BIMM 194 Final Review
What makes biodiesel different from regular diesel?
Biodiesel has higher viscocity compared to regular diesel. It's renewable and sustainable. Reduction in greenhouse gases, and sulfur free.
Fuel, Food, and Bioproducts are all
Biological conversion of sunlight energy into chemical energy
What is Shattering?
Dispersal of seeds when they are ripe
As world population increases
Energy/oil production also increases
Petroleum
Fossilized Algae
Why did Jatropha fail?
Lack of seed diversity, genetic bottleneck.
Alga
Latin for seaweed, aquatic eukaryotic organism that have chlorophyll that carry out photosynthesis
NPQ stands for
Non Photochemical Quenching Process
Cyanobacteria
Prokaryotic microalgae
What would algae solve?
Protein crisis
What is a cyanobacteria pest?
Amobae
Lecture 9: Developing Sustainable products in algae
Jesse Traller (Global Algae Innovations, uses flue gas from power plants to bubble concentrated CO2 through cultures to increase bio fuel yield and also create high protein meal) Biofuels with protein only require a small amount of land to grow relative to the current amount using corn, and soy fields. Preloading is the excess of key nutrients and these are eliminated in open cultivation cycling is the periodic adding of the excess nutrients in place of feeding on occasion Algae industry offers a solution for a lack of high quality rural jobs, protein crisis, water quality, power cost, and inequitable distribution of oils (biofuel) Paul Rossler (Algenol, a cyanobacteria company that commercializes algae ethanol and bio fuels) Algenol produces ethanol and biocrude, food colorants, protein, soil treatment, and personal care products from productive cyanobacteria solution for the ethanol gene cassette was to generate strong promoters and optimized genes used inducible sRNAs to reduce pigments Mycosporine Amino Acids have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties ADH is reversible, so they needed to find an enzyme that favors the forward rxn, so they coupled an essential gene to the pdc gene so that survival requires pdc expression Algenol has developed proprietary strains and methods for production of ethanol at high productivities and long durations Work has fully leveraged state-of-the-art systems biology methodologies and synthetic biology tools Actively applying these capabilities and knowledge gained in the biofuels area toward new product opportunities Food and nutrition Personal care products
LIHLA stands for
Locked IN High Light Acclimated
Rigid vs Flexible foam
Rigid better for insulation, flexible not so much.
Bio-manufacturing
Use of living systems and organisms to produce useful products
Decrease antenna site
increase light efficiency
Cyanobacteria uses
1. Biofertilizer for fixing N2 gas 2. Food 3. High value products, skincare 4. Biofuel
Different Algae products?
1. Biofuels 2. Non-food based feedstock 3. Plastic components
What makes Jatropha so great?
1. Can grow on a variety of soils 2. Drought tolerant 3. Can reproduce vegetatively 4. Monecious (separate male and female parts) 5. Generation time is short so can quickly evolve 6. High oil content in seeds (35-40%)
Microalgae in two groups
1. Cyanobacteria 2. Unicellular eukaryotic algae
Why is Algae so good?
1. High per acre productivity 2. Non-food based feedstock 3. Can grow on very dry lands 4. Can grow with different water supplies 5. Can be made to expensive lotions and skincare 6. CO2 capture
What does Cyanobacteria have?
1. Lots of morphological diversity 2. Environmental diversity 3. Can fix N2 gas
3 different industrial systems of algae
1. Open ponds (Large scale and cost effective, but hard to control) 2. Photo bioreactors (More expensive and not yet large scale, but can be very productive) 3. Fermenters (Clean cultures with excellent controls for global market, but not suitable for low carbon fuels)
What can Algae help with?
1. Rural rejuvenation, create jobs 2. Protein crisis 3. Climate change
Why are green algae, green?
Because of chlorophyll A and B
Enormous yield increases
Brought about the Green Revolution over the last 50 years
Eutrophication
Comes from agriculture runoff, damages water supply
Photosynthesis
Conversion of sunlight energy and carbon dioxide to chemical energy
What do Volunteers act?
Weeds
Does Jatropha have a greater growing belt than Palm oil?
Yes
Has Jatropha been thoroughly tested as both a fuel sources for cars and airplanes
Yes
Can crude algae go directly to existing oil refineries?
