauge particles which would leave only electrically neutral particles which would be implausible for life to happen out of neutral particles.

69. What is the fundamental point that Barr wants the reader to see? Why in making these points does Barr assume evolution to be true? Does that make his argument stronger or weaker?

There would be no quarks but only Higgs particles and Gauge particles which would leave only electrically neutral particles which would be implausible for life to happen out of neutral particles.

25. What are the key things Walton says the accounts in Genesis 1 and Genesis 2 are affirming?

They are bringing the reader back to the middle of the previous account to give a more detailed description of a part of the story that was previously told (P 69)

54. How do Isaiah 66:1-2, I Kings 8:27 and Isaiah 6:3 figure into Walton's argument in chapter 8?

They help establish the ancient idea of the cosmos as a temple. Glory in earth, glory in tabernacle Ed 40:34

18. What does he think is a better understanding of 'good' and 'very good' and what evidence from scripture does he give for his view?

Walton claims that "good" is the absence of disorder; and, "very good" is a term given to the Promised Land; all that is great. Although, we cannot say that that the pre-fall included no pain based on the words used

2. What does he think is a better understanding of 'good' and 'very good' and what evidence from scripture does he give for his view?

87. In Proposition 12, how does Walton understand the possible range of meanings for "work" and "take care of" in Genesis 2? How does that serve his argument?

Walton concludes that he specific point in Gen 2 contributes to the book not in relation to Adam's material origins or human origins, but Adam's role in sacred space,

86. What are Walton's two main arguments in Proposition 11 that Adam and Eve were real people in history?

Walton's two main arguments include Genealogies (textual) and the Fall (theological). In the ancient world genealogies are more interested in political unity rather than lineage ties, cant achieve if imaginary characters are used. More concerned with sins origins rather than humans.

48. How do the waters function in ancient Near Eastern creation accounts?

Waters = source of creation (things emerge from them) the god Atum e.g. is said to have developed form the waters

42. Walton claims that God didn't do much if anything to revise or update the scientific understanding of the cosmos held by the ancient Israelites (and other ancient cultures). What are some of the elements of the ancient view of the world Walton mentions? Why does Walton think God didn't just tell them the correct scientific view?

Waters above the sky, intelligence, emotion, personhood; told in terms they could understand

74. Explain the objection that there may have been no choice about the set-up of the universe. Include the evidence Barr cites in favor of this view.

We are not sure of which features of laws of nature are different, or that any of them could be different. Barr looked first to the fine structure constant with the standard model it makes sense to ask if the fine structure constant had a different value. But, very few physicists think the standard model is the ultimate theory of physics. Which states that deeper theory facts are tied together.

83. What are Walton's conclusions about the New Testament use of the Adam and Eve accounts? How does that serve Walton's larger argument?

We see that Adam and Eve were used for a wide variety of declarations. Treating Adam and Eve as archetypal in Genesis does not run against the grain of larger canonical, theological and literary usage.

5. Who became the champion of "balanced treatment" in the seventies? What is the essential aspect of this approach?

Wendell Bird- he intended on combining both creation and evolution into textbooks. Creationism as pure science

129. When, under what circumstances, and by whom, did the relationship between science and religion "turn nasty" according to Numbers? What were the deeper issues involved? What were some of the results?

When philosophers Huxley and John Tyndall began to insist that naturalistic science was the only knowledge of nature, humans, and society. This was to undermine the Anglican church and was really to gain more power and influence for these men. "Secularization was their goal and science was their weapon." They wanted to root out supernatural forces from all parts of life and replace it with the rational "religion of science". Social science emphasis was raised with their focus on naturalistic ways of thinking. This lead to the movement of saying Intelligent Design was present in the universe.

22. How does Walton tell us to tell which sense of 'adam' the text is using?

When the generic form is used, the text is talking about human beings as a species. Whe the definite article is used, the referent is an individual serving as a human representative.

6. How does Walton tell us to tell which sense of 'adam' the text is using?

When the generic form is used, the text is talking about human beings as a species. Whe the definite article is used, the referent is an individual serving as a human representative.

94. Based on serpent symbolism in other Near Eastern literature, how does Walton understand the phrases "crawl on your belly," "eat dust," "crush your head" and "strike his heal"?

"Crawl on your belly" is paralleled by spells that call on the snake to lie down, fall down, get down, or crawl away; be passive. "Eat dust" is not a comment about literal snake diet, the serpent is a creature of the netherworld, and denizens of the netherworld were typically saw as eating dust. "Crush your head," reflects a potentially mortal blow to the deadly enemy. "Strike his heel," the strike to the heel is a mortal blow

13. What complications does Walton note about the words 'rib' and 'deep sleep' in Genesis 2?

"rib" could mean "side" & "deep sleep" could mean unresponsive to circumstances in human realm induced by something in human realm, unresponsive to deity, someone became unresponsive to human realm in order to retrieve comm from divine realm.

29. What complications does Walton note about the words 'rib' and 'deep sleep' in Genesis 2?

33. How does Ruse describe methodological naturalism? How does he defend the claim that it is not an atheistic approach?

"the person who assumes that the world runs according to unbroken law; and that science involves just such understanding without an reference to extra or supernatural forces like God." Whether there is a God is another matter that is not addressed, so it is not atheistic because they just avoid all theological or religious reference. Science has no place to talk about God, not that God did not have a role in the creation.

82. What passage in I Corinthians make use of the Adam and Eve account? How are Adam and Eve being used in these passages according to Walton?

1 Corinthians 15 makes use of the Adam and Eve account. Adam is archetype and Eve is an antitype

145. In what three ways does Plantinga argue against Michael Ruse's claim that theories that make reference to God are not scientific by definition? (Admittedly the details the second two ways are a little hairy, but give it your best shot.)

1. "the problem of giving necessary and sufficient conditions for distinguishing science from other human activities" He talks about how Ruse never gives a definition for the term science, but instead almost uses circular reasoning by stating science has the properties mentioned and that how we know its science 2. Ruse states science has 3 main characteristics of science a. Repeatable- Andrei Linde states the big Bang is unique and therefore unrepeatable b. Merely natural- the very existence of law is controversial; Bas van Fraassen states there are regularities in science but a regularity is not a law because a law explains and grounds a regularity so are there really laws? c. Governed by natural law- There could be some laws but not everything is governed under these laws or completely governed by them (anomalies to the paradigm) 3. Ruse doesn't answer the question that was asked in the first place. Ruse appeals to a definition of science to answer if the definition of science can properly be used on a hypothesis that makes reference to God, when the question was if a hypothesis that makes reference to God be a part of science.

148. Explain the several ways the Christian worldview might enter into the texture of science without creating science-stoppers, according to Plantinga.

1. Making and exploring hypotheses to things God did directly 2. Making hypotheses according to what he does indirectly 3. Evaluating theories w/ respect to background information 4. Saying "human beings have been created in God's image" either directly or indirectly 5. Keep original sin in mind when dealing with science 6. Deciding what needs explaining by referring to the backgrounds 149. Why does Plantinga think that the science-stoppers argument is not an adequate

56. How many different elements are used in the human body, what distinguished one element from another, and one isotope of an element from another, and how are the more complex elements made and by what natural processes, according to Barr's discussion on pp. 119-120?

25 elements are used in the human body Each element has its own kind of nucleus that is made up of a specific number of protons The varying number of neutrons is what makes it an isotope The elements were made by the fires of the Big Bang, the interior of stars, and explosions of stars a. Making elements: 1. Fuse together smaller nuclei 2. Pairs of particles fuse together

15. What are the ways humans are said to be created in the Ancient Near Eastern accounts that Walton surveys?

83-86

31. What are the ways humans are said to be created in the Ancient Near Eastern accounts that Walton surveys?

83-86

105. What are the main biblical arguments in favor of the restoration view?

106. What are the supporting arguments in favor of the restoration view?

107. What objections to the restoration view are listed and how do defenders of it respond?

108. What are the main biblical arguments in favor of the literary framework view?

172. Explain Wilcox's claim that "The statement that GPS must have a structure that would allow gradual and undirected emergence is based on worldview assumptions, not on observations. The GPS becomes our "field of dreams," its contours a projection of our metaphysics."

