BIO 100 EXAM 2 CogBooks

In a cross between a homozygous red-eyed female fruit fly and a white-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome?

All offspring have red eyes.

Why do your chromosomes come in pairs?

Because one member of each pair came from my mother and the other from my father.

What would a female genotype have to be for her to have the genetic disease hemophilia?

Both her X chromosomes would have to have the recessive hemophilia gene.

What is the correct sequence of steps in the central dogma?

DNA->RNA->Protein

The fact that DNA sequences are more similar in more closely related organisms is evidence of what?

Descent with modification

Which of the following does cytosine pair with?

Guanine

Which form of reproduction is useful to an animal with little mobility that reproduces sexually?

Hermaphroditism

Why are all the eggs in humans X and never Y?

Human females only have X genes to put into their eggs.

A lek of male Prairie Chickens presents an interesting paradox. The noisy group of males is more likely to attract the attention of a predator than would a lonely male dancing by himself. What is a possible benefit that outweighs this major cost to participating in the lek and making a male Prairie Chicken so obvious to enemies?

Males in leks are more likely to find mates and pass on their genes.

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

Microevolution describes the evolution of populations, while macroevolution describes the emergence of new species over long periods of time.

In which of the following pairs do both evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population? a. Natural selection and genetic drift b. Mutation and gene flow c. Natural selection and gene flow d. Gene flow and genetic drift

Mutation and gene flow

Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover?

Natural selection

What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance?

One involves the movement of the organism, whereas the other involves a change in the environment.

Positive and negative reinforcement are associated with which of the following?

Operant conditioning

If the sequence of a newly synthesized strand is ATGTACG, what is the sequence of the original parental strand?

TACATGC

In Pavlov's experiment the following was true:

The conditioned response was the dog salivating when he heard a bell ring.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding variation in human populations? a. Race is classified according to features such as skin color, body size, and hair texture. b. Genes flow so readily among populations that racial groups tend to exist in fixed geographical locations. c. The differences between individuals within a population are generally as great, if not greater than the differences among populations.

The differences between individuals within a population are generally as great, if not greater than the differences among populations.

Mendel imagined that seed color in pea plants is influenced by a pair of alleles in which the allele for yellow seeds (Y) is dominant over the allele for green seeds (y). What would Mendel predict the seed colors would be from a cross of a male plant with the mixed Yy genotype with a female plant with the yy genotype?

There should be 1 green seed for every 1 yellow seed.

Which of the following is true about genes that are located on different chromosomes?

These genes are inherited independently of each other.

The movement of one's face to display a given emotion is considered to be universal among most cultures.

True

What carries a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell?

a plasmid

Which of the following are BENEFITS to living in a social group? Choose all that apply. a. Division of labor b. Criminality c. Increased risk of being exploited d. Predator avoidance e. Competition for space f. Best mate choice g. Cooperative hunting h. Increased competition for food i. Spread of disease j. Social interaction and development

a. Division of labor d. Predator avoidance f. Best mate choice g. Cooperative hunting j. Social interaction and development

Which of the following is an example of learned behavior? a. Not talking and listening for instructions when your teacher is talking to the class. b. A doctor tapping someone's knee and their leg jerking outwards in a stretching reflex. c. A male kakapo starting his courtship display only in a year where sufficient food is available.

a. Not talking and listening for instructions when your teacher is talking to the class.

Which of the following mating systems would most likely be monogamous? a. The male guards the female closely, and both parents are needed to raise the offspring. b. The female is promiscuous, and both parents are needed to raise the offspring. c. Both parents are promiscuous, and both parents are needed to raise the offspring. d. Both parents are promiscuous, and only one parent is needed to raise the offspring.

a. The male guards the female closely, and both parents are needed to raise the offspring

A molecule of RNA (ribonucleic acid) contains the bases _______.

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

Paleontologists are often described as searching for the "missing link." A missing link is _________ and an example is_______.

an intermediate form between a more recent species and its presumed ancestor, the Parahippus, a horse with three toes

Which form of reproduction can result from damage to the original animal? a. Fission b. Fragmentation c. Budding d. Parthenogenesis

b. Fragmentation

Which of these characteristics is most typical of a subspecies? a. Unable to breed with neighbouring populations. b. Show intermediate characters where their boundaries meet. c. No differences physically or genetically. d. Always have a major barrier separating them from other species.

b. Show intermediate characters where their boundaries meet.

