BIO 103: Macromolecules study guide
list 2 examples of nucleotides
DNA and RNA
for the following, list the polysaccharides: a) exoskeletons of insects- b) carb stored in plants(energy)- c) most abundant carb- d) carb in cell walls of plants- e) carb stored in animals(energy)- f) carb found in muscle and liver cells-
a) chitin b) starch c) cellulose d) cellulose e) glycogen f) glycogen
list the 2 types of secondary structure.
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
the monomer for proteins is _______
amino acids
amino acids are composed of 3 functional groups: a carboxyl group, an ______ group, and a ______ group
amino and R
list the 4 types of macromolecules/biomolecules
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
what atom is the central atom of life?
carbon
organic compounds consist of skeletons of _______ and _______ atoms
carbon and hydrogen
which two examples of the polysaccharides are used as a structural material?
chitin and cellulose
list 2 examples of steroids
cholesterol and sex hormones
what are the two names of the reaction that links two monomers together? what is created when the bond is formed?
dehydration synthesis or condensation, water
what are the 2 functions of carbohydrates in living things?
energy source and structural molecules
define a wax. list two examples of natural waxes
fatty acids combined with alcohols or hydrocarbons; waxes on fruits/jojoba oil/ waterproofing on ducks
Carbon atoms form ___ covalent bonds
four
what monosaccharide is commonly known as fruit sugar?
fructose
a protein's shape dictates its _______. what is it called when a protein loses its shape and therefore its function? list 2 causes
function, denatured, temperature and pH
a group of atoms added to organic compounds that create specific characteristics is called a _________ group.
functional
the unique properties of biomolecules is created by the numbers and types of _________ attached.
functional groups
what monosaccharide is used by the body as its energy source?
glucose
maltose is composed of _______ and ________
glucose and glucose
a triglyceride is composed of one ______ and 3 _________
glycerol, fatty acids
what can high levels of saturated fat lead to?
heart disease
a saturated fat is fully saturated with _______. an unsaturated fat is not fully saturated with _____
hydrogens, hydrogens
lipids are ________ in water. Why?
insoluble, they are non polar and hydrophobic
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called ________ of each other.
isomers
list an example of saturated fat
lard fat in meat
another term for biomolecules is __________
macromolecule
what is the major function of carbohydrates?
main energy source
lactose is commonly called _____ sugar and is composed of _______ and ______
milk, glucose, galactose
one subunit is called a _________. long chains of monomers are called _______.
monomers, polymers
what is the monomer of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides usually glucose
what is the monomer for nucleic acids?
nucleotides
list an example of unsaturated fat
olive oil
monosaccharides are composed of ____ sugar, disaccharides are composed of _____ sugars and polysaccharides are composed of ______ sugars
one, two, many
a monoglyceride has _____ fatty acid; a diglyceride has _______ fatty acids; a triglyceride has ______ fatty acids
one, two, three
what term(s) do you look for on a label that represents trans fat?
partially hydrogenated
which lipid forms the membranes of cells?
phospholipids
lipids are not true ________
polymers
macromolecules/biomolecules are _______ composed of individual _______.
polymers, monomers
the _________ structure is the sequence of amino acids
primary
list the 4 levels of protein structure
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
the ________ structure is determined by the association of 2 or more proteins
quarternary
the two molecular formulas that you wrote above are the _____
same
a _______ fat is solid at _______ temperature and comes from ______
saturated, room, animals
list the 3 examples of triglycerides.
saturated, unsaturated, trans fat
the _________ structure is the first initial folding
secondary
which two examples of the polysaccharides are used for energy storage?
starch and glycogen
list the 4 examples of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose
a carbon skeleton can form _______ chains, _______ chains, or in ______
straight, branching, rings
what is the main function for proteins?
structural molecule
list the 2 functions of proteins
structural molecule and energy source
list the 3 parts of nucleotie
sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
sucrose is commonly called ______ sugar and composed of ______ and _______.
table, fructose, glucose
the _______ structure is the overall shape of a protein
tertiary
what is the function of a nucleic acid?
the hereditary material
what is different about glucose and fructose?
their structural formulas
which fat comes from a plant but is solid at room temperature?
trans fat
which of the 3 fats is the worst for you?
trans fat
list the 4 types of lipids mentioned in our notes
triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols, waxes
an _________ fat is liquid at _____ temperature and comes from ______
unsaturated, room, plants
most of the names of sugars end in ______
-ose
What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?
1:2:1
how many different types of amino acids are there?
20
how many monomers compose an oligosaccharide?
3-100
how many rings does a steroid have?
4
state the molecular formula for fructose
C6H12O6
state the molecular formula for glucose
C6H12O6
which of the following would be an organic compound?
C6H12O6
what is the name of the reaction that splits one monomer from another? what is added into the reaction to separate the two monomers?
Hydrolysis, water
which group is different for every amino acid and therefore makes each one different?
R group