19. How do day 2 and the great sea creatures of day 5 complicate Walton's account?

23. Walton's reasoning in Proposition 6 depends on the Masoretic vowel points, which were not used in the earliest Hebrew texts and would not have been fixed in the Masoretic form until somewhere in the mid-first millennium CE. Without vowel points, indefinite and definite article noun forms are much more ambiguous. How would this impact Walton's arguments? (not discussed in the text - a question for you to think through.)

. What is the point Meyer is trying to make with his "reunion hypothesis"? Explain

A group photographer is planned for which relatives will be grouped together according to their degree of relationship. Family relationships are unclear, increasingly unconfirmed.

93. Where does Walton think the Garden of Eden is being located (if located in earthly geography) in the Genesis 2 description? Why?

A temple near Assur. It is a temple with exotic trees, and artificial pools. In Gen 2 the center of sacred space is Eden, and Eden is the resemblance of the holy of holies in the temple.

102. What are the main biblical arguments in favor of the day-age view?

A. day can refer to a twenty four hour period or an age B. Interpreting the days of Genesis 1 as 24 hour days has issues with the Genesis account, because the sun does not appear until the 4th day, and on two days too much was done to be a 24 hour period (3rd day vegetation and 6th day naming of animals). Several passages of Scripture teach that God's "days" are not like our "days" Psalm 90 1000 yrs for us is one day for him. Finally a number of passages teach the earth is very old like Habakkuk and the "eternal mountains" and "everlasting hills"

20. Why does Walton say that it makes no sense to assume that Adam and Eve called themselves by the names 'Adam' and 'Eve'?

Adam is the Hebrew word meaning "human." Hebrew did not exist as a language until the second millennium. The names are Hebrew, and there is no Hebrew at the point in time when Adam and Eve lived. In addition, Eve meant life. They are not historical names rather than metaphorical.

4. Why does Walton say that it makes no sense to assume that Adam and Eve called themselves by the names 'Adam' and 'Eve'?

21. Under Proposition 6, in what three main ways is 'adam' used in Genesis 1-5?

Adam refers to human beings in some, in others it refers to the male individual of the species, and in some it refers to the designation of a particular individual as the equivalent of a personal name

5. Under Proposition 6, in what three main ways is 'adam' used in Genesis 1-5?

7. In what state was the case of Edwards v. Aguillard tried? What was at issue in this trial? What was the outcome when this case went to the US Supreme Court in 1987?

Aguillard argued that creation science was still Christian. Lousiana Bird spoke for creationism. Spokes all over again. Bird lost

12. What are Walton's arguments from scripture that what is said about the creation of Adam is taken as equally true of all of us? What does he understand the forming of Adam in Genesis 2 to be about?

All of us possess breath of life from Adam, serves as an archetype for all humankind. (Gen 2 is the history of all)

28. What are Walton's arguments from scripture that what is said about the creation of Adam is taken as equally true of all of us? What does he understand the forming of Adam in Genesis 2 to be about?

All of us possess breath of life from Adam, serves as an archetype for all humankind. (Gen 2 is the history of all)

16. Why does Walton think that Near Eastern creation texts are more concerned with archetypical beginnings than with material beginnings?

All people are conventionally portrayed as being created out of elements that will explain the archetypal rates assigned to the people. Materialists make archetypes

32. Why does Walton think that Near Eastern creation texts are more concerned with archetypical beginnings than with material beginnings?

All people are conventionally portrayed as being created out of elements that will explain the archetypal rates assigned to the people. Materialists make archetypes

167. What is genetic phase space, or GPS?

All possible genetic messages (genomes) are points in a single multidimensional probability space

120. What role does Barr believe symmetry will play in future unification theories in physics?

Barr believes that symmetry will show how quantum mechanics and relativity are connected together, in other words how do the symmetries correlate to each other in the different worlds?

140. What role does Barr believe symmetry will play in future unification theories in physics?

Barr believes that symmetry will show how quantum mechanics and relativity are connected together, in other words how do the symmetries correlate to each other in the different worlds?

111. What point is Barr making about the role of religion in relation to science with his quote from the atheist E. O. Wilson about Chinese scholarship?

Barr is stating that since the Jews and Christians believed in a God who followed general laws they knew where to start and connect laws together. Chinese scholarship had abandoned the notion of a supreme being or God, so they did not try to connect things or search for laws that connected nature together. Religion guides the way that we do science because it gives us a belief everything is connected and show work together.

131. What point is Barr making about the role of religion in relation to science with his quote from the atheist E. O. Wilson about Chinese scholarship?

117. Why would Barr be unimpressed by those materialists who say that the structure of the solar system is merely the result of simple laws of nature such as the law of gravity and the conservation of angular momentum, and so forth?

Because to say this is to ignore the fact that all these laws came from underlying symmetries.

137. Why would Barr be unimpressed by those materialists who say that the structure of the solar system is merely the result of simple laws of nature such as the law of gravity and the conservation of angular momentum, and so forth?

Because to say this is to ignore the fact that all these laws came from underlying symmetries.

10. Why would algae be likely to be the progenitors of plants that live on land?

Both land plants and green algae share array of structural and biochemical features that aren't like photosynthetic

2. What problems emerged from William Jennings Bryan's testimony as an expert witness on the Bible?

Bryan did not have a good knowledge of the Bible- his knowledge was devotional. Darrow took advantage of Bryan's religious beliefs and asked him hard to explain questions

127. Explain the debate over the natural origin of the solar system, and how it 1) gradually came to be used by Christians; 2) in the process, helped move Christians deeper into the spirit of naturalism.

Buffon stated that God set the planets in motion, but it was of no interest to the naturalist. He went on to prove the natural history of the solar system based on the fact a comet had gotten its matter from the sun and other satellites. This theory never caught on however. Pierre-Simon de Laplace proposed that the planets had be formed from the atmosphere of the Sun as it cooled. Nichol believed laws designated divine order. Christians started to believe that the Laws had been put in place by God and were evidence of his existence and wisdom. The nebular hypothesis strengthened the argument from design and Christians stated that God put these laws and secondary causes into effect to carry out his will.

6. What are some of the creationist responses to the problem of vestigial structures? What criticisms of these approaches does Fugle make?

By acknowledging that they are true remnants of ancestral organs and saying that the y lost their function after the Fall. Little evidence that evolution occurs that fast paced (fall to evolutaionary changes)

125. How did advances in medicine, meterology and so forth also advance popular acceptance of natural causes instead of supernatural ones?

By the 16th century, supernatural explanations for diseases had disappeared from medical texts. In fact, physicans seldom mentioned God or the devil when talking about ailments, and instead focused on the natural causes of these, saying that God would use the natural phenomenon to do his supernatural works. The treatments that were given out for epidemics that worked, helped Christians to start to use the "natural" options with their prayers and religious sentiments.

2. In the previous chapter, Meyer writes that the "deep-divergence hypothesis" asserts that the common ancestor of all animal life arose before the Cambrian explosion. Describe how evolutionary biologists have established the animal tree of life, according to Meyer.

By using methods that assume that, both molecular sequences and anatomical similarities provide accurate historical signal about the past

147. Explain in some detail the "science-stoppers" argument in favor of methodological naturalism.

Christians are to understand the world and how it works, but also care for, appreciate, love, and thank the Lord of the world. This happens by understanding how it works and if we just state the world works that way because "God did it that way" or "Because it please God to be that way" to answer how it works or how it is connected to the rest of God's creation then we have created "science stoppers" If God directly created it, then there is nothing more for science to learn about it, so we need the methodological naturalism to be able to answer the other questions like how it works and why it works in the world.

41. What is concordism? What are the reasons throughout chapter 1 that Walton is skeptical about this approach?

Concordism: approaching Genesis like it has modern science in it or dictates what modern science should look like; We cannot translate their cosmology to our cosmology- we need to translate it as ancient cosmology

5. Describe convergent evolution. What problem does Meyer have about it?

Convergent evolution is the separate or independent origin of similar characters emerging on separate lines of descent after the point at which those lines diverged from their last common ancestor. Meyer said that invoking convergent evolution negates the logic of the argument from homology, which affirms that similarity implies common ancestry, when it usually does not.