Yes it can be used for transportation fuels.
Why algae for biomanufacturing?
1. Scalable 2. Productive 3. GRAS Edible 4. Programmable
How many essential nutrients are there?
43 essential nutrients
How much oil content is Canola?
44%
What is cycling?
Adding excess of nutrients during certain cycles without feed b/w additions.
What is preloading?
Adding excess of nutrients during inoculation period
3 major proteins in phcobilisome
Allophycocyanin, phycocyanin, phcoerythrin
What have the been important for?
Architects of our atmosphere, most of O2 content we have is because of them being around for 3+ billion years
Cyanobacteria has been on Earth for
At least 3.5 billion years
Jatropha can be used for now as?
Bio insecticide, plastic components for Professor's products, and high value carbon fiber from seed coats.
Lecture 7: Jatropha as a new biotechnology crop
Bob Schmidt (Resogen) A Non-food Crop for Renewable Oil, Protein and Biomaterials Jatropha has been cultivated for centuries • soaps • candles • medicinals • living fence • fertilizer 35-39% oil content in seeds with short generation time with seperate male and female flowers for crossbreeding Greater growth range than palm oil (also not competing as a food source like palm oil) However, insufficient germ diversity caused it to fail and not grow to its expected yield Utilize natural variation to get a better Jatropha Patent pending hybrid seed production method High value, low cost carbon fiber from Jatropha Sustainable, Renewable Polyurethane as well
Why algae?
Fast-growing, many species are naturally oily, use salt h20, grow on dry land
What does Jatropha have a lot of?
Fatty acids and oils.
Coal
Fossilized plants and animals
What does GRAS stand for?
Generally Recognized As Safe by the FDA.
What does OPN do?
Improve immune system, increases gut health, and increases brain function.
What made Jatropha Oil fail?
In 2011-2016 the price of barrel of oil fell from $125 to $30
Biodiesel
Is any bio-based fuel that can be used in a diesel engine
What do we need to do to make Algae economically viable?
Make it cheaper across the board
Lecture 5: Engineering higher plants for better yield in canola oil seeds
Martin Yanofsky (Cell and Developmental Biology UCSD) Arabidopsis is the reference plant made a genetic modification to SHATTERPROOF (SHP) MADS-box genes required for valve margin formation The IND gene (INDEHISCENT (IND) bHLH gene is required for valve margin formation) is not expressed in shp mutants FRUITFULL (FUL) MADS-box gene is required for the post-fertilization growth of the fruit (otherwise valve surrounds whole fruit) Mis-expression of FUL converts replum and valve margin cells into valve cells REPLUMLESS (RPL) homeobox gene is required for replum formation, so The valve margin genes are ectopically expressed (all over )in the "replum" region of rpl mutants Reducing the activity of IND and mis-expression of FUL are sufficient to prevent pod shattering
Lecture 8: Renewable Bio-based polymers
Micheal Burkart (Algenesis, algae surfboard and flip flops) Polymers can be classified into thermosets (cannot be melted or recycled) and thermoplastics (can be recycled) Many different types of polyurethanes Algae oil creates the polyol used to generate polyurethanes Algenesis PU synthesis allows for a recycling cycle
Lecture 6: Nutritional protein production in green algae
Miller Tran (Triton Health and Nutrition) ideally more proteins, more omega oils, more vegetables, less saturated fats, and less carbohydrates in diet changed the color of algae in scalable fermentation conditions integrated strain and process development strategy for chlamydomonas create 10 new vectors suitable for expressing proteins in chloroplast in the dark using biotech (to allow for protein expression in stainless steel containers) Impossible burger bleeds using soy leghemoglobin and chlamydomonas can make heme
What is Canola?
Oilseed crop used for fuel and food. (Healthiest cooking oil)
What is polyurethane?
Polymer made up of organic units joined by carbamate links, plastic-like material.
What is Polyol?
Principle components of polyurethane and falls into polyethers and polyesters.
