Biblical ethics, last section

letter from Birmingham Jail

1. Nonviolence is not a method for cowards; it does resist2. Nonviolence does not seek to defeat or humiliate the opponent but to win friendship and understanding3. In nonviolent action there is a willingness to accept suffering without retaliation, to accept blows from the opponent without striking back. 4. Nonviolent resistance avoids not only external physical violence but also internal violence of spirit. 5. Nonviolent resistance is based on the conviction that the universe is on the side of justice.

abortion by the numbers: 1980s to to now

1.5 million each year in the 1980s and now its 700,000

the average black family has only what fraction of wealth compared to white families because wealth is passed to generations

1/16

people with black sounding names receive what fraction of job interviews when submitting applications

1/2

infertility affects what percent of us couple

10%

price of IVF

10,000-30,000

infertility affects what percent of couples

10-15%

what percent of the us population lives in poverty

12.5%, 40 million including 16 million children

poverty by demographics

15 million children, 4.5 million elderly, 4 million elderly, 25% in labor, 8% are caregivers, not many are able bodied people who simply won't work

how many children die each day of preventable starvation and disease

15,000

in 2005, what percent of known pregnancies ended in elective abortions

19.5%

when was the assisted reproduction industry born

1970s in conjunction with the advent of hormonal birth control and the first in vitro fertilization baby was born in England 1978

what percent of pregnancies are aborted worldwide

20%

number of slaves captured and brought to America originally

30 million

in recent decades, infertility is up what percent?

300-400%

in 1990, 1.85 billion or what percent of the world lived in extreme poverty and what does extreme poverty mean

36% lived on less than one dollar per day and 2 billion lived on less than two dollars per day

progression of embryo

4 cells on day 2, 7-9 cells on day 3; undifferentiated cells until 2 weeks; 8 weeks forward; fetus; birth; baby

what percent of abortions in the world are performed unsafely

47%

what percent of conceptions progress past the first trimester. Of those, how many women never know they are pregnant

50%, most women never know they are pregnant

as of 2007, women between the ages of 20 and 29 obtained what percent of abortions

57%

in 2005, what percent of known pregnancies ended in fetal loss or infant death

6%

in 2020, how many people lived under $1.90 and how many under $3

750 million live under $1.90 and 1.5 billion live under $3

What is just peacemaking?

A group of efforts to attempt to prevent war

In the lecture and notes, what did I call the position that Christians should do whatever their government asks them to do (in regard to war)?

Activism

book about how Gentiles came to be included among God's people

Acts

Which of the following is not among the criteria of "just war"?

Christian nation

Which Roman emperor made Christianity legal, even the preferred religion of the Roman empire?

Constantine

books where church is God's way of bringing all together

Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Revelations

Which broad category does divine command theory fall under?

Deontological ethics

What is the view that says Christians should do no violence because Jesus did no violence?

Deontological pacifism

where are anti-abortion opinions in Christian writings?

Didache, the Epistle of Barnabas, and the Apocalypse of Peter

who said the Old Testament considers breathing at birth the mark of becoming a human person, and ceasing to breathe the mark of death

Edmond Jacob

Which of the following is a reason that the U.S. cannot use divine command theory for public policy?

Even we who are Christians do not interpret the Bible in the same way, We do not all believe in God (or at least the same God), Many of the rules in the Bible seem to be obsolete for our age

those who are opposed to abortion, frequently cite what passage from Psalm 139:13-14

For it was you who formed my inward parts you knit me together in my mother's womb. I praise you for I am fearfully and wonderfully made. Wonderful are your works. The passage affirms that God forms humans in the womb and has knowledge of a person before birth. Pro-choice Christians say this passage is just poetry

Jesus went through what city teaching in their synagogues and proclaiming the good news of the kingdom and curing every disease and every sickness among the people

Galilee

Christian arguments against reproductive technologies

Humans should not play God. It may not be God's will for those people to have children. Children are the product of a loving relationship between two, not three, people. Destroying embryos (in the test tube or the uterus) is surely against Judeo-Christian principles. People should not sever the connection between sex and procreation which is from Roman Catholics. Adoption is not only an option but is needed. There are also unintended consequences.

Which of the following is not among the criteria of "just war"?

International (United Nations) approval

blessing and uniting all peoples

Isaiah and Micah

One advantage of utilitarianism is that

It attempts to treat other people well--greatest good for greatest number

who sounds radical about wealth and poverty in the Bible

Jesus

Biblical arguments in favor of reproductive technologies

Jesus spent a lot of time healing those who had medical problems and disabilities. The Bible says nothing about reproductive technologies. Playing God? Doesn't this mean that we shouldn't use medical help at all? The Bible condemns sexual activity outside of marriage and these technologies don't violate that rule. Abraham and Sarah used a surrogate mother and Mosaic law required levirate marriage.