1. What explanation do creationists give for shared forms and common structures of various animals? What explanation is given by evolutionary biologists for the same observations?

Creationists believe that God repeatedly used common body plans (archetypes) when designing and creating members of specific groups. Biologists believe that the same basic bone structures are present in every animal

44. What are Walton's reasons for saying that to tell how something was created doesn't have to mean to tell how it came into physical existence?

Creations came to existence from nothing

9. How is Fugle's description of the process of evolutionary change similar to Dawkins' little Biomorph program?

Demonstrates small changes over time

91. What ancient texts does Walton consider false parallels to the Eden accounts?

Dilmun and Gilgamesh

8. What case tested the issue of Intelligent Design (ID) as a valid scientific alternative to evolution? What textbook was at the center of this trial? What was the key finding that led to the trial's final decision against ID?

Edwards v aguillard Dover trial They fired those in support of ID. Argued about making ID scientific

53. In chapter 8, how does Walton understand the imagery, furniture and decorations of the Jewish Tabernacle and Temple in relation to the cosmos?

Elements were designed to recall and represent the universe (water basin = sea, bronze pillars = pillars of earth, horizontal axis = vertical axis of cosmos, lamp & olive oil lights = day and light)

12. How are the sperm cells of the algae subgroup "charophyceae" different from the sperm cells of other green algae? Why is this difference important?

Features in these algae match up with plants. There is distinctive arrangement layered material inside sperm cell where flagella are anchored known as multilayered structure. ???

166. Wilcox uses Aristotle's four causes to help his analysis. How does Wilcox explain each of these four causes?

Final Cause- intended purpose of the maker of an object Humanity can have no purpose to its maker, for its maker has no intentionality Formal Cause- maker's plan or blueprint for an object Material Cause- is raw material from which it was made Efficient Cause- force applied to the raw material that actually produces the object

169. What are the first and second major dissimilarities Wilcox stresses between Biomorph Land, BL, and GPS?

First- size of the matrix: GPS, probability space of all possible genomes / Biomorphs, sixteen digit number Second- fraction of the probability space made available to selection

99. What are the five primary arguments in favor of the young earth view?

First- the Hebrew work yom, day, always refers to a 24 hour period. Second- whenever day, yom, is used it always refers to a 24 hour period Third- The author uses "evening" and "morning" when referring each "day" Fourth- Genesis 1:14 talks about lights in the sky to separate day from night and for this to be signs of the seasons for the days and years. No one questions these "days" and "years" be literal Fifth- God commanded Israel to imitate the pattern set in Gen 1; working six days, resting on the seventh

4. Name some of Fugle's examples of homologous structures that serve no purpose in certain animals.

Fish were original vertebrates, amphibians descended from a particular group of air breathing fishes, reptiles evolved from a specific amphibian group, and birds are mammals developed from different reptile lineages

171. What is the fourth major dissimilarity and how does Wilcox use it?

Fourth- the rules that control Biomorph morphology (formal causes) are exterior givens. A specific 16-digit number means a specific Biomorph due to the program that defines it. Expiation of rules does not mean understanding governing.

124. Who were some of the early pagans and Christians who Number's cites as advancing the search for natural causes for the phenomena of nature? In particular, compare the views of Bacon, Pascal and Boyle.

Galileo stated that the scriptures should have no say in determining nature. Bacon insisted natural knowledge should be based on observations and experiments (Laws were God's instruments) Boyle was publically religious philosopher, thought that discovery of natural laws was a religious act. Cotton Mather was a Puritan when the smallpox hit the colony tried to give a treatment for the epidemic rather than preach repentence. Pascal thought that God was a part of the universe and accused the Natural Philospher Descates of trying to push God completely out of the universe. Isaac Newton believe the universe was constructed by God.

11. What are Walton's various arguments in Proposition 8 that Paul in Romans 5 is not claiming that Adam and Eve were physically immortal before the fall?

Genesis and the tree of life imply morality. Paul is saying only that all of us are subject to death because sin; sin cost us the solution to morality.

27. What are Walton's various arguments in Proposition 8 that Paul in Romans 5 is not claiming that Adam and Eve were physically immortal before the fall?

Genesis and the tree of life imply morality. Paul is saying only that all of us are subject to death because sin; sin cost us the solution to morality.

13. How does Fugle's final paragraph on page 151 reflect some of what you read in Kuhn?

Gets deeper into theory of evolution; Fugle believes in God but doesn't like special creation because science stopper

126. What did LaMettrie assert to be our only guides to knowledge, and what level of knowledge do they provide?

He said experience and observation should be our only guides and they provide the greatest possibilities on the subject, he traded religious certainity for scientific probability.

67. Would Barr describe the electromagnetic force as necessary or contingent? What would happen if this force did not exist at all?

He states that it is crucial to the evolution of life. If there was no electromagnetic field there would have been no atoms and no chemistry and no such thing as light.

149. Why does Plantinga think that the science-stoppers argument is not an adequate argument in favor of insisting on methodological naturalism?

He states that some things are directly caused by God, but we don't know which things are caused and which are not which is why we can use methodological naturalism to do science as Christians. We should rely less of theology and more on empirical inquiry to see how the world works.

36. How does Ruse respond to Plantinga's objection that there are no necessary and sufficient conditions for marking off science from non-science precisely, and therefore, Ruse is on shaky ground in making pronouncements that science has to include methodological naturalism?

He talks about how he doesn't see the point of this argument and how he agrees that there are some subjects that border science and non-science. "the fact that there is no clean demarcation between science and nonscience is no argument against the very idea of methodological naturalism." He makes his point by using the study of the history of evolution and how some of it was considered not science throughout the development and then it went on to become good science, to eventually be accepted as science.

37. How does Ruse respond to Plantinga's criticism that you can't settle a difficult issue like this by definition alone?

He talks about how he thinks Plantinga thinks that "whether or not conventional science is satisfactory, you should open it up to something broader." He talks about how Plantiga wants science to not only work through laws, but also through the intervention of God in various ways, and wants to call this Augustinean Science. He wants his "science" to be considered good and valid.

71. What are Barr's ways of responding to that objection?

He talks about how it has been suggested that life could be based on silicon rather than carbon, basically stating that a different type of life could be from a different set of chemicals. And then he states that life could arise even if there were no stars because they could get their energy from somewhere else like radioactivity

73. How does Barr respond to this objection?

He talks about how physicists believe these are part of a grand unification of forces where the electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force, and the stron nuclear force are all an underlying unified force, which is correlated by the strength of the different forces being tied to each other. HE then talks about the spatial flatness of the universe and how scientists explain it with cosmological inflation

122. What is the one way that chance might account for the amazing order that science has discovered in the universe, and why does Barr think it does not really do the job?

He talks about if there are enough universes and "chances" that some of them would have a high degree of mathematical structure. However, that doesn't explain why we are in an orderly universe. We don't live in a universe full of a lot of mathematical laws, we live in a near perfect world where no exceptions occur.

142. What is the one way that chance might account for the amazing order that science has discovered in the universe, and why does Barr think it does not really do the job?

34. How does Ruse respond to Plantinga's criticism that things like the Big Bang are not repeatable and so would not be part are science in the way Ruse has defined it?

He talks about the dinosaurs and how they were killed at the end of Cretaceous, which is unique and unrepeatable. However, the many factors of this event can individually be understood under the natural laws. (an asteroid or comet hit the earth), (a huge dust could happened and the earth became dark), (darkness cutting off light for photosynthesis so plants die), (animals die as a result of no food).

75. How does Barr respond to this objection?

He talks about the type of reasoning that goes into anthropic coincidences that makes any sense at all. HE talks about how when we find out everything is tied to everything then nothing can be changed without unraveling all the theories. The underlying principles fo the superstring theory appear to dictate the math structure of the whole theory.

168. What was Richard Dawkin's Biomorph Land, and what does it help demonstrate, according to Wilcox?

Helps demonstrate GPS. Trees evolve guided by user, breeder environment.

79. What is Barr's criticism of the simplest, if craziest, version of the many-universes hypothesis, that all possible universes exist?