What is phycobilisome
Protein structure that harvests light for cyanobacteria
Lecture 3:
Ryan Simkovsky (Molecular Biology UCSD) Cyanobacteria Biotechnology Fixes carbon and generates Oxygen Cyanobacteria Photosynthesis and its the ancestor of the chloroplast Cyanobacteria's novel traits are oxygen photosynthesis for carbon fixation, a molecular circadian clock, first multicellular, fixes nitrogen to generate fetilizer from thin air, and are secondary metabolites Nitrogen fixation causes algal blooms in shallow and stagnant warm water to kill animals and eutrophication (lack of ocean oxygen) do bioprospecting to extract naturally occuring molecules and do genetic and metabolic engineering to generate new products to improve strains and production yields. Cyanobacteria creates spirulina and secondary metabolites (both toxic and non toxic to be extracted and applied into bio technologies or cosmetics and food) Optimize production strains through metabolic engineering over 130 genomes sequenced and have multiple plasmids that may acquire DNA from the environment, other microbes, or from viral infection With a low product yield, the solution is metabolic engineering, creating a library for screening/selection (With gene knockout, gene over expression, and transposon insertion), and optimizing heterologous expression and activity Power of Rb-TnSeq= quantifiable fitness change and a novel tool for phenotypic evaluation Diacid+Diol=polyester polyol Di-isocyanate+polyol=polyurethane
Phenotypic diversity of Jatropha
Seed color variation, doesn't fall off easily, variation in fruit size, lot of fruits per flower
Jatropha products used for centuries
Soaps, Candles, Medicine, Living fence, Fertilizer
Common Algae
Spirulina=Human Nutrition and Cosmetics Chlorella=Human Nutrition and Cosmetics Dunaliella salina=Human Nutrition and Cosmetics and Beta carotene (Free radicals damage cells through oxidation, so b-carotene is an antioxidant) Shizochytrium and Crypthecodinium= DHA oil Chlamydomonas=Recombinant Proteins
Lecture 4: Omega 3 fatty acids from algae Microalgae have many quantities of fatty acids as triacylglycerols PUFA has a double bond on the 3rd alpha carbon, count from the opposite of the COOH omega-3 PUFAs serve as ligands for nuclear receptors, alter membrane physical properties (fluidization and signal transduction), and release phospholipids to convert to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids Fish get Omega 3 from their food, lowers high triglycerides Microalgae are the primary producers of omega-3s Algae as a carbon source for ink
Stephen Mayfield (prof)
Lecture 2: Algae Bio-products
Stephen Mayfield (prof) Cyanobacteria is blue-green algar, chlorophyte is green algae (singular or multi cellular) The Nuclear, Chloroplast, and Mitochondrial Genomes are all transformable Algal Chloroplasts are engineered with promoters, homologous recombination, and in the transformable regions Culture collection from bio prospecting Mutagenesis to generate mutations that increase product FDA regulates food products, GRAS
Lecture 1:Intro to Bio-Products
Stephen Mayfield (prof) Sugar is a carb created in photosynthesis (protein and lipids are also created with oxygen released) crude oil is algae, but also closely related to petroleum petroleum is fossil algae (burned half of 300 million years worth in 100 years) Coal is fossil plants Algae is the new photosynthetic bio manufacturing platform Green Revolution 50 years ago to industrialize agriculture Need a new protein source=algae Algae is scalable, productive, sustainable, programmable, and edible and can grow in salt water/non-agricultural land like deserts in open ponds sugar is a productive plant and algae can be twice as productive 2 million species of algae exist Biofuel and animal feed grown in open ponds, human food grown in photobioreactors, and sometimes fermentation tanks need a high volume and low cost for green crude algae oil to catch on (like solar panels) Oil dropped in price due to fracking in 2014 and Saudi competition in 2015 electric cars are easier than creating cheaper biofuels Algae also helps the gut microbiome Colostrum is mammary milk and it has antibodies and if given algae in formula no immune disorders 6 weeks after birth and prevents clinical diarrhea in pigs
What is Withdrowing?
Technique used by farmers to max seed yield at harvest.
Microalgae
The mother of all plants
As people get richer
They eat more animal protein and thus the fishing population goes down and increase in deforestation.
How to engineer Algae chloroplast
Using HR
In order to get low costs
You need large scale utilization.
Oil production has
rapidly increased in the last 100 years