Human behavior, like other mammalian behavior, is determined ______.

by a mixture of genes and learning

Which of the following is an example of innate behavior? a. Doing an algebra math problem. b. A young person of Pacific or Maori descent not looking an elder person directly in the eyes when speaking. c. Jerking your hand away from a hot stove. d. Wearing white socks with your school uniform because if not you know there will be consequences.

c. Jerking your hand away from a hot stove.

Which of the following is a type of innate behavior? a. Toxins b. Habituation c. Taxis d. Cognitive

c. Taxis

Which of the following situations would be beneficial for living alone? Choose all that apply. a. You reproduce by mating b. You are a very small fish in a large ocean c. You are a large predatory cat that lives in the branches of small trees, space is cramped d. You are a migrating species e. You are a small reptile prone to getting parasites that are highly contagious

c. You are a large predatory cat that lives in the branches of small trees, space is cramped e. You are a small reptile prone to getting parasites that are highly contagious

A reproductive mistake is ______.

choosing a mate who will produce young that do not survive

A dog salivating when it hears the sound of a can opener is an example of _______.

classical conditioning

When people from varying cultural backgrounds display different cultural rules of emotion, this is an example of _______.

cultural display rule

Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection? a. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. b. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. c. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Human skin color can indicate ________. a. race b. cultural heritage c. socioeconomic status d. None of the above

d. None of the above

Which of the following is the main reason (discussed here) that animals live in groups? a. To distract predators, like a school of fish. b. To establish a common language. c. To keep warm in the nest. d. To mate.

d. To mate.

Which situation is NOT an example of a prezygotic barrier? a. Two species of turtles breed at different times of the year. b. Two species of flowers attract different pollinators. c. Two species of birds display different mating dances. d. Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.

d. Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.

In a certain movie about a clownfish in the Great Barrier Reef off of Australia, a barracuda approaches the nest of the clownfish while the father fish is above the nest in their anemone home. The father sees what is happening! Which of the following behaviors is he most likely to display in this situation?

distraction

Prokaryotes contain a _________ chromosome, and eukaryotes contain ________ chromosomes.

double-stranded circular; double stranded linear

The honey bee waggle dance is an example of which of the following? a. Cognitive learning b. Altruistic behavior c. Signaling d. a and b e. b and c

e. b and c

Speciation occurs when _______.

enough differences accumulate between two populations that they can no longer interbreed

Which of the following are costs of parental investment? a. Time b. Energy c. Resources d. Risk e. Only a few offspring f. All of the above

f. All of the above

Altruistic behavior improves the fitness of the individual performing the behavior.

false

The theory of evolution provides an explanation for the origin of life on earth.

false

Females tend to be in charge of mating because _______.

females have more to lose if they choose poorly

Galápagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands, which are separated by about 100 km of ocean. Occasionally, individuals from either island fly to the other island to stay. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms?

gene flow

The existence of superficial differences among groups of humans is primarily due to _______.

geographic isolation

If mom's genotype is Bb, her eggs will be ______.

half B and half b

Melanin in the skin _______.

helps protect from UV energy

The wing of a bird and the arm of a human are examples of ________.

homologous structures

A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ________ for that trait.

homozygous

The now discredited idea about how traits are acquired by individuals through use or disuse could be passed on to their offspring thus leading to evolutionary change in the population is called _______.

inheritance of acquired characteristics

The original DNA template strand sequence is as follows: ACCTTAATAACC. A mutation in the DNA gives origin to the following sequence: ACCTTAAATAACC. What type of mutation is this?

insertion

Your chromosomes are located _______ and they are made of ___________ .

inside the nucleus; DNA, and protein

The sacrifice of the life of an individual so that the genes of relatives may be passed on is called________.

kin selection

Undirected movement in response to a stimulus is _______.

kinesis

A fossil of a terrestrial reptile is found in the same sediment layer in western Africa as eastern South America. What is the most likely cause for this observation? The species _____:

lived during a time when these continents were part of Gondwana

Parents are naturally selected to _______ the difference between the benefits and the costs, and parental care ________exist when the benefits are substantially greater than the costs.

maximize, will

Where does transcription take place in human cells?