Jesus says that the Law is really all about

Love: Loving God and and loving humanity

Examples of Jesus being radical about wealth and poverty

Luke: Blessed are you who are poor; woe you who are rich, rich fool who built larger barns to store crops so that he could take it easy, banquet; invite the poor, the crippled, the lame, and the blind, rich man, who failed to help the poor man spent eternity in torment, while poor man sat at the table with Abraham in the afterlife. Rich young ruler: easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle... and James says low wages cry out against you

The second-century Christian who said that the Father of Jesus was not the same God as the wrath-filled violent God of the Old Testament was

Marcion

One of the great disadvantages of utilitarianism is that

Minorities are oppressed in order to do what is best for the most people

the argument in favor of abortion that says a woman should be able to choose what she wants to do with her own body and how to live her life. Legally, the right to privacy.

Personal autonomy and self determination

examples in the Bible that people must be responsible because work is rewarded and laziness in condemned

Proverbs 10 says lazy hands make for poverty but diligent hands bring wealth. Proverbs 24 says a little sleep a little slumber a little folding of the hands to rest and poverty will come upon you like a robber, and want like an armed man.

Which of the following did Jesus believe in?

Resurrection of the body

In some of the stories about Jesus, he shows that he knows that principles/rules sometimes conflict. Which stories show this?

Sabbath controversies

most segregated hour of the week

Sunday mornings at 10am, 90% of churches are over 80% one race

After Jesus healed people in Galilee, where did his fame spread and what verse did this come from

Syria came from Matthew 4:23-24

The church, as the beachhead of the kingdom of God, is to be that community in its life gives evidence that intentional violent and premature death from any source can be resisted and overcome, not just in the eschatological future but beginning now, in the eschatological kingdom present in mustard seed form.

The church cannot do this simply by holding appropriate positions, or advocating appropriate laws, on issues such as abortion. Nor is the primary task of the church to determine when these and other forms of killing might be permissible as exceptions to a general rule. This rule casuistry has so dominated moral reflection in both Christian and secular ethics that it is sometimes hard to imagine any other way of dealing with a moral issue.

To what extent does Harris believe that we must "do good" to people who may need our help?

The greater the benefit to others and the lesser the cost to us, the greater the obligation we have.

What was Jesus's favorite image for the afterlife?

The messianic banquet, all God's people eating together

Among the many worldviews (or metanarratives) that people live with, which one seems to be the one that early Christians believed?

The world is good and will be renewed and resurrected

Non-Christian arguments against reproductive technologies

This technology shouldn't be offered to gay couples, unstable couples, or poor people who can't pay for it. The technology should only be used for moral motives, like to eliminate severe disorders, not to enhance desirable characteristics or for harvesting organs. Surrogacy is essentially baby selling because payment goes beyond the expenses involved in being pregnant. It exploits poor women. The long-term results of these technologies are unknown.

Whose name is most associated with natural law theory?

Thomas Aquinas

Most divine command theorists in the US basically argue that

We know what is right and wrong because God has revealed it to us in the Bible

Natural law theory argues that

We learn right and wrong from looking at the nature of the world and of human beings

proponents of utilitarianism believe that

We should do what results in the greatest good for the greatest number of people

explain in vitro fertilization

a male donor is probably involved and normally several eggs are fertilized and 2-4 are implanted. there are hundreds of thousands of frozen embryos just in the us today

which two practices of the Greco-Romans did Early Christians reject

abortion and infanticide

how do many Christians ground their argument in identifying developing human life as a human person

abortion at any stage is a form of murder because it kills a member of the human species, a human person, endowed by his or her Creator with sacred and immeasurable worth regardless of the development status of his or her particular functions or capacities. And murder, simply put, is banned by divine command, the ultimate deontological moral rule.

four bioethical issues most relevant in the developed world

abortion, birth control, reproductive technologies, and end of life care decision making

who said the free market mechanism motivates everybody to contribute their best efforts because otherwise they will not have anything to exchange

adam smith

who said "if respect is owed to beings because they are in a certain state, it is owed to whatever, by its very nature, develops into that state"

alan donagan

Adam Smith's metaphor

an invisible hand guides a society's use of wealth as each person in the economy makes decisions in their own self interest

the burden of proof lies on who

anyone who would intervene in its life in order to destroy it

five stages related to giving directly to the poor

appreciation, anticipation, expectation, entitlement, dependence

What great ancient thinker was the most famous proponent of character/virtue ethics?

aristotle

Which ancient philosopher believed that virtues were the "golden mean" between too little and too much of human character traits?

aristotle

what are the three types of reproductive technologies

artificial insemination which was started in 1981, in vitro fertilization, and surrogate motherhood

