Bio 102 test 1 MC

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross

5 membranes

The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by A) a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity. B) a decrease in the residual volume of the lungs. C) the contraction of the diaphragm. D) the closure of the epiglottis. E) the expansion of the rib cage.

A) a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity.

With its abundance of collagenous fibers, cartilage is an example of A) connective tissue. B) reproductive tissue. C) nervous tissue. D) epithelial tissue. E) adipose tissue.

A) connective tissue.

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is A) converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid. D) simply dissolved in the plasma. E) bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin.

A) converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells.

After surgical removal of an infected gallbladder, a person must be especially careful to restrict dietary intake of ____ A) fat B) water C) protein D) sugar

A) fat

An example of an organism that has only behavioral controls over its body temperature is the A) green frog. B) bluefin tuna. C) gray wolf. D) house sparrow. E) penguin.

A) green frog.

An exchange surface in direct contact with the external environment is found in the A) lungs. B) skeletal muscles. C) liver. D) heart. E) brain.

A) lungs.

The plasma proteins in humans A) maintain the blood's osmotic pressure. B) transport water-soluble lipids. C) carry out gas exchange. D) undergo aerobic metabolism. E) transport oxygen.

A) maintain the blood's osmotic pressure.

Cardiac muscle cells are both A) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks. B) striated and operate independently of other cardiac cells. C) smooth and under voluntary control. D) striated and under voluntary control. E) smooth and under involuntary control.

A) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks.

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is A) the number of circuits for circulation. B) the number of heart chambers. C) a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit. D) a complete separation of circuits for circulation. E) the type of gas exchange tissues.

A) the number of circuits for circulation.

As a person goes from rest to full-effort exercise, there is an increase in the A) tidal volume. B) vital capacity. C) residual volume. D) total lung capacity. E) All of the above would be different.

A) tidal volume.

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through A) two capillary beds. B) five capillary beds. C) four capillary beds. D) three capillary beds. E) one capillary bed.

A) two capillary beds.

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have A) an open circulatory system. B) a closed circulatory system. C) a gastrovascular cavity. D) branched tracheae. E) hemolymph.

B) a closed circulatory system.

Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to A) Carbon dioxide. B) hemoglobin. C) plasma proteins. D) carbonic acid. E) plasma buffers.

B) hemoglobin.

Breathing is accomplished via the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of A) smooth muscle. B) skeletal muscle. C) cardiac muscle. D) smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. E) smooth muscle and skeletal muscle.

B) skeletal muscle.

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by A) cardiac muscle. B) smooth muscle. C) voluntary muscle. D) striated muscle. E) skeletal muscle.

B) smooth muscle.

Coordinating body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by A) the respiratory system. B) the endocrine system. C) the immune and lymphatic systems. D) the integumentary system. E) the excretory system.

B) the endocrine system.

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that A) positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental. B) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it. C) the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback it can only decrease the parameter. D) positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors. E) positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems.

B) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.

Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of A) temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue. B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells. C) communication systems involving only the nervous system. D) having to cushion animals from trauma. E) fetal organisms maintaining an optimal body temperature.

B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells.

Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because A) water is less dense than air. B) water contains much less O₂ than air per unit volume. C) gills have less surface area than lungs. D) gills allow only unidirectional transport. E) gills allow water to flow in one direction.

B) water contains much less O₂ than air per unit volume.

The production of red blood cells is stimulated by A) low-density lipoproteins. B) immunoglobulins. C) erythropoietin. D) epinephrine. E) platelets.

C) erythropoietin.

Panting by an overheated dog achieves cooling by A) acclimatization. B) torpor. C) evaporation. D) nonshivering thermogenesis. E) shivering thermogenesis.

C) evaporation.

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the A) amphibians. B) birds. C) fishes. D) mammals. E) reptiles.

C) fishes.

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed A) balanced equilibrium. B) physiological chance. C) homeostasis. D) static equilibrium. E) estivation.

C) homeostasis.

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the A) medulla oblongata. B) thyroid gland. C) hypothalamus. D) subcutaneous layer of the skin. E) liver.

C) hypothalamus.

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe? A) falling CO2 B) rising O2 C) rising CO2 D) rising CO2 and falling O2 E) falling O2

C) rising CO2

An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no behavioral options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is a A) terrestrial lizard. B) honeybee in a hive. C) sea star, a marine invertebrate. D) hummingbird. E) bluefin tuna, a predatory fish.

C) sea star, a marine invertebrate.

All skeletal muscle fibers are both A) smooth and under involuntary control. B) smooth and operate independently of other skeletal muscle fibers. C) striated and under voluntary control. D) smooth and under voluntary control. E) striated and electrically coupled to neighboring fibers.

C) striated and under voluntary control.

The epiglottis of a human covers the glottis when he or she is A) talking. B) breathing. C) swallowing. D) yawning. E) sleeping.

C) swallowing.

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? A) systole of the left atrium B) diastole of the right ventricle C) systole of the left ventricle D) diastole of the right atrium E) diastole of the left atrium

C) systole of the left ventricle

Most types of communication between cells utilize A) the exchange of cytosol between the cells. B) a direct electrical connection between the cells. C) the release of chemical signals by the cell sending the message. D) the exchange of DNA between the cells. E) the movement of the cells.

C) the release of chemical signals by the cell sending the message.

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because A) the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract. B) a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes. C) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. D) gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. E) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs.

