BIO 103: Macromolecules study guide

list 2 examples of nucleotides

DNA and RNA

for the following, list the polysaccharides: a) exoskeletons of insects- b) carb stored in plants(energy)- c) most abundant carb- d) carb in cell walls of plants- e) carb stored in animals(energy)- f) carb found in muscle and liver cells-

a) chitin b) starch c) cellulose d) cellulose e) glycogen f) glycogen

list the 2 types of secondary structure.

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

the monomer for proteins is _______

amino acids

amino acids are composed of 3 functional groups: a carboxyl group, an ______ group, and a ______ group

amino and R

list the 4 types of macromolecules/biomolecules

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

what atom is the central atom of life?

carbon

organic compounds consist of skeletons of _______ and _______ atoms

carbon and hydrogen

which two examples of the polysaccharides are used as a structural material?

chitin and cellulose

list 2 examples of steroids

cholesterol and sex hormones

what are the two names of the reaction that links two monomers together? what is created when the bond is formed?

dehydration synthesis or condensation, water

what are the 2 functions of carbohydrates in living things?

energy source and structural molecules

define a wax. list two examples of natural waxes

fatty acids combined with alcohols or hydrocarbons; waxes on fruits/jojoba oil/ waterproofing on ducks

Carbon atoms form ___ covalent bonds

four

what monosaccharide is commonly known as fruit sugar?

fructose

a protein's shape dictates its _______. what is it called when a protein loses its shape and therefore its function? list 2 causes

function, denatured, temperature and pH

a group of atoms added to organic compounds that create specific characteristics is called a _________ group.

functional

the unique properties of biomolecules is created by the numbers and types of _________ attached.

functional groups

what monosaccharide is used by the body as its energy source?

glucose

maltose is composed of _______ and ________

glucose and glucose

a triglyceride is composed of one ______ and 3 _________

glycerol, fatty acids

what can high levels of saturated fat lead to?

heart disease

a saturated fat is fully saturated with _______. an unsaturated fat is not fully saturated with _____

hydrogens, hydrogens

lipids are ________ in water. Why?

insoluble, they are non polar and hydrophobic

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called ________ of each other.

isomers

list an example of saturated fat

lard fat in meat

another term for biomolecules is __________

macromolecule

what is the major function of carbohydrates?

main energy source

lactose is commonly called _____ sugar and is composed of _______ and ______

milk, glucose, galactose

one subunit is called a _________. long chains of monomers are called _______.

monomers, polymers

what is the monomer of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides usually glucose

what is the monomer for nucleic acids?

nucleotides

list an example of unsaturated fat

olive oil

monosaccharides are composed of ____ sugar, disaccharides are composed of _____ sugars and polysaccharides are composed of ______ sugars

one, two, many

a monoglyceride has _____ fatty acid; a diglyceride has _______ fatty acids; a triglyceride has ______ fatty acids

one, two, three

what term(s) do you look for on a label that represents trans fat?

partially hydrogenated

which lipid forms the membranes of cells?

phospholipids

lipids are not true ________

polymers

macromolecules/biomolecules are _______ composed of individual _______.

polymers, monomers

the _________ structure is the sequence of amino acids

primary

list the 4 levels of protein structure

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

the ________ structure is determined by the association of 2 or more proteins

quarternary

the two molecular formulas that you wrote above are the _____

same

a _______ fat is solid at _______ temperature and comes from ______

saturated, room, animals

list the 3 examples of triglycerides.

saturated, unsaturated, trans fat

the _________ structure is the first initial folding

secondary

which two examples of the polysaccharides are used for energy storage?

starch and glycogen

list the 4 examples of polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose

a carbon skeleton can form _______ chains, _______ chains, or in ______

straight, branching, rings

what is the main function for proteins?

structural molecule

list the 2 functions of proteins

structural molecule and energy source

list the 3 parts of nucleotie

sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

sucrose is commonly called ______ sugar and composed of ______ and _______.

table, fructose, glucose

the _______ structure is the overall shape of a protein

tertiary

what is the function of a nucleic acid?

the hereditary material

what is different about glucose and fructose?

their structural formulas

which fat comes from a plant but is solid at room temperature?

trans fat

which of the 3 fats is the worst for you?

trans fat

list the 4 types of lipids mentioned in our notes

triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols, waxes

an _________ fat is liquid at _____ temperature and comes from ______

unsaturated, room, plants

most of the names of sugars end in ______

-ose

What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?

1:2:1

how many different types of amino acids are there?

20

how many monomers compose an oligosaccharide?

3-100

how many rings does a steroid have?

4

state the molecular formula for fructose

C6H12O6

state the molecular formula for glucose

C6H12O6

which of the following would be an organic compound?

C6H12O6

what is the name of the reaction that splits one monomer from another? what is added into the reaction to separate the two monomers?

Hydrolysis, water

which group is different for every amino acid and therefore makes each one different?

R group