Respecting people's freedom to do what they want (as long as they are not harming others) is called

autonomy

who said society is a sum of transactions of free and independent persons. the person, for a hint, is against altruism

ayn rand

why is embryonic stem cell research controversial

because it involves the destruction of the embryo

why is adult stem cell research is less controversial

because it is from umbilical chords and placentas but it is not as versatile

when does stem cell research happen

before implantation at blastocyst stage

Another way of talking about the rule "Do good" is to talk about the principle of

beneficence

many Christian ethics textbooks focus almost exclusively on what kind of ethics

bio ethics which have to do with human health, illness, health care, and related technology

how did the guy in the story want to get Big Freddy out of the hole when spelunking

blow him out with dynamite

One of the great illustrations that promotes utilitarianism is

bombing of hiroshima and nagasaki

explain artificial insemination

can either be by the husband or by a donor

realities of us poverty

can't afford nutritious food, no transportation, reliant on free clinics, inadequate housing, crime, poor schools, frustration, accidents, sickness, car repairs

who said that the party directing the masses does not need to be formed by all the people of the country

canaan sodido banana, the president of zimbabwe

what is the most effective in combating poverty

capitalism

what country has improved the most in terms of poverty

china

Comprehensive federal law intended to end discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin.

civil rights act of 1964

During wars, which of the following groups usually has more deaths than the other group?

civilians

if the sperm of a donor is used, it is through an industry that relies on the

commodification of human sperm and offers the possibility of choosing sperm for certain characteristics. this introduces the possibility of a third person in the conception of a child, which is cause for concern.

the market is an awkward mechanism when asked to provide what

community wide facilities in education, recreation, communication, highways, defense

central biblical teaching rarely actualized in public life

concept that women, children, racial minorities, immigrants, refugees, and the poor are to be treated not only equally but also with special concern because of their frequent marginalization and vulnerability

process of a person's existence

conception at zero days, implantation at 7 days, heartbeat at 22 days, quickening at 20 weeks, viability at 22 weeks, breathing at birth or actuality which is conscious self reflective intelligence

pro abortion people say no woman should be forced to have a child that she did not

consent to conceiving

what does world poverty mean

constant struggle and deprivation, not enough food, not the right food, no clean water, unclean sanitation, indecent healthcare, no access to education, no electricity

scientists modified genetically a fertilized human embryo to create a modified human being because the embryo was not viable but it proved that it was possible using what

crispr

We read early in the semester from a guy who believed in natural law to the extent that he said there was a moral law built into human beings? Who was that?

cs lewis

who tend to oppose abortion as a violation of human dignity or the sacredness of life

cultural and theological conservatives

who tend to favor abortion rights as essential for women's rights and personal liberty

cultural and theological liberals

the belief that ethics are and should be different in different cultures is called

cultural relativism

why is increased efficiency bad sometimes in free markets that run almost perfectly

cutting costs due to competition are sometimes damaging to people and society so the market provides an incentive to irresponsible behavior when it saves money to be irresponsible which requires priority setting plans

some think that making abortion illegal will lead to

dangerous illegal abortions

interracial marriage and interracial adoption rates are doing what

decreasing

is the number of abortions increasing or decreasing in the United States

decreasing

the approach that says there are rules and principles that all people should follow is called

deontological ethics

the simple giving of money can create

dependence and a disincentive to get education, a job, and it destroys dignity

a number of very influential ethicists make the argument that human personhood should be viewed as consisting of a number of specific and unique human functions, which can be summarized as a

developed capacity for conscious self-reflective intelligence

what kind of countries have seen the need to regulate the market

developed countries

where do most pregnancies take place

developing nations

when prejudice is overtly expressed

discrimination

three themes of Kingdom Ethics

discussing abortion, end of life issues, and biotechnology

case that allowed abortion when emotional or psychological health of mother is at risk, including when she had too many children to take care of one more

doe v bolton in 1973

wogaman says we vote with our

dollars so decisions reached by the marketplace do not reflect the democratic outcome implied by those who speak of the democracy of the marketplace

who said that relying on the free market to do everything does NOT work and that society instinctively rebels against instrumental economic values over intrinsic social ones

economic historian karl polanyi in the great transformation

the free market may not do good for

education, safety, fighting racism, environment, slavery, concentration of economic and political power

president banana supports

egalitarianism which is all people are equal and have equal rights

which two kinds of abortions are morally very different events and which one involves human moral agency

elective abortion involves human moral agency compared to spontaneous abortion

which type of abortions involve the volitional destruction of a developing human life

elective abortions

another name for marxism practices that involve the notion that leaders should not be "of the people"

elitist paternalism

laws freeing slaves

emancipation proclamation 1863 and 13th amendment

Which is the ethical approach that says talking about right and wrong is just talk? This approach argues there is no right or wrong, and that to express what we think is right or wrong is just expressing our emotions. This view is called

emotivism

there is no passage in all of Scripture that tackles abortion directly which should force Christians toward

epistemological humility

Almost none of the important biblical thinking about morals comes from the Old Testament, such as the nature of humans and God. Most of our thinking about human morality comes from the New Testament.