C) the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.

15) After several weeks of exercise, a human athlete's resting heart rate is typically lower than before because A) the body needs less oxygen than before. B) the body temperature has increased. C) the stroke volume has increased. D) the cardiac output has decreased. E) the body produces less carbon dioxide than before.

C) the stroke volume has increased

Positive feedback has occurred when A) an increase in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that stimulates the movement of sugar out of the blood. B) a decrease in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose. C) uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in its mother's uterus. D) an increase in calcium concentration increases the secretion of a hormone that promotes the storage of calcium in bone. E) a decrease in blood calcium increases the amount of the hormone that causes the release of calcium from bone.

C) uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in its mother's uterus.

Breathing is usually regulated by A) erythropoietin levels in the blood. B) the concentration of red blood cells. C) hemoglobin levels in the blood. D) CO₂ and O₂ concentration and pH-level sensors. E) the lungs and the larynx.

D) CO₂ and O₂ concentration and pH-level sensors.

Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood cells traveling through alveolar capillaries? (Hb = hemoglobin) A) Hb + 4 CO2 → Hb(CO2)4 B) CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 C) H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- D) Hb + 4 O2 → Hb(O2)4 E) Hb(O2)4 → Hb + 4 O2

D) Hb + 4 O2 → Hb(O2)4 (because the HB is with oxygen after)

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the A) measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries. B) measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood. C) percent of blood volume made up of platelets. D) blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic. E) number of leukocytes per mm3 of blood.

D) blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic.

he material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is A) fully oxygenated blood. B) plasma in which carbon dioxide has been added. C) a lining of endothelial cells. D) circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles. E) white blood cells and platelets.

D) circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles.

Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased A) low-density lipoproteins. B) immunoglobulins. C) erythropoietin. D) epinephrine. E) platelets

D) epinephrine.

Humans can lose, but cannot gain, heat through the process of A) conduction. B) convection. C) radiation. D) evaporation. E) metabolism.

D) evaporation.

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body? A) annelids B) molluscs C) fishes D) frogs E) insects

D) frogs

Pulse is a direct measure of A) blood pressure. B) stroke volume. C) cardiac output. D) heart rate. E) breathing rate.

D) heart rate.

Connective tissues typically have A) many densely packed cells with direct connections between the membranes of adjacent cells. B) a supporting material such as chondroitin sulfate. C) the ability to shorten upon stimulation. D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix. E) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses.

D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix.

Vasoconstriction in the gut is a likely response when an individual is A) having an allergy attack with lots of histamine secretion. B) lying down after standing up. C) responding to increased blood pressure. D) stressed and secreting stress hormones. E) standing up after lying down.

D) stressed and secreting stress hormones.

The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is A) the arteries. B) the arterioles. C) the metarterioles. D) the capillaries. E) the veins.

D) the capillaries.

Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans A) is a major contributor to heart attacks. B) would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers. C) would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance. D) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions. E) would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta.

D) would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions.

Which of the following animals uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation? A) a hydra B) a marine jelly (an invertebrate) C) a snake in a temperate forest D) a desert insect E) a desert bird

E) a desert bird

In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, you would expect to find A) a slower rate of oxygen consumption so that its breathing will not have to be accelerated. B) an increase of storage of oxygen in myoglobin of its muscles. C) a relatively slow heart rate in order to lower oxygen consumption. D) a lower pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. E) a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size.

E) a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size.

12) A portal system is A) an area connecting arterioles to venules. B) a series of vessels that returns blood to the heart in an animal with an open circulatory system. C) a space within or between organs where blood is allowed to pool. D) a slightly muscular vessel that has minimal pumping action in an organism with no heart. E) a vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds.

E) a vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds.

In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the A) trachea. B) larynx. C) bronchi. D) bronchioles. E) alveoli.

E) alveoli.

During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of A) nitric acid. B) oxygen. C) carbon monoxide. D) nitrogen. E) carbon dioxide.

E) carbon dioxide.

Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure? A) mouse B) rabbit C) human D) hippopotamus E) giraffe

E) giraffe

The nourishment, insulation, and support for neurons is the result of activity by the A) smooth muscles. B) adipose tissue. C) endocrine system. D) intercalated disks. E) glial cells.

E) glial cells.

All types of muscle tissue have A) intercalated disks that allow cells to communicate. B) striated banding patterns seen under the microscope. C) cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated. D) a response that can be consciously controlled. E) interactions between actin and myosin.

E) interactions between actin and myosin.

The type of muscle tissue surrounding internal organs, other than the heart, is A) skeletal muscle. B) cardiac muscle. C) striated muscle. D) intercalated cells. E) smooth muscle.

E) smooth muscle.

Which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels has blood that is the LEAST similar in its gas content? A) the pulmonary artery and the vena cava B) the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava C) the pulmonary vein and the aorta D) the veins from the right and left legs E) the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein

E) the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein

The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow is A) the arteries. B) the arterioles. C) the metarterioles. D) the capillaries. E) the veins.

E) the veins.

The blood pressure is lowest in the A) aorta. B) arteries. C) arterioles. D) capillaries. E) vena cava

E) vena cava

An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to A) carbonic acid. B) actin and myosin. c) hemoglobin. d) bicarbonate ions. e) myoglobin.

e) myoglobin.

The __________ of the mammalian heart prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

semilunar valves