If all universes existed (modal realism) then there would be a universe where the Wizard of Oz was real and another where Kermit the Frog was a real dude. If all universes existed then there would be some that obeyed the laws MOST of the time, and others that obey different rules at different times, and other that have no rules to them which shows that we need order to survive. Stating that there are an infinite number of universes cannot get around the fact that our universe is a special place, nor can it answer why we have the order, intelligence, and life tha

2. What are some objections to theistic evolution? How does Collins respond?

If it is such a known idea, why is it not embraced? Colins says that it is not widely known Another reason is solely the name, no one really knows what a theist is. Evolution is a violent process

121. Explain why Barr says that, if science does discover the ultimate or final laws of nature, the order or symmetry in them cannot be explained by laws of nature?

If science always explains design by showing it to be an effect of deeper design then it has no way of explaining the ultimate design, so symmetry gives way to deeper symmetry then there is no way to explain the ultimate symmetry or who put it in place. Therefore, they can not offer an alternative to the argument from design. It would be a circular argument.

141. Explain why Barr says that, if science does discover the ultimate or final laws of nature, the order or symmetry in them cannot be explained by laws of nature?

57. What are the ways in which weakening the strong nuclear force would be a disaster for the chances of life existing in the universe?

If the nuclear force was weakened by even just 10% then it would stop the process of making elements, or stop the connection of two particles together. If it was weaker then instead of 100 elements existing only Hydrogen 1 would exist which would prevent the ability to make life. Also the sun and other stars would not be able to burn as they burn by fusing atoms together.

58. What problems does Barr list for the possibility of life if the strong force were a little stronger?

If the strong force was only 4% stronger, then two-particle nuclei would occur from protons sticking together and neutrons would stick together. This would cause the sun to burn way faster than it already does because it would not need to convert single proton/neutron molecules into di-proton/di-neutron molecules.

1. How does Walton criticize our common way of understanding the use of 'good' in Genesis?

If the word describes the state of creation prior to the fall, it may offer a glimpse of what a pre-fall world would be like; implying that there was no pain, suffering or death. An easy way to infer what good means is by contrasting it to sin after the fall.

17. How does Walton criticize our common way of understanding the use of 'good' in Genesis?

62. The "vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field," or ν, would seem to have a "natural value" of 1017, even though its actual value is approximately 1. Why does Barr suggest that almost any increase in the actual value of this parameter would be "disastrous?"

If v was even bumped up to 1.4 then helium 2 or deuterium could not exist. It would be difficult for anything other than hydrogen to exist. This has to do with the mass of the fundamental particles depend on the value of v. v is the real world value so if it was 1.4 then the quarks (fundamental particles) would be 1.4 times bigger than their real world value which would make a "pion" which would cause the strong nuclear force to be decreased by 20% which would choke off the production of anything other than hydrogen.

84. Read the mentions of Melchizedek in the Old Testament (Genesis 14:18-20; Psalms 110: 4) and compare this to what Hebrews says about him (Heb. 5-7, but the main claims are in Heb. 7). In Proposition 11, how does Walton explain the claims Hebrews makes about Melchizedek?

In Gen 14, Melchizedek is merely a king in the land of Canaan. In Heb 5-7, Melchizedek is seen as an almighty, heavenly figure. Walton says that in Hebrews Melchizedek is of Jewish imaginations. There is no attempt to establish that Jesus is superior to the image of Melchizedek.

14. What is Walton's view of what is being described in Genesis 2?are the ways humans are said to be created in the Ancient Near Eastern accounts that Walton surveys?

In Gen. 2 makes no claim about material human origins, one would one would find no other statement in the Bible to offer details beyond the fact that we are all God's creatures. Bible cannot simply dismiss all scientific process.

30. What is Walton's view of what is being described in Genesis 2?

152. What does Dawkins mean by Biomorph Land? In particular, what does he mean by calling it genetic space?

In his evolution game, the observer obtains the feeling of wandering metaphorically through a labyrinth of branching passages, but he number of possible pathways is all but infinite and the monsters that one encounters are underdesigned and unpredictable. All the possible combinations.

119. What role did the analysis of symmetries play in the unification of the electromagnetic and weak force?

In the 1960s and 1970s strong and weak forces are based on symmetries, and these are mathematically similar to the "gauge symmetry" of electromagnetism. Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg showed how the 2 forces were unified. In 1974, they proposed that they were unified in a grand unified theory of all non-gravitational forces. Based on SU(5) and SU(10). SU5 is related to the rotation in a space with 5 dimensions and SU10 with 10 dimensions. Supersymmetry has to do with spaces that must use Grassmann numbers, to describe rotations in the 4 dimensions of space as well as the dimension that require Grassmann numbers to describe.

139. What role did the analysis of symmetries play in the unification of the electromagnetic and weak force?

118. How did symmetry lead to the discovery of the omega-minus particle?

In the early 1960s, properties of particles of the strongly interacting particles, known as "hadrons" which show math regularities. These are called isospin and hypercharge. The proton and neutron are related to 8 particles that are somehow related to each other. Eight particles fall into a hexagonal pattern and they also exhibit regularities. A group of closely related properties are said to form a "multiplet". This happens because of the existience of a group of symmetries called "flavor SU(3) symmetry". There should be a 10th kind of particle at the bottom to create the triangle, which SU(3) symmetries require it, which is how the omega-minus particle was discovered.

138. How did symmetry lead to the discovery of the omega-minus particle?

64. How does the "flatness" of space affect the duration of the universe? Why does that seem to be important to the emergence of life?

It needs to lack curvature and the special curvature of the universe seems to change with time. For the universe to last as long as it has thenthe spatial curvature needed to be less than 10^-35 so it wouldn't expanded and collapse before now.

123. Why does Barr think it is an open question whether or not natural selection can satisfactorily explain the complexity of biology we see on earth?

It only answers or argues against the argument of Design and didn't touch the Cosmic Design argument at all. He states that there is not enough evidence one way or the other at the present time. There is a great deal of evidence that evolution happened and that natural selection played a role in evolution. There is not evidence to prove that natural selection was the only driving force to drive evolution.

143. Why does Barr think it is an open question whether or not natural selection can satisfactorily explain the complexity of biology we see on earth?

24. In Proposition 7, how is the phrase "this is the account of x" used in the book of Genesis? What are the main ways it is used? How does all this inform how we understand the relation between Genesis 1 and Genesis 2?

It stands for the name of a person. The formula introduces a narrative of that person's sons or a genealogy of that person's descendants. It tells about what came after that person and what developed from that person.

8. In Proposition 7, how is the phrase "this is the account of x" used in the book of Genesis? What are the main ways it is used? How does all this inform how we understand the relation between Genesis 1 and Genesis 2?

9. What are the key things Walton says the accounts in Genesis 1 and Genesis 2 are affirming?

65. Barr addresses the dimensionality of space from two perspectives. What would be gained if the universe had a number of "hidden" dimensions? What would happen if there were more than 3 "space" dimensions? What if the number of time dimensions were more or less than the one dimension we know?

It would allow the universe to have a unified description of electromagnetism and gravity as a single force. If there were more than three dimensions then the various physical effects that are based on distance would be gone. In particular how light works (3 dimensions inverse square law) This is also trueof the electric force and the gravitational force and would drastically affect planetary orbits. (balance of gravity and centrifugal force would not exist).

1. Who were the primary personalities in the Scopes trial? What law was being tested by this case?

John Scopes, a teacher; Sherriff, arresting; Mink, objective journalist that dramatized the story That Scopes was teaching a theory that denied the Bible "teaching of evolution"

80. What passage in Luke mentions Adam, and how is Adam being treated in this passage, according to Walton?

Luke 3 mentions Adam. Adam is treated individually and says he is the beginning of the human line of descent.

50. In chapter 2, what evidence does Walton give from Egyptian Papyrus Insinger that creation accounts were often more concerned about function than physical origin?

