Bio 1000 Final Exam

the first single-celled organisms on earth probably evolved...

3.7 billion years ago

what specifically describes what occurs when a group of organisms expands to take on new ecological roles, forming new species and higher taxonomic groups in the process?

adaptive radiation

when a group of organisms expands to take on new ecological roles and to form new species and higher taxonomic group is...

adaptive radiation

"correlation does not prove causation" means that....

although two variables are interrelated, changes in one fo not necessarily causes changes in the other

what is a living organism

an oak tree the fungus that causes white-nose syndrome in bats my teacher

what is not a part of the innate immune system?

antibodies

___ are any various non self markers found on pathogens that mark them for destruction by antibodies

antigens

scientists working for a major cosmetics company are attempting to determine if a new face cream can reduce the number of fine lines and wrinkles on a person's face. this is an example of...

applied research

blood vessels that are designed to carry blood under high pressure are called ___. blood vessels that have thin, porous walls are called___

arteries; capillaries

the pulmonary ___ carries ___ blood from the heart to the lungs

artery; oxygen-poor

chromosomes that are NOT involved determine gender are know as..

autosomes

the structures that carry signals away from the cell body of a neuron are called _____

axons

____ gives an overview of scientific findings on a subject

basic research

a prejudice or opinion for or against something is a called a ___

bias

prokaryotes typically reproduce by splitting in two through a process called

binary fission

the variety of all the world's life-forms, as well as their interactions with each other and the ecosystems they inhabit is called?

biodiversity

what term describes the temperate deciduous forests that cover the northeastern United States, including the Adirondack Mountains?

biome

some prokaryotes can:

breakdown chemicals for energy use sunlight for energy create their own energy are able to form biofilms

the smallest and most basic unit of life is called the

cell

the thalamus is part of the ____ nervous system

central

if two different alleles for the same trait have an equal effect on the phenotype, the alleles are

codominant

observational studies that follow a particular group of individuals over a certain time period are ____ studies

cohort studies

evolutionary tree diagrams representing the relationships between various organism can be drawn only when those organisms share a....

common ancestor

the group of subjects in an experiment that is maintained under a standard set of conditions with no change in the independent variable is the..

control group

what is NOT performed by nephrons?

deletion

the allele that controls the phenotype when paired with a different allele in a heterozygote individual is

dominant

two copies of the same gene on a single chromosome would indicate an ____ had occurred

duplication

the caves in upstate New York, where Alan Hicks's team first noticed the deaths of thousands of bats, represent the _______ where the bats lived..

ecosystem

quorum sensing

enables bacteria to form biofilms

the hormone-reproducing tissues of animals make up the __ system

endocrine

a single phenotype that results from a combination of two different genes in which one gene interferes with the expression of another gene is known as

epistasis

a segment of DNA that codes for a distinct genetic characteristic is called a

gene

to be able to recognize a colony of bacteria that had grown from cells of Mycoplasma capricolum in which the DNA had been replaced by a synthetic DNA of Mycopasma mycoses, Daniel Gibson added a _____ the coded for a blue pigment

gene

the genetic makeup of an individual

genotype

Canis lupus is the scientific name for wolves. Canis refers to the ____ name

genus

the liquid portion of human blood cannot absorb enough oxygen to meet the body's demands. However, _____ in red blood cells greatly increases the oxygen- carrying capacity of human blood

hemoglobin

______ is a protection against disease that is brought about by vaccination of a critical portion of a population

herd immunity

an individual that carries one copy of each of two different alleles is a

heterozygote

an x-linked carriers is a female individual with a ___ genotype, on her X chromosomes, who does not express the recessive trait but can pass it along to offspring

heterozygous

air that is entering the lungs has a ____ concentration of ___ in an alveolus

higher; oxygen and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide than air

living organisms maintain a constant interval environment by sensing and responding to their internal environment. this stable maintenance of internal conditions is known as..

homeostasis

an individual that carries two copies of the same allele is a

homozygote

the first two steps of the scientific process typically include making an observation and forming a..

hypothesis

Memory cells

include B and T cells that remain in the body for long period of time after the first exposure to a pathogen

the body innately responds to tissue damage by mounting on immediate and coordinated sequence of events called ___ response

inflammatory

the ___ is the immune system's second line of defense against pathogens

innate immune system

what describes a virus

it is typically a piece of genetic material encased in proteins, viruses are small, noncellular infections agents that are only capable of reproducing when inside a living cell such as those of plats, animals, fungi, protozoans, or bacteria

the second highest hierarchical level in the organization of life is the...

kingdom

Before Mendel conducted his experiments with pea plants, people believed that offspring were a "blend" of their parents and would show intermediate levels of their parents' traits. what would Mendel's F1 pea flower have looked like if this were true?