nucleus

If the fossils of present day species are absent in lower layers of sediments and the fossils of ancient species are absent in the upper layers of sediment then this means _______.

older species have gone extinct and new species have evolved

The ability of rats to learn how to push a lever to get food is an example of _____.

operant conditioning

The overwhelming acceptance of the theory of evolution by scientists is due to _______

overwhelming evidence

Describing a person as having hemophilia is to indicate his or her ______.

phenotype

The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its ________.

phenotype

Evolution acts on _______.

populations

The biological definition of a species is a group of ___________ .

populations that interbreed and produce fertile offspring

According to the biological species concept, horses and donkeys are separate species because they ______.

produce hybrids, called mules, and the hybrids cannot produce offspring

DNA replicates by which of the following models?

semiconservative

Unless evolutionary forces are acting on a population the allele frequency of the gene pool will _______.

stay the same

A nucleotide is made of _______.

sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base

The modern, social definition of race is based on ______.

superficial physical differences

During replication the DNA helix is maintained, but ________________ .

the individual base pairs are "unzipped" by a specific enzyme

The main difference between autopolyploid and allopolyploid is _______.

the source of the extra chromosomes

An explanatory statement based on scientific facts, confirmed hypotheses, and natural laws is call a(n)

theory

The wings of a penguin are examples of _______.

vestigial structures

Which reproductive combination produces hybrids?

when members of closely related species reproduce

In which of these scenarios would asexual reproduction be most appropriate? a. Constant and predictable habitat b. Heterogeneous habitat c. Habitat susceptible to bacterial invasions

a. Constant and predictable habitat

Alternate forms of a gene are called_______.

alleles

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is _______?

an organism with an artificially altered genome

Where does translation take place in eukaryotic cells?

cytoplasm

All of the alleles carried by all of the individuals in the population is called?

gene pool

Asexual reproduction _________.

results in offspring that are clones of the parent

Half of the gametes produced by an organism with the genotype Aa will receive the A allele, while half will receive the a allele. This is a demonstration of ______.

segregation

What is the probability that the following pair of parents will produce the indicated offspring (assuming independent assortment)? AABb x AaBb->AAbb

1/8

A strand of DNA with a nucleotide sequence of TAGCTAC will have a complementary strand with the sequence __________.

ATCGATG

What is DNA proofreading?

Correction of DNA mutations.

Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)?

Epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels

Which of the following techniques allows for DNA fragments to be separated by size? a. DNA extraction b. Polymerase chain reaction c. Gel electrophoresis d. Cloning

Gel electrophoresis

How did Mendel get the peas to cross-fertilize?

He kept them apart and pollinated them by hand.

Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly?

Longer distance between divided groups.

Which of the following describes natural selection in a population of mammals?

The species varies in the length of their legs; water levels rise and the habitat becomes swampy; the individuals with shorter legs are better able to swim to food; the population evolves to become shorter-legged.

One of the original Amish colonies rose from a ship of colonists that came from Europe. The ship's captain, who had polydactyly, a rare dominant trait, was one of the original colonists. Today, we see a much higher frequency of polydactyly in the Amish population. This is an example of _______.

genetic drift and founder effect

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

occurs as a result of experience

What is the probability of having four girls in a row?

1/16

When a population has a gene with two alleles circulating, how many possible genotypes are there?

3

How long would the peptide be that is translated from this mRNA sequence: 5'-AUGGGCUACCGA-3'?

4 amino acids

Transcribe the following DNA sequence (non template strand): 5'-ATGGCCGGTTATTAAGCA-3'

5'-AUGGCCGGUUAUUAAGCA-3'

You have flipped a standard quarter 10 times and had four head and six tails come up. With that experience, what will be the chances of you getting a heads on the next flip?

50%

Hemophilia has an X-linked recessive pattern. It is carried on the "X" chromosome. It is only expressed phenotypically as homozygous recessive in women but men that inherit the affected chromosome will suffer from the disorder. A carrier woman (one affected X chromosome) married a man with hemophilia, and they have children. What percent of their boy children will be affected with hemophilia?

50% of the boy children

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation?

A flood causes the formation of a new lake.

What are the types of gametes that can be produced by an individual with the genotype AaBb?

AB, Ab, aB, ab

In a cross between a white-eyed female fruit fly and a red-eyed male fruit fly, what is the expected outcome?

All male offspring have white eyes.