Many lines contain functional statements "he created..." "for..." on obvious functional orientation

115. How does Barr illustrate his principle with his longer discussion about marbles and crystals like diamonds?

Marbles when placed in a box and tilted seem to form a hexagonal shape when touching this is because of: a. Same shape in any direction (symmetry). b. The same from any direction People overlooked the design of the marble when they were trying to figure out why they stacked the way they did, and the design of the marble was a crucial part of how they made. Crystals assemble themselves spontaneously to lower their Free energy. They arrange in a lattice structure because of this, which has a specific group of symmetries. (perfect diamond has 48 symmetries called Oh or hexoctahedral group. Barr is stating that the orderliness of the grouping of the marbles and diamonds gives rise to a deeper order of the symmetry and electrons in that order to the marbles and diamonds.

135. How does Barr illustrate his principle with his longer discussion about marbles and crystals like diamonds?

Marbles when placed in a box and tilted seem to form a hexagonal shape when touching this is because of: c. Same shape in any direction (symmetry). d. The same from any direction People overlooked the design of the marble when they were trying to figure out why they stacked the way they did, and the design of the marble was a crucial part of how they made. Crystals assemble themselves spontaneously to lower their Free energy. They arrange in a lattice structure because of this, which has a specific group of symmetries. (perfect diamond has 48 symmetries called Oh or hexoctahedral group. Barr is stating that the orderliness of the grouping of the marbles and diamonds gives rise to a deeper order of the symmetry and electrons in that order to the marbles and diamonds.

46. What are the full-fledged creation accounts Walton lists from the ancient Near Eastern literature?

Memphite Theology, Papyrus Leiden I 350, Pyramid texts, coffin texts & book of the dead, Atrahasis, Enuma Elish

97. In Proposition 15, why is Walton unhappy with defining sin as "missing the mark?" What are the range of possible meanings of sin he suggests are more likely?

Missing the mark, only exposes a misunderstanding of how semantics work. The meanigns of words are derived from their use, not their etymology.

3. Meyer outlines three reasons to doubt the evidence of genetic and anatomical similarity providing an accurate historical picture of animal life. Describe each reason.

Molecule vs. Molecule- generate divergent trees Molecules vs. Anatomy- produce divergent trees Anatomy vs. Anatomy- trees based on these contradict each other

49. How does separating play into ancient Near Eastern creation accounts?

Most common activity in Egyptian, also observable in Mesopotamian heavens & earth most often separated. Also, separation of upper and lower waters from land

96. Why is Walton uncomfortable with calling the early chapters of Genesis myths? How does he think they would be better described, and why?

Myth has too many definitions and the words lose their ability to communicate clearly. The concept of myth is so diverse; it needs to be connected with qualifying terms.

40. Walton describes the way we sometimes use "myth" and "mythology" to say what is being described is not true. How does Walton want to use the term? What jobs does a culture's mythology do for that culture?

Mythology by nature seeks to explain how the world works and how it comes to work that way includes a culture's theory of origins. Mythologies express these beliefs of origin and what makes the world what it is "origin and operations"

153. What does Dawkins mean when he talks about near neighbors in genetic space? A trajectory through genetic space?

Near Neighbors in genetic space are animals that differ from one another by only a single mutation. Trajectory: one of the single step pathways through genetic space

47. How does an original non-functional condition figure into ancient Near Eastern creation accounts?

Nearly all start with no operational system; all is inert and undifferentiated

60. Explain why isolated protons are stable while isolated neutrons are not. Why does Barr think life would probably not be possible if this were not the case?

Neutrons half life is about 10 minutes, and normally disintegrate into a proton, electron, or anti-neutrino. Neutrons do not bind together or with electrons to form atoms like protons, which is why it is good protons are stable. Also hydrogen is made up of one proton and that is all so protons have to be stable on their own to have any of the other elements form like we previously talked about. The key to neutrons being unstable and protons not lies in the fact that neutrons are just a tiny bit heavier than protons which means a neutron has more energy than a proton causing it to decay into a proton and other things.

43. What does Walton mean by his claim that there was no concept of the natural world in ancient cultures? What is his support?

No dichotomy between natural and supernatural, deity was pervasive, every event was an act of deity

88. What similarities and differences does Walton note about the Adam/Eve accounts on the one hand and the Enkidu/Shamhat and Uta-napishti/wife accounts in Gilgamesh on the other? How does this fit into Walton's larger argument?

Not finished..... p 111 DIFFERENT (Composition, Male/Female Relationship, Relations to Animals, In Genesis Man was formed from dust; Gilgamesh Enkidu was formed from clay. In Genesis woman shown to be ontological match; Gilgamesh, woman provides sexual experience ALIKE In Genesis man and woman were naked and unaware; Enkidu was naked and unaware

59. Explain why there seems to be a natural barrier to the formation of carbon, and how that problem is over-come by an anthropic coincidence. Also, explain why almost all the carbon formed doesn't go on and burn into oxygen, leaving us with a universe with too little carbon to be "life-friendly".

Only at certain times when there is two helium 4 nuclei (which are very common but do not want to join with anything else) can a third helium 4 come along and hit them to make Carbon 12. There is a missing rungs at 5 and 8 for helium because helium doesn't like to accept 5 or 8 nuclei. Barr talks about how nature takes a "double step" to get past this aversion to the 5 and 8 rungs to make carbon 12. Then Hoyle talks about the resonantly enhanced when nuclei have a certain normal vibration to them and when the right amount of energy and the right mode of vibration it can be enhanced. Carbon has an energy level of 7.66 MeV, and if the helium 4 carbon 12 had been enhanced then it would go on to make oxygen, but since it is not it saves us from disaster.

9. What do you make of Giberson's observation on page 119, that "I have found, for example, after more than two decades as a faculty member at an evangelical college, that the most vigorous opposition to creationism comes from scholars in religion departments rather than in scientific disciplines. As strong as the scientific evidence against creationism has become, the biblical and theological arguments for rejecting it are perhaps even stronger."

People blame so much on science when part of the culprit is its own self.

130. What does Numbers see as the crux of the Intelligent Design movement? What has been its results and what does Numbers expect?

Phillip E Johnson was trying to discredit evolution by stating it only rested on the fact people thought naturalism was the only way to do science. It states that something must have created the universe because there are too many patterns for it not to be. Scientists are working to find out what or how there is design in the way it is constructed. He thinks this will up the belief in a creator and that people will continue to believe in their personal God.

39. What is Ruse's general reason for maintaining that there won't be any "science-stoppers" even though we can't prove it?

Plantinga already accepts that there are going to anomalies to paradigms, so there will always be work. Plantinga also underestimates the success of the methodological naturalism which have worked in the case of evolution, and the fossil record.

38. How does Ruse respond to Plantinga's suggesting that since God is intimately involved in the world all the time anyway, there is nothing objectionable about Him doing miracles from time to time? In particular, how does Ruse use Ernan McMullin's distinction between the order of nature and the order of grace to criticize Plantinga's position.

Plantinga states that as a Christian you ought to expect God to be intervening: not out of failure but to sustain His creation. Christians believe miracles are going on all the time (catholics believe wine and bread become blood and flesh at communion), so it wouldn't be that far out to believe they were occurring in other cases like a new species popping up. 1. Not all Christians believe that God intervenes miraculously to sustain his creation (McMullin points out a tradition back to Augustine that looks at the world as developing from starting points by God) 2. Christians don't always agree with the position that God works almost indifferently through law and through miracle. a. Only if one has made a literalistic reading of the Bible would one think that God's miracles are as frequent as Plantiga implies b. One can make a distinction between order of nature and order of grace or what is know as cosmic history and salvation history. The events linking Abraham to Christ is not to be used to describe God's relationship to creation generally. The story of salvation is story of the burden and promise of being human. People sinned and NEEDED God's intervention, whereas the origins of the first living cells or plants and animals did not need divine intervention. c. Plantinga knows that the (wine and bread to flesh and blood) at communion is not to go against the laws of nature, but the change is in the essence of the substance.

