BIO 102 Gleeson exam 2 unit 4-6
of the two forms of photosynthesis, probably __ appeared before __, resulting in a lag between the evolution of photosynthesis and increases in __ in the atmosphere
cyclic, non-cyclic, oxygen
autocatalysts, like living organisms, have remarkable type of growth called
exponential
The two processes that determine the world's current biodiversity are ________.
extinction and speciation rates
The concept of "biosphere" refers to the fact that life has changed in response to the earth, but the earth has not changed in response to life.
false
the theory of evolution forced a fundamental reorganization of biological classification because of the emphasis on speciation
false
As a chemical reaction, aerobic respiration is similar to _________ and the "reverse" of ___________.
fire, photosynthesis
For the species Panthera pardus, Pathera is the __________ and pardus is the _________ and ___________ can include more than one ___________.
genus, species, genus, species
Because of this continuing carbon burial, it is believed that continued life depends on
geological uplift and weathering
Of the two linked carbon cycles, the "slow" cycle is driven by ________ energy and the "fast" cycle is driven by ___________ energy.
geological, solar
in all ecosystems energy is eventually lost to the environment via __
heat resulting from respiration
Compared to the closest planetary neighbors, the earth's current atmosphere has unexpectedly
high oxygen and high nitrogen
Conditions on the early earth surface are thought to include ________ ultra violet light and ________ carbon dioxide than today.
higher, higher
The correct binomial for the newly discovered species of Indonesian frogfish is
histiophryne psychedelica
The sixth mass extinction event is likely being caused by __________.
human-induced events
the __ includes all of the water that is underground, in surface bodies, and in the atmosphere
hydrosphere
The second law of thermodynamics states that
in any transformation, some of the original energy is converted to heat, and the system becomes more disordered
high population density can
increase the incidence of disease transmission and food scarcity
Catalysts serve to _______ the rate of chemical reactions by ________ the activation energy.
increase, lowering
a uniform distribution will occur when
individuals are competing for an evenly distributed resource such as space
a population is a group of __
individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area
genes are the basis fro a key ingredient, or resource, in the recipe for life. that ingredient is
information
jim corbett claus that the main reason a tiger becomes a man-eater is
injury reducing hunting abilities
The greatest diversity (numbers of different species) of organisms can be found in ________.
insects
members of two separate specifies do not normally __
interbreed
By 2.7 billion years ago, rocks formed that contained ____________ indicating that well before that life existed that could ___________.
iron oxide, photosynthesis
An example of a positive feedback loop ________.
is melting arctic snow exposing dark surfaces that heat up and cause further melting
The fossil record clearly shows that ________.
many species that once existed no longer do
which of the following scenarios would be an example of allopatric speciation
members of a population of meadowlarks....
Even in an exergonic reaction, the reactants must be __________ in energy state in order to transform into the products, which are at a _________ energy state.
raised, lower
Molecular data (DNA) has suggested significant reclassification of species between two related groups, the ______________ and the _______________.
reptiles, birds
which of the following is the broadest (most all-encompassing) level of ecological organization
the biosphere
the carrying capacity is __
the maximum population size that a given environment can sustain
A leaf falls from a tree and lands on the ground. Through time, bugs and bacteria consume the leaf. Which of the following statements regarding this scenario is true?
the nutrients from the leaf have been recycled and released back into the soil
if a population has an annual growth rate of 10%, what would its population size be in 2 years?
there is not enough information give to answer this question
When looking at a phylogenetic tree, the Y-axis (vertical axis) is _______ and the branch points are ______.
time, speciation events
phylogenetic trees __
trace the flow of evolutionary change and diversification for a particular group of organisms
Plants release water vapor through their leaves; this process is called ________.
transpiration
energy flows through the biosphere, driving cycles of materials that can continue indefinitely
true
taxonomic classification of organisms sorts species that are similar to each other into groups, but deciding what traits to use is challenging. birds, bats, and butterflies all have wings, but they are classified into separate groups because of other differences
true
Ozone in the upper atmosphere selectively absorbs ____________ wavelengths in sunlight
ultraviolet
the linen system
uses binomial nomenclature
biological nitrogen fixation (nitrogen fixation that is performed by living organisms) is carried out by
various species of specializes bacteria
The component of today's living systems that exhibit "autocatalytic" capacity is
whole organisms
if a scientists spends his time studying communities and the nonliving materials that they interact with, he or she would be considered a __
ecosystem ecologists
Pharmaceuticals produced from wild species generate up to $150 billion in sales and save many lives each year. This is an example of __________.
ecosystem services
The transitional zone between ecosystems is called a(n) __________.
ecotone
A single, small population that exists only in one place on the planet is considered __________ to that area.