false

Capital punishment is legal in more than 45 states and the District of Columbia.

false

God was a legalist back in Old Testament times.

false

It has been proven in the US that using capital punishment acts as a deterrent (that is, it keeps some people from committing capital crimes.)

false

Jesus taught that the Law (of Moses) was no longer valid.

false

Most of those who are killed in the US by the death penalty are wealthy.

false

The Christians during the first three centuries went to war and fought for the Romans.

false

The OT creation story teaches that the physical creation is evil and temporary.

false

The Prophets in the OT were primarily predictors of the future who had little to say about moral matters such as justice, greed, taking care of the poor, etc.

false

In china, what gender is aborted more

females

one in _______ have an abortion by age 45

five or six

reparations refers to

fix what you break

evangelists wanted slaves to

focus on the glories to come in heaven not their troubles on earth

regulations on free market/capitalism

food stamps, social security, medicare, taxes, unions, subsidies, tariffs, parks, police, building highways

the free market may do great for

food, clothing, shelter, entertainment

freedom to pursue own interests unless hurting others. plus competition in production and distribution of goods and services

free enterprise

abortion takes on a new cast when we look at abortion

from a position of compassion

which two approaches demand that Christian disciples practice the welcoming and nurturing of human life, not just individually but in Christian community

full personhood and potential personhood

alternatives of ivf

gamete intrafallopian transfer where the sperm and egg are placed in close proximity in the fallopian tubes and zygote intrafallopian transfer where the embryos are placed in the fallopian tubes instead of the uterus

who said that while democracy may not be the best form of government, it is that form under which we best can guarantee that people will get what they deserve

george bernard shaw

who said that capitalism had its origins in the primitive acts of giving

george gilder

who argues for the inclusion of the weakest and least advantaged members of the human community in our concept of personhood, including the developing human embryo. This approach makes preventing abortion a significant justice fight that aims to protect the most vulnerable of all human beings.

gilbert meilaender

who struggles with the concept that states personhood should exclude certain human beings from full membership in the human community with the associated moral status and legal protections

gilbert meilaender

the role of the communist party is to

give leadership in facilitating revolutionary transformation of society

luke 10

good Samaritan

opposite of free market is

guided market

what did aristotle say was the ultimate goal of human life, the end rather than the means

happiness/eudaimonia

why did it matter in the illustration that Joe (with lung cancer) lived in Oregon

he could get a physician to help him die with dignity

The author of the abortion reading (David) position on personhood

he would much rather be wrong in attributing too much personhood to the fetus than in attributing too little

Who said the "natural state" of humans (without Leviathan) is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"?

hobbes

Who was the person from the 1600's whose name is associated with ethical egoism?

hobbes

what is the first problem with relying on the free market to establish social priorities

how are we supposed to achieve a social result from our purely private transactions

causes of racism

how we are raised, makes us feel better about ourselves, we want to maintain power, lack understanding of other cultures, need a scapegoat like hitler needed jews

ethical egoism basically argues that

humans should act in their own best self-interest

what amendment prohibits the use of federal funds to pay for abortion (affecting poor women)

hyde amendment in 1976

most ethical textbooks are closely related to what perspectives

ideological and politics perspectives of authors

where does institutional racism originate

in the operation of established and respected forces in the society

due to productivity gains in the last two centuries both

income (economic power one anticipates receiving) and wealth (economic power one has already accumulated) have increased at exponential rates

the free market approach is fundamentally

individualistic because individuals make their own economic decisions without any overarching social plan or vision

which type of racism receives less public condemnation than individual racism. it is also more destructive

institutional

"A system of procedures/patterns in all walks of life, i.e. education, housing, businesses, employment, professional associations, religion, media, etc., whose effect is to perpetuate and maintain the power, influence and well-being of one group over another.

institutional racism

system on a national level that resorts to coercion (kind of communism)

involuntary communism

argues for complete capitalism reasons

involves no regulations, unions, certainly does well for the able bodied educated with good luck

wogaman says the harshest criticism of civil service occurs not becacuse the bureaucracy is unconcerned about public interest but because

it actually is concerned. what position they take when they do concern themselves makes at least one side mad which means they are criticized.

what is the current law regarding abortion

it is legal but may be restricted by the states to varying degrees. States have passed laws to restrict late term abortions, require parental notification for minors, and mandate the disclosure of abortion risk information to patients prior to the procedure. And they are using many regulations to stop abortions by an means: locations for clinics, privileges with hospitals, etc.

wogaman - what is the most serious philosophical failing of laissez/faire capitalism

its neglect of social nature of human beings

Who argued that there are seven ways of quantifying happiness (for the greatest number)?

jeremy bentham

a society that undertakes the routine practice of abortion cannot be said to be

just or fully respect the worth of human life

Which was not one of the cardinal virtues, according to Plato?