35. How does Ruse respond to Plantinga's criticism that there may be no such thing as natural laws?

Plantinga talks about how van Fraassen talks about how there are no natural laws, but regularites of science, and a regularity is not a law. Ruse states that there are certain sorts of regularities and these are assumed in science. Ruse also states that Plantinga should not connect the appeal to law with Enlightenment deism because even if these laws did have their roots in Enlightenment deism we can use them in an entirely secular way (methodological naturalism)

112. What are the three ways Barr mentions of explaining complicated things that seem to be designed?

Pure Chance: a. Given enough chances complicated patterns are bound to appear accidentally. b. "monkey with a type writer" idea (if it typed unlimitedly he would eventually type the play Hamlet. c. Seems implausible that complex structures would arise from this The Laws of Nature: a. "Under certain conditions, atoms or molecules do arrange themselves, without any help, inot very regular arrays b. When water freezes for example c. Regular motion of planets around the Sun d. Only requires operation of the laws of physics Natural Selection: a. At some early time there existed creatures that were less sophisticated in structure b. Through trial and error, various small changes in structure led to the better adapted creatures we have today

132. What are the three ways Barr mentions of explaining complicated things that seem to be designed?

Pure Chance: d. Given enough chances complicated patterns are bound to appear accidentally. e. "monkey with a type writer" idea (if it typed unlimitedly he would eventually type the play Hamlet. f. Seems implausible that complex structures would arise from this The Laws of Nature: e. "Under certain conditions, atoms or molecules do arrange themselves, without any help, inot very regular arrays f. When water freezes for example g. Regular motion of planets around the Sun h. Only requires operation of the laws of physics Natural Selection: c. At some early time there existed creatures that were less sophisticated in structure d. Through trial and error, various small changes in structure led to the better adapted creatures we have today

1. What does Einstein consider to be the real core of religion, as part of his argument that true religion cannot conflict with science?

Religion is concerned with the things of God and the strong-belief of its meaningfulness, while Science is concerned about what is there. Therefore, the two cannot be in conflict since they do not try to answer the same questions. Religion only deals with human thought and action.

81. What passage in Romans makes use of the Adam story? How is Adam used in this passage, according to Walton?

Romans 5 mentions Adam. Adam is used as an archetype. The archetypal is connected to the fall rather than his forming. "when Adam sinned, all sinned"

3. Einstein claims that belief in science is a faith, but a pretty well justified faith. What is the main content of the faith he has in mind, and what is the pretty-good-if-not-coercive justification he sees for it?

Science is a faith in the fact that a scientist has a belief or goal in the truth and understanding. The faith is to find general rules about the natural world and it is a necessity to validate these claims. Science has the goal to make everything work together so that the smallest number of independent variables are used. Science the religion of reason to be unchained from personal hopes and desires, which is one of the highest types of religious thinking there is.

2. Drawing from his different statements in the essay, describe Einstein's core beliefs about the essence of science.

Science judges facts and only deals with facts. They use a certain set of rules (scientific method) to determine how to proceed with something. The aim of science is to establish general rules for the natural world.

114. What general principle does Barr think materialists have missed when they imagine that the order of the cosmos, solar system and our own bodies has arisen spontaneously?

Scientific accounts of natural processes are never about order emerging from chaos, but rather order merging or unfolding from order. "Order has to be built in for order to come out." When the scientist has done his job there is more order for us to explain.

134. What general principle does Barr think materialists have missed when they imagine that the order of the cosmos, solar system and our own bodies has arisen spontaneously?

6. What Arkansas law was at issue in the 1982 case of McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education? Who were some of the expert witnesses allowed to testify in this case?

Secular v. religious concepts Bird

3. What example of "convergence" does Fugle give for sharks and dolphins? How are these appendages similar, and how are they different? Explain the difference without resorting to a "science-stopper" type of argument.

Sharks and dolphins are different. Dolphins are warm blooded, air breathing mammal; sharks are cold blooded fish with gils. The external fin and flipper is a match in external form. There is no need for the creator to build an unique feature for each. The dolphin has more terrestrial bones while the shark has more fishlike bones.

8. What does Fugle suggest on page 146 about the process by which evolutionary change occurs? What does he say is a misconception that many people have about the evolutionary process?

Small change over time. Changes due to alterations in genetic package that control the way animals grow from egg to adult. Misconception: evolution is some bizarre series of transformation in adult form.

7. Fugle gives 3 examples of bizarre embryonic stages that rather defy conventional explanation. How does he claim that these embryonic stages are better explained by an evolutionary story than by a spontaneous creation or intelligent design story?

Terrestrial salamanders possess gills even though terrestrial. Baleen whale embryos have hind limb buds then replaced. Adult snails have strange anal opening (neck)

5. How do vestigial structures pose a logical dilemma for spontaneous creationists and for the intelligent design community?

That all structures have some unknown function. Evolution is expected to produce adaptations from best options available.

128. Explain the development of theories about the history of the earth and the origin of species, and how those were received by Christian and non-Christian thinkers.

The Christians read the nebular theory back into Genesis. Arnold Guyce stated the "days" of genesis represent great changes of creative activity. The formless waters were the gaseous matter and the light of the first day was the chemical reaction of condensing matter into nebula. The parting of the waters was breaking up the nebula to form planetary systems. The third day was condensing to form a globe, and the fourth was the vapors surrounding the planet dispersed to let light from the sun in. the fifth and sixth God put animals on the earth. This became the main teaching of Christian science, but non-Christians did not agree with it, but rather thought it was a way to appease the "hypotheses" of Christians.

90. What evidence from the iconography and architecture of ancient temples does Walton give to support his claim that the Garden of Eden is a sacred space? What evidence does he give from scripture and other Jewish literature?

The Garden of Eden is considered a sacred place in ancient texts. The evidence seen is the rivers that bring fertility (the motif of rivers is connected to sacred space), and gardens that were constructed by sacred space as evidence of fertility.

116. Why, according to Barr, are all electrons the same? (In this connection, be able to comment on Barr's question "...but who said the world had to be beautiful?") Why does Barr think that the explanation of electron "orderliness" will in turn exhibit deeper order below it, etc. etc., etc.?

The Quantum Field Theory says that particles or electrons come from "fields". A field is something that fills all of space and can vibrate in a certain way. The field vibration ripple like waves in a pond. You can look at electrons as particles or waves, which helps explain why all electrons are exactly the same. All electron waves (all electrons) are the same because the electron field that fills all space is the same everywhere. We could ask if the fields had different properties in different areas, but that would be ugly to imagine. The fact that the electron field is uniform tells us there is a deep symmetry in it. As we look at each layer it gives way to a deeper symmetry and ORDER in the next layer with is why it gives way to more symmetry. (diamond to carbon to electron to electron field)

136. Why, according to Barr, are all electrons the same? (In this connection, be able to comment on Barr's question "...but who said the world had to be beautiful?") Why does Barr think that the explanation of electron "orderliness" will in turn exhibit deeper order below it, etc. etc., etc.?

3. How did the Scopes trial affect the teaching of evolution in high school biology classrooms for the quarter century after the trial took place?

The advances in science lead us to believe that evolution is a knowledgeable and sensible idea; should be taught.

51. In chapter 2, Walton says we tend to think of the cosmos as a great machine. What does Walton think is a better image to understand how ancient Near Easterners thought about the cosmos?

The ancient world viewed the cosmos more like a company or a kingdom - material origins were simply insignificant

3. What is Collins' explanation for Adam, Eve, and paleontology?

The biblical texts suggest that there were other humans present at the same time Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden. Could be allegory for God's power.

144. Plantinga talks about the ongoing struggle between the City of God and the City of Man. What is Plantinga's rule of thumb for telling when a bit of science is likely to slide away from being completely neutral in this struggle?

The city of God is devoted to the worship and service of the Lord. Science is an attempt to figure out the truth about the world without the use of ideology, moral convictions, or religious commitments. "the relevance of a bit of science to this contest depends upon how closely that bit is involved in the attempt to come to understand ourselves."

63. What catastrophes for life seem to occur if the cosmological constant is very far from zero in value? How is this connected to a deep puzzle in physics?

The cosomological constant tells us how much gravitational pull is exerted by "empty space". They recently stated it was 10 ^-120. If the number was not as small as it is then the universe would not be able to maintain the steady existence for the billions of years required for life to evolve. It was made the question why it is zero or very close to it.

61. How would making the electromagnetic force stronger in different degrees affect the chances of life in the universe, according to Barr, and why?