light purple

every gene in a human occupies a specific position or ____ on a chromosome

locus

a period of time during which a great number of Earth's species goes extinct is called a...

mass extinction

a scientific paper that combines results from several cohort studies and a case-control study would be considered an ______- analysis

meta-analysis

prokaryotes can convert nitrogen gas in the air into a form that plants can use through a process call

nitrogen fixation

in a evolutionary tree, a given ancestor and all its descendants make up a ____, or branch.

node

the boundary that surrounds the contents of the nucleus is the .....

nuclear envelope

heterotrophic bacteria and archaeans that are decomposers are important in:

nutrient cycling

during the process of _____, water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane from an area where water is more concentrated to an area where water is less concentrated (it moves along the water concentration gradient)

osmosis

the production of _____ by prokaryotes increased its atmospheric concentration and enabled more complex forms of life to evolve.

oxygen

a chart that shows a genetic relationship within a family over several generations

pedigree

white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens in a nonspecific manner are called

phagocytes

when a white blood cell engulfs an entire bacterial cell by surrounding it with plasma membrane and bringing it into the cell in a vesicle, the white blood cell is accomplishing

phagocytosis

the specific versions of genetic trait that is displayed by a given individual is

phenotype

prokaryotes that are observes attaching onto non-living surfaces most likely possess a

pili

a researcher studying a group of individuals of the same species living and interacting in a shared environment is said to be working at the level of a..

population

Punnet square

predict the genotypes and phenotypes of a genetic cross

peer-review scientific journals, technical reports, conference proceedings, and dissertations are considered ______ literature

primary Literature

adrenaline

produced in the adrenal glands increases the amount of glucose in the bloodstream suppresses immune system activity

claims that are characterized by scientific-sounding statements, beliefs, or practices but are not actually based on the scientific method are properly viewed as _____

pseudoscience

disease-causing bacteria in a human begin to multiply rapidly when they sense that their numbers are high enough to overpower an immune response. this is possible because of

quorum sensing

Most inherited human genetic disorders are inherited as ________ alleles.

recessive

an allele that does affect the phenotype when paired with a dominant allele in a heterozygote is

recessive

an allele that is not expressed in heterozygous carriers is called an ___ allele

recessive

a ______ is a unique feature common to all members of a group that originated in the group's most recent common ancestor and then were passed down in the group.

shared derived trait

Hormones

signaling molecules

if a bottle of perfume was spilled in the corner of a large lecture hall, the student sitting near that corner of the room would very quickly smell the perfume. overtime, the students sitting in the far corner of the room would smell the perfume. what phenomenon has occurred to the perfume molecules that have entered the air?

simple diffusion

what groups of characteristics defines prokaryotes?

single-celled single loop of DNA no membrane-enclosed organelles asexual reproduction

in a ____ response, B cells and T cells only recognize one particular type of pathogen

specific

a nurse reports that a patient's blood pressure is 118/78. the top number in this reading is referred to as _____ and the bottom number is referred to as _____

systole; systole

the cells with which a hormone interacts are called ___ cells

target

a phospholipid is a biomolecule composed of a phosphate group that is bonded to two lipid chains. What describes the nature of those two components?

the phosphate group is hydrophilic, and the lipid chains are hydrophobic

in science, when a hypothesis or group of hypotheses supported by repeated experiment evidence holds true through time, it can be developed into a..

theory

____ thrive in extremely hot temperatures where nothing else can live

thermophiles

a particular person is said to be a carrier of a genetic trait. what does this tell you about their phenotype?

they are normal and do not physically show the trait

what is NOT true of hormones?

they must be present in large amounts to be effective

prokaryotes are extremely abundant because:

they reproduce very rapidly

all of the following are considered possible causes of the five mass extinctions except

worldwide thunderstorms

which of the following should receive the least consideration when evaluating a scientific claim?

your personal beliefs

when scientists use the word "theory", they mean?

An overarching explanation of an interrelated set of observations

prokaryotes include:

Archaea and Bacteria

____ contains information used to construct proteins

DNA

scientific literacy means that you ...

Understand the process of science and basic scientific facts and theories

genotype that represents a human male

XY

tissue

a group of cels that performs a unique set of tasks in the body

an allele is

a version of a gene

after receiving a vaccine a person begins to produce antibodies. this demonstrates an ___ immune response

active

_______ transport of molecules requires the input of energy from the cell, whereas _____ transport of molecules does not require the use of cellular energy

active ; passive

___ immunity occurs when an individual's immune system responds to a pathogen and produces antibodies in response. _____ immunity occurs when an individual receives antibodies made by someone else

active; passive

the term "Cambrian explosion" refers too..

an increase in biodiversity

at the base of the evolutionary tree of all life is the _____ ancestor.

universal

large blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from the legs to the heart are ____

veins