knowledge

reasons for poverty

lack of access to food, shelter, clothing, clean water, healthcare, education, colonization, government corruption, unemployment, low wages, discrimination, disability, mental illness, lack of ineducation, natural disasters, death, laziness, war like syria and yemen, prison, government policies

what are the legal issues involved with surrogate motherhood

laws in 8 states protect surrogacy contracts, especially california and florida, but in other states it is illegal to hire a surrogate like in new york

Proof that God loves the poor and wants people to share their possessions

leviticus 9 when you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not reap your field right up to its edge neither shall you gather the gleanings after your harvest. And you shall not strip your vineyear bare, neither shall you gather the fallen grapes of your vineyard. You shall leave them for the poor and for the sojourner: I am the Lord your God. "If one of your countrymen becomes poor among you and sells himself to you, do not make him work as a slave. He is to be treated as a hired worker or a temporary resident among you; he is to work for you until the Year of Jubilee.

form of Christian theology that adapts a marxist analysis of economic and political structures and links it to biblical themes. this is practiced in latin american and third world nations. they began their theology with the lived experience of oppressed peoples. Disparities are the primary manifestation of sin. Interpret salvation as personal, economic, and political liberation of oppressed people.

liberation theology

whose individualism obscures the extent to which property is created socially

locke

many socially conservative states have pushed the boundaries of federal laws to

make abortions increasingly difficult to obtain within their borders

transliteration of the Aramaic word for money and wealth. money as an egocentric force, a power that captivates the heart and mind, alienating a person from God. Money deified.

mammon

define and explain genetic therapy/engineering

manipulating, modifying, removing genes with undesirable effects. the first kind is somatic which is to fix the individual like taking out alzheimers. Germline genetic modification passes on a fixed gene to a later generation. gene therapy is used for therapeutic reasons or for enhancement.

what maintains that there is a scientific analysis of society which provides humanity with the truly authentic picture of the direction of history

marxism

who suggested a woman should "love her child to life" in lieu of crisis pregnancies

mathewes green

against free market capitalism reasons

may not provide for everyone, especially those who cannot care for themselves so there is a growing gap between rich and poor

pro abortion people say that personhood is

metaphysical notion incapable of proof

who said that economic order can emerge as the unintended consequence of the actions of many people, each seeking his own interest and what is this based on

milton friedman based this off of Adam Smith who talks about the inevitable invisible hand that leads men to promote an end not part of original intention

economies with substantial public sector alonside the private market, with government acting as regulator, producer and distributor of goods and services to a substantial extent

mixed economies where government involvement in economics reflects the outcome of political battles

what was wogaman's alternative to totalitarian socialism

mixed economy in which the public and private sectors exist side by side, each contributing to the total economic life of a nation. in these economies, the state steals wealth through taxes and then redistributes it inefficiently.

abortion is an expression of a woman's

moral agency

Ronald Nash is an advocate for the free market system. He says the free market system is more efficient and

morally and biblically superior

percent of conceptions that never reach the stage of uterine implantation and what happens to those women

more than 50 percent and those women never know they are pregnant

does scripture record teaching from Jesus about abortion

no

five basic positions on abortion

no abortion is justifiable even when mother's life is in danger from the long held catholic belief that sex if for procreation which is the roman catholic view after centuries of praising celibacy. the second is that only therapeutic abortion is justifiable which means the mother's life is in danger that is held by most protestants. the next says that abortion is justifiable also in hard cases like rape incest severe deformity which is held by many christians. the current law is another position. the fifth is that abortion is justifiable whenever a woman wants an abortion.

mlk and sclc work was what kind

nonviolent resistance

pro choice argument on when does live begin?

not at conception

elitism in social planning always looks better if

one is in the elite or if one can designate the elite than if one is in on the outside looking in

what percent of abortions are by married women

over 16%

embryos and fetuses are among several types of human beings that lack such personhood capacities; others include those in a

persistent vegetative state, newborns, and the irreversibly comatose

3 pro life arguments that don't come from the Bible

personal autonomy only applies to one's own person not another human life, human life begins at conception (if it isn't human then what is it?) because to be a member of the species is to have the rights of the species, and potential and actual persons have the right to life

One of the advantages of of Ayn Rand's ethical egoism is that encourages

personal responsibility

case that upheld the central holding in Roe, but replacing the trimester system with the point of fetal viability as defining a state's right to override the woman's autonomy. Also demanded that states could not place an undue burden on women seeking abortion

planned parenthood v casey in 1992

Which ancient philosopher believed that the world humans experience was just a world of imperfect forms and ideas, not the perfect forms and ideas from non-physical world (where we will go after death)?

plato

who talked about the myth of the ring of gyges

plato

what group will be hurt the most if abortion is made illegal

poor women since rich women will travel to another state or country that allow abortions

Christians can reject routine abortion, as practices in many societies, without embracing what approach

potentiality

which approach can still affirm that abortion amounts to the violent rejection of a divinely given, infinitely precious developing human being.