The electromagnetic force is controlled by the fine structure constant which is 1/137 and if it was moved to 1/25 instead it would mean only about 20 elements to exist which would mean the human body woul not have all the elements needed to make it. If it was changed to 1/10 then only a handful would exist but not the basics like nitrogen or oxygen.

77. Why does Barr think that, even if there are many-domains, it does not really reduce the theistic implications of the anthropic coincidences?

The evidence is not pointing one way or another on the issue and one cannot claim to be more scientific than the other. The basic point of the anthropic is that the universe might have been in a different sort of place, and that it had to be a special place if it were to make life. The parameter v that we have must be special for the requirement of life and must have to vary from domain to domain then if this is the case and hace a continuous range of values. The parameter v does not vary among domains however, and explain v is ont enough. The cosmological constant, number of space dimensions, and many other features of nature must vary among domains for this to work.

72. Explain the objection that conventional scientific explanations may exist to the so-called anthropic coincidences. Include the evidence Barr gives to support this objection.

The facts that are argued to be necessary for the evolution of life may have normal explanations, like the electromagnetic force.

4. What issue was at the heart of the 1968 case of Epperson v. Arkansas? What was the outcome of this case?

The first amendment grants freedom of speech, by saying evolution cannot be discussed in the school are we saying that freedom of speech is revoked in certain situations? The result was freedom to teach what the teacher found practical.

2. What similarity is found in the forelimbs of various non-fish vertebrates such as frogs, cats, birds, lizards, whales, bats, and humans? Why would this similarity be somewhat surprising, in view of the functions of the forelimbs of these animals?

The forelimb bones should be the same but they aren't obviously. The evolutionary aspects are modified.

95. Why does Walton doubt that the serpent in Genesis 3 would have been understood to be Satan? How does he think it would have been understood, and why?

The main adjective used to describe the snake is arum, (subtle, wily, clever) which is in reference to wisdom and is neutral. The serpent is the catalyst not the cause. No room for suggestion.

151. How was Dawkins surprised by his Biomorph program?

The main thing that surprised him wa that the biomorphs can pretty quickly cease to look like trees, and include solid masses of color.

76. Explain the difference between the many-domains and many-universes versions of the Weak Anthropic Principle.

The many domains states that all the different universe are part of one larger universe, and that one universe is the only one that exists. The different parts of the one universe can have different physical laws, which happens from the universe being in different "phases", so if we raised or lowered the temperature it would distort the protons and neutrons. The different phases can co-exist at the same temperature also, and matter in the different regions of the universe obey the same set of laws. The regions are called domains. The many universe states that there are many universes that have nothing to do with each other. These universes hace no over-arching physical space that contains them all. Each universe would have its own laws and it would be hard to determine how many universes there were because there would be no law for that to determine. The only way on could ever know that other universes existed was by Divine revelation.

78. Why does Barr think that tamer versions of the many-universes hypothesis would still make us think "someone" was making choices about which universes should exists and which ones shouldn't?

The may universe were supposed to exist as it were and we are not to ask who picked which ones exist and which ones didn't because there is no law that states which one should exist and which ones shouldn't. Why do some have 3 dimensions while others have 7? Why do some have gravity while others do not? This is why it sounds like "someone" is making the choices.

66. What would be the result if atoms were "classical" rather than quantum mechanical? How long would such a classical atom exist before it collapsed?

The quantum world has a "graininess" that the classical world would not, energy comes in little grains called "quanta" and a photon is a particle of light. If the world was on classical terms one could make a beam of light as small as they wanted, which is not the case in the quantum world where a beam of light cannot be smaller than one quantum of energy. This saves us from the collapse of matter, because each atom would lose energy as it rotated around the nucleus according to the classical idea. This process would take less than a billionth of a second.

113. What is the problem with the origin of life from non-life for those three ways? Which ways might be possible and under what hypothesis, according to Barr?

The question that these pose is where did the first living thing originate? Biologists generally agree that all living things descended from a single original one-celled creature. Natural selection and natural law cannot explain where this descended from. However, pure chance might be able to. If the universe is infinite, and there were infinite planets then it was bound to have one planet that created life. It is hard to know if there is an infinite number of planets though.

133. What is the problem with the origin of life from non-life for those three ways? Which ways might be possible and under what hypothesis, according to Barr?

4. What is Meyer's counter-argument that even though there are conflicting 'trees of life', evidence shows that there is some sort of tree-like evolutionary pattern of common ancestry?

The study of higher-level animal phylogeny has yielded expansive literature but little detailed consensus (no textbook phlogeny)

4. What does Collins mean when he states "the God of the Bible is the God of the genome"?

They mean that God can be worshipped in the cathedral or the laboratory. His creation cannot be at war with itself. God is both the God of science and the God of religion. It is not interchangeable they work together in the world and we aren't meant to understand it.

11. How are sperm cells used by the simplest of land plants in reproduction?

They swim through available water from a male structure on one individual to an egg on another

173. Describe what most evolutionary biologists think about universal common descent and why.

They think that an analysis of both anatomical and genetic similarities converge on the same basic pattern of descent from a universal common ancestor. Coyne says that gene sequences confirm the same set of evolutionary relationships established from the analysis of anatomy.

45. Explain Walton's phrase "having a function in an ordered system." Explain why this is important to understanding ancient creation stories, according to Walton?

Things exist to fill their role in existence = function in its sphere of existence, existence does not mean physicality. "functional ontology" - understand their cosmic ontology instead of supplying our own

170. What is the third major dissimilarity between BL and GPS? In particular, what questions does Wilcox raise about viable trajectories in GPS?

Third- the viability of variants in Biomorph Land is not like reality. Most mutant organisms die, GPS does impossible trajectories. Acceptance of non intelligent form al causes for biological morphologies depends on existence of viable trajectories across GPS. Isolated viable spots in GPS still exist. We don't always have evidence for intermediate forms and gradual change

10. How does Walton answer those who say that because Genesis 2 says God 'formed'

Zechariah references form out of human spirit, not material. 42 references were "formed" that does not literal use material; dust is chemical composition of the human body.

26. How does Walton answer those who say that because Genesis 2 says God 'formed'

Zechariah references form out of human spirit, not material. 42 references were "formed" that does not literal use material; dust is chemical composition of the human body.

104. What objections to the day-age view are listed and how do defenders of it respond?

a. Numbered "days" were used in Genesis 1. Some think yom can refer to an infinite period if it does not have a number in front of it. This is not a grammatical rule in the Hebrew language, even if it does refer to days everywhere else we should not think that applies to Genesis 1 because it refers to human days, not God's time. b. The use of "evening" and "morning" suggest a 24-hour period, but the sun does not appear until the 4th day states that "evening" and "morning" cannot be taken literally, but they refer to the beginning and ending of epochs or ages. c. The world 'olam refers to an epoch or age, which is not used in Genesis 1. However, yom have been used to mean epoch or era in other places in the Old Testament, and it is not clear that 'olam could refer to "epoch" or era in the biblical times. d. Death entered the World with Adam. However, geological evidence suggests that animal death happened before human death. Paul talks about humans in Romans 5 not the entire animal kingdom and all vegetation, and the "death" that Paul refers to doesn't have to be a physical death, but rather a spiritual death. e. The length of the Sabbath matches God's original Sabbath, the 24 hours of rest. In Exodus the length of the Sabbath isn't important, but the idea of the Sabbath rest is.

100. What are the supporting arguments given for the young earth view?

a. Revelation and modern science- Christians seem surprised that the world was created in 7 days, yet they believe in the God of miracles b. The pattern of supernatural work- Gods working is spontaneous and immediate; fitting the standards in Gen 1 c. Death came through Adam- Death was not intended for either humans or animals with no pain or suffering which is why creation was good. When Adam and Eve fell, Satan became the authority, which is why there is now natural selection and the pain and suffering we have now. d. The precariousness of modern science. Many scientist believe that the entire old earth/evolutionary paradigm in which science operates on is based on weak evidence

155. What are the supporting arguments given for the young earth view?

a. Revelation and modern science. Many Christians believe in many different miracles that happened by God, so why is it so hard for Christians to believe that God created the earth from nothing in 7 literal days? b. The pattern of supernatural work. God's miracles are typically sudden and instantaneous which fits with the Genesis 1 account of God speaking and it being there. c. Death Came through Adam. Death was not intended for either humans or animals with no pain or suffering which is why creation was good. When Adam and Eve fell Satan became the authority which is why there is now natural selection and the pain and suffering we have now. d. The precariousness of modern science. Many scientist believe that the entire old earth/evolutionary paradigm in which science operates on is based on weak evidence.