endemic
chemical reactions that require the input of energy to run are called __ and those that run spontaneously releasing energy are called __
endergonic, exergonic
Keeneland and the Kentucky Horse Park are both excited about plans to use horse manure (muck) for
energy
each step in the biochemical pathways regulating living organisms today are regulated by protein catalysts called __
enzymes
in the transfer of matter in ecosystems, the greatest movement of nutrients is between
detritus and producers
gene sequences that change very slowly are best when studying relationships between __ related species
distantly
The aki is a type of __________ found in __________.
bird, Hawaii
Of the following, ________ are the major factors that determine a population's growth rate.
birth rate, death rate, emigrations, and immigration
One example of artificial selection is ________.
broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts bred from Brassica oleracea
because of the presumed balance of photosynthesis and respiration, the excess oxygen in the atmosphere is thought to be due to
burial of carbon in rocks
all organic compounds contain __
carbon
one gas in the atmosphere is much lower than expected compared to nearby plants, which is why it doesn't take much to increase it. that gas is
carbon dioxide
much of the chemistry of life involved organic molecules by definition contain __ and are the product of reactions that are generally __
carbon, endergonic
forming the cell walls of stems, leaves, and roots, what compound is a primary structural constituent of plant tissues?
cellulose
Horses and leopards are in the same _________ but not in the same ________.
class, order
Biome distributions show a close match with
climate
People think biofuels (wood, switchgrass, etc.) are "better" than coal because
coal burning increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
The greatest human impact on the carbon cycle has been through ________.
combustion of fossil fuels
the biosphere, the zone in which life exists, is hardly more than __ miles thick
20
If an animal population doubles in size every 10 years, how big will it become after 50 years if it starts at 100? (so, starting now at 100, in ten years it's how much? In 20? etc.)
3,200
The earliest rocks dated so far formed 3.8 billion years ago (BYA), and the earliest rocks with fossil bacteria formed _______ BYA.
3.5
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, the solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to __
Both A and C; split water molecules and release oxygen in the form of O2, produce small, high-energy molecules that are used in the Calvin cycle to manufacture sugars
which of the following is accurate?
Ecotourism combines wildlife conservation with economic benefits.
When you burn a log in your fireplace you are converting ________.
chemical to thermal (heat) energy
when KY politicians met with president Obama, they argued __ eliminating coal tax subsidies and __ funding underground carbon capture and storage projects
against, for
The greatest source of both nitrogen and phosphorus entering Chesapeake Bay is ________.
agriculture
cells
all of the above
The basic idea driving most research on the origin of life is that compared to modern biochemistry, the early precursors of life must have been
chemically simpler
a protein is a long chain of
amino acids
the key event photosynthesis that converts light energy to chemical energy, is when a photon raise the energy state of
an electron
all of the following are approaches to reducing eutrophication except __
applying fertilizers to farmland just before heavy rains are predicted
all of the following are considered reservoirs for carbon except __
aquifers
wildfires __ at the highest frequency in the central most region of Australia because it is also the __ part
are not, driest
Autocatalysts are a special class of catalysts that promote reactions that create more ________.
autocatalyst
Using DNA to create the Tree of Life confirmed the "Three Domain" view of the overall tree, where two of the three main branches are groups of _________.
bacteria
Genes can only be used to create phylogenies
because genes change in fairly small steps
a recent research breakthrough on genetic control of tooth formation showed that __ that lacked a particular gene produced __ teeth
mice, extra
The total amount of chemical energy produced by autotrophs, such as plants and phytoplankton, is called gross primary production. The energy that remains after plants use some of the gross primary production to fuel their own metabolism is known as ________.
net primary production
the largest reservoir of water in the hydrological cycle is __
oceans
it is thought that one gas is very near the maximum that can stably occur. that gas is
oxygen
something that can be accurately said about our current atmosphere is that
ozone forms in the upper atmosphere due to the effects of sunlight
The unusual composition of the atmosphere is consistent with the action of life because _________________ uses up _____________ and releases ____________.
photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
wildlife in the Serengeti is currently threatened by __
plans to build a highway that passes through the park
Major transitions in the history of life include, in order of appearance,
prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, multicellular organisms
the gene that results in a red flow in the transgenic puppy was taken from
sea anemone
the genetic code is used by the cell to convert gene __ into protein __
sequences, sequences
population distribution describes
spatial arrangement of individuals of a single species within a particular area or ecosystem
the niche of a species is the functional role of that species in the community that it belongs to. species that have narrow niches are said to be __, while species that have broader niches are known as __
specialists, generalists
Of the following, ________ can change global species diversity.
speciation and extinction
Why can many different species coexist and thrive in areas close to the equator?
stable equatorial climatic allow numerous species to coexist
photosynthesis yields __, respiration yields __ and DNA expression yields __
sugar, energy, proteins
The large predator most likely to go extinct in the 21st century is the
sumatran tiger
the genetic code
supports the hypothesis of a common origin of all current species
precipitation ___
that is acidic would have a pH lower than pure water