potentiality

approach that says an entity "will naturally and in due course develop into a person" but is not yet a person. Fetal life thus represents potential rather than actual personhood. But it is morally significant.

potentiality or potential personhood approach

it is possible that what approach will still yield a high view of the moral status of fetal life and correlated moral and legal protections

potentiality or potential personhood approach

they fertilize several eggs in the lab and then test them for diseases then implant only the embryos that do not have the disease

preimplantation genetic diagnosis

when stereotypes cause a rigid emotional attitude that predisposes a person to act in a certain way

prejudice

How do Ross, Harris, and others like them think that people in pluralistic societies can get along when they do not agree about God, natural law, etc?

prima facie duties

Christian issues with abortion

private morality versus public policy (can a Christian personally detest abortion but allow others to have a choice? how should laws based on morality be determined in a democracy?), are we anti abortion or pro baby?

what do intra-marriage abortions reflect

problems within the marriage

what is the most effective incentive

profit motive

this view seeks wealth as a blessing promised by God to all faithful Christians, also known as the health and wealth gospel. wogaman says this view is heretical, inhumane, and economically impossible. It sees the poor as second class citizens in the kingdom of God. It teaches the rich to love God for what he gives, rather than for himself.

prosperity gospel

The OT book that might be called "wisdom from below" is

proverbs

aside from emergency situations, we need to encourage the poor to develop themselves by

providing education, creating industry, working with families

actions, practices or beliefs, or social or political systems that consider different races to be ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities

racism

Who was the woman in the book of Joshua who lied to protect the Israelite spies?

rahab

The recent (1900's) name associated with ethical egoism is

rand

law in Exodus that confuses some people about abortion

reckless behavior that causes a woman to deliver a child prematurely dead or alive is punishable

there is more evidence that wages are based upon a complex and largely inherited set of...

relationships and expectations derived only somewhat from the identifiable talents and contributions of individual workers

four biblical arguments for pro-life

respect for life (don't take innocent life), God is concerned with the unborn, "premature birth" exodus interpretation (life for life principle also applies to a fetus), despite lack of Bible specificity ancient Jews and early Christians were anti-abortion

legalized abortion on the basis of a trimester model that is now both legally and medically obsolete, intended to limit abortion progressively as pregnancies proceeded, but for a variety of legal, cultural, and practical reasons those limits proved weak

roe v wade

14th amendment right to privacy includes absolute right to abortion in first trimester (but that was later rejected); states could only restrict in order to protect health of mother in second trimester; during third trimester, because of viability, abortion only available when life or health of mother is threatened

roe v wade in 1973

What group of Christians have been the greatest proponents of natural theology?

roman catholics

Whose name is most associated with the Prima Facie Duties approach to ethics?

ross

proof in the Bible that God wants justice meaning that all should have access to productive resources that give them opportunity to prosper

sabbatical year: Every 7 years, debts are canceled and slaves are freed. Deuteronomy 15. Jubilee year: Every 50 years, the land returns to the family that originally owned it. Leviticus 25.

50% of children in what country live in poverty

saharan africa

example of the problem of the commons

sending pollutants into the atmosphere, polluters fund political candidates who will veto clean air legislation which isn't in the best interest of society as a whole

plessy v ferguson 1896

separate but equal

brown v board of education 1954

separate is not equal

thinking that says Jesus is remarkably and consistently negative in his view of wealth. Exhibited in Jesus' telling of the rich young man to give away his wealth. Jesus said people will have a hard time getting into heaven. Teaches wealthy Christians to live with less. Encourages them to buy used things. Ignores the fabulous wealth of Abraham and the straightforward claim "Prosperity rewards the righteous" from Proverbs 13.

simplicity gospel

reasons for us poverty

single motherhood and divorce, poor education, addiction, prison and crime

Who was the great psychologist whose name is associated with behaviorism?

skinner

who said that if the state owns the economy, it is very important to ask who owns the state

socialist michael harrington

abortion is a sign of

socially structured gender injustice and another mechanism for the oppression of women

pro abortion position involving unwanted children

society should not force unwanted children to be brought into the world

attribution of certain characteristics toward a group of people

stereotypes

what did doctors and nurses in WW2 and Korea sometimes give soldiers when they ran out of morphine

sugar pills

how to Christians respond to crisis pregnancies and the broader issue of abortion

support, encourage, compassion, caring, find example in the Good Samaritan of Luke 10, counseling, global women's rights and women's health movement