154. What are the five primary arguments in favor of the young earth view?

a. The Hebrew word for yom (day) refers to a 24 hour period in length in the Genesis account b. Whenever "day" or yom is used with a certain number before it, it is referring to a 24 hour day. c. The use of "evening" and "morning" when describing each "day" in creation shows that they are normal 24 hour days. d. Genesis 1:14 talks about lights in the sky to separate day from night and for this to be signs of the seasons for the days and years. No one questions these "days" and "years" be literal e. God commanded Israel to imitate the pattern set in Genesis 1 by working 6 days and resting the 7th.

164. What are the supporting arguments in favor of the literary framework view?

a. The ancient Near Eastern background in particular the creation literature that parallels Genesis 1. b. The theology of Genesis 1 takes on a significance when read against the backdrop of ancient Near Eastern literature against the backdrop of contemporary scientific concerns. Gen. 1 is not a scientific report and is intended to tell us who the creator is not how he created. c. The weaknesses of alternative views. Both views have a difficult time explaining how plant life could survive a day or an entire age without the sun but the literary framework explains that the order of the days is not the chronology, but the thematic problems expressed in Genesis 1:2. d. Genesis 1 and the scientific evidence. Literary framework can agree with anything that the scientific community decides to embrace.

109. What are the supporting arguments in favor of the literary framework view?

a. The ancient near eastern background, b. The theology of Gen 1, c. The weakness of alternative views, d. Genesis 1 and the scientific evidence,

160. What are the main biblical arguments in favor of the restoration view?

a. The description of the world is a "formless void". "formless" and "void" always refer to something that is corrupt, wasted, or judged. God did not create a world of chaos, but it eventually became one from God's judgement. b. Old Testament scholars argue the "deep" has a negative meaning, meaning that something had opposed God. The author describes the Spirit of God hovering or guarding the deep, or keeping demonic forces at bay. c. Genesis 1 and 2 are not the only passages that refer to creation, many of which depict God doing battle with hostile forces to bring the world into being. d. With the exception of animals and humans Genesis doesn't use the word "create" because God fashions things out of preexisting material e. Puzzling features of the Genesis narrative become clear, like the command of human's to have dominion suggests that humans would be met with resistance, and the command of Adam to "keep" the Garden seems to covey him guarding it from something hostile.

161. What are the supporting arguments in favor of the restoration view?

a. The flexibility of the restoration theory. Most accept the "days" of Genesis are 24 hour days while also accepting that the earth is very old. (thinks the first creation was destroyed) b. The problem of prehumanoid suffering (animal suffering before humans hit the scene) the restoration states that the animals in this creation were originally vegetarian, but the animals have been carnivorous for millions of years.

156. What objections are listed to the young earth view and how do the proponents of this view respond to them?

a. The sun was not created until the fourth day which means that the "days" of Genesis 1 are not 24 hour days, however, the first thing God created was "light". This "light" followed the same pattern of morning and evening and after the sun was created continued to follow the pattern. b. The 7th day of rest is still in progress according to Hebrews 4:1-11 that encourages us to join in the "rest" God has been having since creation. Nowhere in the text does it say the 7th "day" is still in progress and the author is drawing an analogy from Psalm 95, which talks of the Israelites rebellion and couldn't enter the Promised Land so Hebrew Christians should not repeat this mistake and Jesus states He and His Father are "still working" c. Too much activity took place on the sixth day for it to be 24 hours like Adam naming every animal. But, Adam had an unfallen mind at this point, second the animals Adam named could a special class just to see what Adam would name them d. Is God deceptive whith his "appearance of age" creation of the world? We don't accept the "appearance" of old age, because it does not "appear" to be billions of years old. Anything God created ex nihilo (from nothing) would have the appearance of age because he created humans not embryos and plants and animals not seeds and eggs.

101. What objections are listed to the young earth view and how do the proponents of this view respond to them?

a. The sun was not created until the fourth day- the first day God made light, the fourth day he modified it. Nothing significant here. b. The seventh day of rest is still in progress- some say that the seventh day is still in progress... but the text does not say this? The author is drawing an analogy in this text. Jesus states that he and his Father are still working, not ceased from working c. Too much activity took place on the sixth day- Adam at this point had a fallen mind, how could he perform such mental function? d. Is God deceptive- we do not accept much of what scientists argue is "the appearance" of old age; does not appear to be millions of years old

158. What are the supporting arguments in favor of the day-age view?

a. The truthfulness of God. God's revelation comes from both Scripture and creation like the cosmos appearing old. b. The credibility of the church and learning form the past. The credibility of the church will be upheld with the day-age theory because both science ad=nd scripture coincide with this theory. c. The scientific evidence with the vast majority of scientists believing the earth is billions of years old. The big bang theory agrees, and the flood geology doesn't agree with the stratification of the earth's layers

165. What objections to the literary framework view are listed and how do defenders of it respond?

a. This view acquiesces to liberal theology. The literary framework supports liberal theology in particular the notion that people can embrace the symbolic meaning of an event while saying it never actually took place. The literary framework states that the CHRONOLOGY is not important to the author. b. This view overstates the parallels with other ancient Near Eastern texts. All creation accounts vary between texts, but the "days" are thematic and literary benchmarks rather than literal reports of how long it took for the world to happen. c. "Day" is always used in a literal way in Hebraic literature because there is no other examples of "day" (yom) being used as a literary theme in the bible. However, most scholars believe "day" (yom) does function as a literary device in other texts and the literary use of "day" is always in creation passages, and interpreting "day" in a liter fashion creates difficulties that the literary framework avoids. d. This view creates a false antithesis. No one states that the literary framework does not ALSO teach the actual chronology of creation. e. This view undermines the command to keep the seventh day holy. God rested when his work was done and this is the both the point of Genesis and Exodus passages, they rest when it is done.

162. What objections to the restoration view are listed and how do defenders of it respond?

a. This view is not traditional and has few representatives in the church. Evangelicals look to Scripture as the only authority in matter of doctrine, so while there is no precedent for it that can't be the only deciding factor and no interpretation of creation can claim dominance in the church b. The view is based on circumstantial eveidence. This is true of ALL creation accounts using scripture to make inferences about other scriptures. c. This view is based on a distinction between "create" and "make", however the author intentionally uses make unless talking about humans or animals which he uses create. d. This view is inconsistent with the goodness of creation because it assumes evil existed before and after the creation which is inconsistent with the fact God pronounced his creation "good". Each of these good declarations refers to a new stage of God's reformation e. This view is inconsistent with the fossil evidence because scientists should not be able to find fossils who lived in the original creation. But the earth ahs been through multiple catastrophes in the past and we have no idea what the "formless void" looked like or if the life had been previously destroyed.

157. What are the main biblical arguments in favor of the day-age view?

a. Yom can refer to a day or an age like in the latter account (Genesis 2:4). b. Interpreting the days of Genesis 1 as 24 hour days has issues with the Genesis account, because the sun does not appear until the 4th day, and on two days too much was done to be a 24 hour period (3rd day vegetation and 6th day naming of animals). Several passages of Scripture teach that God's "days" are not like our "days" Psalm 90 1000 yrs for us is one day for him. Finally a number of passages teach the earth is very old like Habakkuk and the "eternal mountains" and "everlasting hills"

103. What are the supporting arguments in favor of the day-age view?

a. the truthfulness of God, scripture teaches us that God is completely truthful b. church credibility, we learn from the past c. scientific evidence, big bang theory agrees; flood geology does not

110. What objections to the literary framework view are listed and how do defenders of it respond?

a. this view agrees to liberal theology; people can embrace symbolic meaning of event, while saying it never took place b. overstates the parallels with other ancient near Eastern texts; "days" are thematic and literary c. "day" is always used in a literal way in Hebraic literature d. creates a false antithesis e. undermines the command to keep the seventh day holy

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