Jesus seems to have spent most of his time with

tax collectors and sinners, poor people, disabled and sick people

what can Christians do about poverty

teach hard work, responsibility, honesty, generosity, hope, desire to help others, forgiveness, love

the abortion reading bases the approach to abortion in what text

teachings of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount concerning violence. He says to stop harming one another, he offered a diagnosis of how we get stuck in patterns leading us to keep killing and harming, and he taught several transforming initiatives that can bring us back into an obedience that preserves and cherishes human life which we must honor and consider sacred just as God does

the view that what is right is determined by the results is called

teleological ethics

what position on abortion represents a very small percentage

the "hard cases"

four biblical themes and teachings about poverty

the Bible assumes the right of personal property, people must be responsible because work is rewarded and laziness is condemned, God wants justice meaning that all should have access to productive resources that give them opportunity to prosper, God loves the poor and wants people to share their possessions.

many committed Christians believe that abortion is morally wrong but that

the best approach to public policy would not involve rollback of most abortion access. They hold this view because they believe in the autonomy of women, freedom of conscience, religious liberty, concerns about enforceability, and the fear of a return to dangerous, unregulated "back alley" abortions.

explain surrogate motherhood

the birth mother is the biological mother or when birth mother is not biological mother

explain embryonic stem cell research

the cells may become various body tissues, leading to healing and could be used for healing of genetic disorders or for the enhancement of certain human characteristics

When the New Testament writers such as Peter and Paul wrote about morals, which of the following did they NOT appear to emphasize?

the details of the law of Moses

the second dimension of Christian response to abortion is

the development of an ecclesial context in which abortion is generally unneeded and unthinkable because of the existence of a communal context that eliminates most of the circumstances within which crisis pregnancies arise

what does the article say we should conclude from biblical evidence: 6 things

the human child is a creation and gift from God. the Bible recognizes the mystery and majesty of the process of fetal development and articulates God's role in forming the unborn child. God has knowledge of those who will be born even before they are born. The developing child in the womb was treated as worthy of some legal protection in Old Testament law. The incarnation began with the miraculous conception of Jesus and not just his birth. Mary showed hospitality to welcome a child she did not expect and whose presence brought great suffering into her life.

healing is the mark of

the kingdom of God, justice and the sacredness of life

Frederica Mathewes Green indicates that the central driving force behind abortions resides in

the network of women's relationships. for example, if a pregnant woman doesn't have support from the father, her parents, or friends, she is likely to seek an abortion. Most of those women have experienced previous trauma.

Some Christian ethicists believe that there is a stance generally opposing abortion that does not wholly embrace the full personhood from conception position. It is a softer claim about the moral status of unborn life that may fit the biblical scientific and experiential evidence a bit better. what is the approach called?

the potentiality or potential-personhood approach

Non-biblical arguments for reproductive technologies

the primary requirement for having children should be for love and the ability to care for children, reproductive technologies are no more unnatural than adoption which also involves another couple. On a public policy level, why is this the government's business? Why is making better humans bad?

hobbes' "leviathan" was a reference to

the state (government)

A just society extends respect and appropriate protection to who? developing in complete vulnerability in their mothers' wombs

the unborn

group that holds that Christians should make the governing structures of the United States distinctively Christian, includes both reshaping the law of the land in light of biblical law and promoting a free market economy

theonomists aka reconstructionists

wogaman argues what about private interests

they can't achieve certain social goals which creates the problem of the commons

in cases of vegetative state and the irreversibly comatose, it is argued that while the lives of all such humans deserve respect,

they do not have the same status as fully human persons and thus should be treated as having fewer rights. In this approach, human personhood is linked not to human existence as such but to particular human capacities, and a wedge is driven between human beings and human persons.

what kind of movements have a more populist character, which some effort to consult peasantry in decision making and priority setting process

third world marxist liberation movements

the world council of churches in its call for a responsible society said what

those who hold political authority or economic power are responsible for its exercise to God and the people whose welfare is affected by it which neoconservatives doubt because they regard government as being inescapably irresponsible when it comes to economics.

In my lecture called "My Approach" I (Dr. Black) argued that there are four levels on which we make moral judgments. Which of the following is NOT included among those four?

thoughts

how is abortion legal in most countries

through viability

Who bombed the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City and killed 168 people, leading most Americans to want him to be given the death penalty?

timothy mcveigh

why did China move the law to allow 2 children

to give men someone to marry, slow down female abortion and support older generation

In light of the coming kingdom of God, the task of the church is

to participate in gracious transforming initiatives and community practices that reduce various forms of killing. The church should stand at the forefront of creative and concrete efforts to reduce the sources and causes of the violent death that occurs all around us. Attention to such transforming initiatives takes our focus off of technical debates about fetal moral status, or legal debates about the details of abortion law, and redirects it to compassionate moral attention to the actual life situations of women contemplating abortion.

wogaman argues that without a middle road, the problems of free market systems will lead to

totalitarian socialism

"Prima facie duties" are those principles and obligations that many believe all peoples of all cultures throughout history have basically shared.

true

A person's moral beliefs are generally very much related to his or her worldview.

true

Constantine not only made Christianity legal--he also united the church and state and gave the church special privileges and support.

true

Even though Christians have strong views about God and about right and wrong, Christians should refuse to dismiss the views of another culture just because they are different.

true

Even though there are differences in cultural morals, it is arguable that virtually all cultures honor family, value human life, and have the same basic moral views.

true

Harris and I (Black) think that following these Prima Facie guidelines would make this a pretty decent world ("the decent Samaritan") even though it is not as high an ethic as authentic Christian ethics (the Good Samaritan).

true

It has been proven that mistakes have been made by states carrying out the death penalty, so that innocent men have been killed for crimes they did not commit.

true

Jesus believed that the future period of blessings taught by the prophets had already arrived, though not fully.

true

Many divine command theory proponents believe that God's rules and principles will sometimes contradict each other, so that we have to make a choice.

true

Many people are for the death penalty for the cause of retribution (like the Old Testament in which the death penalty was used as a punishment for horrible deeds).

true

Moral behaviorists believe that we are the products of our DNA, our upbringing, etc. We can do no other than to do what we are "programmed" to do.

true

Most of the prophets, especially Isaiah, talked about a future time when God would restore blessings to his people and to establish peace, justice, and healing to the people of Israel.

true

Most people have a pretty strong belief that they are truly making important and moral decisions in their lives.

true

Natural law theorists believe that all people have access to truth from nature and reason (general revelation) even if they do not have access to the Bible, teachings of Jesus, law of Moses, etc (special revelation).

true

One of the greatest arguments against relativism is that its proponents cannot condemn people like the Nazis and practices such as terrorism, genocide, and human trafficking.

true

One of the primary reasons people believe in relativism is that different cultures have such different views regarding polygamy, same-sex relationships, women's rights, etc.

true

One of the problems with natural law theory is that is that we have to determine from what "is" (how humans really are) to what "ought to be." For example, it is fairly natural to want multiple sexual partners, but that does not mean this is right.

true

Ross and his followers believe that virtually all peoples believe that we have a human obligation to keep our promises (to be faithful to our obligations).

true

The OT creation story in Genesis teaches that all human beings are special because they are created in the image of God.

true

The historical narratives (stories) in the Old Testament are not always "moral tales" that teach us how we should act. Many are simply about how God accomplished God's will.

true

The principle of benevolence implies that we all have at least minimal obligations to do good to others.

true

The teaching of moral behaviorism is that it is an illusion that we make moral choices.

true

The teachings of Jesus suggest that God always wanted to have a loving relationship with those made in His image (humans) and that since Adam and Eve had failed and since Israel (Abraham's family) had failed, Jesus came to restore that relationship.

true

hobbes thought human systems of ethics were simply social contracts, just to benefit people but not based on actual right and wrong.

true

most daily ethical decisions are extremely difficult, like the dilemmas we discussed

true

we are the second nation with a president from a minority group

true

the bible assumes the right of personal property true or false? even though what?

true even though all belongs to God

biblical argument of pro life assumes that

unborn children are human beings made in the image of God

Which country in the world spends the most on military spending?

united states

Which is the only western developed and industrialized nation that still executes some of its criminals?

united states

who said racism is any action or attitude, conscious or unconscious, that subordinates an individual or group based on skin color or race. It can be enacted individually or institutionally

us civil rights commission

what do people think is the government's "compromise" on abortion

viability

Which approach to ethics emphasizes who we are rather than what we do?

virtue ethics

ethics based upon one's character are called

virtue ethics

system in which a commune shares housing, transportation, and work.

voluntary communism

banned racial discrimination in voting practices.

voting rights act 1965

Ayn Rand thought altruism

was contrary to nature

greatest single determinant of wealth is

wealth of family

two cases that upheld roe v wade through modifying it in the direction of allowing states to impose delays and other hindrances intended to force reflection on the gravity of the decision and family involvement where minors are considering abortion

webster v reproductive health services and planned parenthood v casey

What (according to Plato, Aristotle, and others) was eudaimonia?

well-being, the good life

when do abortions become more economically attractive

when inadequate healthcare financing systems leave mothers and babies without critical healthcare or facing big medical costs

the important question of economics in society is

whether the outcomes are a fair representation of majority views and whether those who are in opposition are free to express their opposition through speech and press and political action.

what was the ring of gyges story meant to discuss

why people should do right

wogaman says when government agencies appear to be defending selfish interests, they may be reflecting

wider political processes to avoid becoming a socialist state due to being considered mixed economies

who said that if the community is to realize itself as a community it has a stake in directing the economic process toward some kinds of ends, including those things the existence of which ought to be guaranteed because we all benefit from the quality of ocmmuunity

wogaman

who said the wisdom of democratic decision making can be compared without embarrassment to that of any alternative form

wogaman

who wants there to be an arena of decision making where all can participate in making decisions of social priority which affect the quality of life

wogaman

joining of sperm and egg is conception which makes a

zygote