Bio 104 Exam 2

What is the function of NADPH

It transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.

What is the final electron accepter of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

NADPH

Can the light independent reactions occur for an indefinite period of time in the dark?

No

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

Occurs in the cytosol just outside of mitochondria in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

What is the difference between the rough and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Rough ER is called rough because it has ribosomes attached to its surface.

What are the three types (shapes) of bacteria?

Round bacteria are referred to as cocci, cylindrical, capsule-shaped bacteria as bacilli, and spiral bacteria are aptly called spirilla.

In the Calvin Cycle, CO2 binds with what molecule to make an unstable six carbon unstable intermediate.

RuBP

What is meant by the membrane being "semipermeable"?

Selectively permeable is the property of membranes which allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

During photosynthesis the carbon that is used to make glucose is reduced and the electrons come from one source, where do the electrons come from?

Sunlight

Where does the energy come from for photosynthesis?

Sunlight

During aerobic respiration, where is most of the ATP made?

Most of the ATP is made in the electron transport chain

How many ATP molecules are required to activate glucose to two PGAL?

2 ATP

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4CO2

Active Transport

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking

Phagocytosis

Cell eating

What is chemiosmosis? What is the name of the enzyme that makes ATP?

Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.

Where exactly would you find chlorophyll?

Chlorophyll molecules are contained inside chloroplasts

What are the components of the cell membrane?

Phospholipids and transport proteins.

Explain what would happen if NADPH were unable to be oxidized or if NADP+ were unable to be reduced

Photosynthesis would be unable to be done, and the plant would eventually die.

Identify the differences between plant and animal cells.

Plant cells have a central vacuole, a cell wall, and ribosomes. Animal cells have a centriole and lysosomes.

Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

What is cellular respiration?

A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecule to produce energy and water.

Which cells are smaller, prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Why?

A eukaryotic cell is typically larger than a prokaryotic cell because it has a nucleus.

Acetyl-CoA from the grooming phase binds with what reactant in the Krebs Cycle to produce what product?

Acetyl CoA bonds to Oxaloacetic acid to make Citric Acid.

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration involves oxygen. Anaerobic respiration does not involve oxygen

What is photosynthesis?

An anabolic, endergonic, carbon dioxide requiring process that uses light energy and water to produce organic macromolecules.

What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Where does the carbon come from to make glucose and all of the other organic molecules of life?

CO2

Where does the carbon that makes up all of the organic material of you ultimately come from?

CO2

Is cellular respiration a catabolic or anabolic reaction? Is the breaking of glucose an endergonic or exergonic reaction?

Cellular respiration is also a catabolic process because it breaks the small molecules from digestion into even smaller ones as ATP is created. The breaking of glucose is exergonic.

What are the functions of the mitochondria and chloroplast? What do these two organelles have in common with one another?

Chloroplasts are very similar to mitochondria, but are found only in the cells of plants and some algae. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts produce food for their cells. Chloroplasts help turn sunlight into food that can be used by the cell, a process known as photosynthesis.

What is the purpose of cholesterol in the plasma membrane and the sugars on the membrane proteins?

Cholesterol helps keep the membrane fluid consistent by slightly immobilizing the outer surface of the membrane and making it less soluble to very small water-soluble molecules that could otherwise pass through more easily.

What are cilia and flagella and what is the difference between the two? What is the arrangement of the microtubules in both cilia and flagella?

Cilia are slender, microscopic, hair-like structures or organelles that extend from the surface of nearly all mammalian cells and flagellum are whip-like structures that allow a cell to move. Cilia are short and there are usually many cilia per cell. On the other hand, flagella are longer and there are fewer flagella per cell. A "9 + 2" arrangement of microtubules is typical of both cilia and flagella.

How is cyclic electron flow different from non-cyclic electron flow?

Cyclic produces ATP and non-cyclic produces ATP and NADPH.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

What is the purpose of transporting high energy electrons down the electron transport chain? The energy of these electrons is used to power what enzyme?

During electron transport, energy is used to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial inner membrane hydrogen ions to flow across the mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, through ATP synthase, producing ATP.

What is removed from the catabolic products of glucose during the reduction of NAD+ to NADH and the reduction of FAD to FADH2?

Electrons are removed which will allow or facilitate the removal of hydrogen ions.

What allows eukaryotic cells to be much larger than prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells because eukaryotic cells have a nuclear membrane and membrane bound organelles.

Explain the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle.

Facilitated Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins Type of passive transport which uses transport proteins.

What happens to the energy of the electrons that travel down the electron transport chain between photosystem II and photosystem I?

Generates O2, ATP and NADPH

What are the products of the light independent reactions?

Glucose.

List the four steps of aerobic respiration and the products of each of those steps.

Glycolysis produces 2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 3C- Pyruvate Grooming Phase produces 2 NADH, 2 CO2, and Acetyl CoA Krebs Cycle produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4CO2 Electron Transport Chain and Oxygen Phosphorylation produces 36 ATP for Eukaryotes and 38 ATP for Prokaryotes

During photosynthesis O2 is produced - where does the oxygen come from?

H2O

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Where in the mitochondria are the enzymes for the electron transport chain located?

Inner mitochondrial membrane.

List all of the possible reasons why photosynthesis is so important to life.

It is the number one source of oxygen in the atmosphere. It contributes to the carbon cycle between the earth, the oceans, plants and animals. It serves as the primary energy process for most trees and plants.

How many turns of the Krebs Cycle are there per glucose molecule?

It takes 2 turns of the Krebs cycle and many enzymes to oxidize 1 glucose molecule.

What are the two types of fermentation? Which type do you do?

Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation. Animals and humans do Lactic Acid Fermentation.

From which organelle does the lysosome originate?

Lysosomes originate by budding off from the membrane of the trans-Golgi network, a region of the Golgi complex responsible for sorting newly synthesized proteins, which may be designated for use in lysosomes, endosomes, or the plasma membrane

What is fermentation?

Making ATP w/out oxygen Fermentation is a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen

In what part of the mitochondria does the Krebs Cycle occur?

Mitochondrial Matrix.

Identify the components of endomembrane system.

Nuclear envelope (membrane), endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus (complex), lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma (cell) membrane. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fcxc8Gv7NiU

Which organelle(s) contains a double membrane?

Nucleus and Mitochondria

Do any bacteria photosynthesize? If yes, which ones?

Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria perform photosynthesis in a similar manner to plants. They contain light-harvesting pigments, absorb carbon dioxide, and release oxygen. Cyanobacteria or Cyanophyta are the only forms of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria known to date.

Identify the different types of membrane proteins.

Receptor protein, adhesion protein, anchor protein, glycoprotein, channel protein, carrier protein

What is meant when the membrane is said to be a bilayer and a fluid mosaic?

The Fluid Mosaic Model states that membranes are composed of a Phospholipid Bilayer with various protein molecules floating around within it. The 'Fluid' part represents how some parts of the membrane can move around freely, if they are not attached to other parts of the cell.

Explain the purpose of making NADH in glycolysis, the Grooming Phase, and the Krebs Cycle, and FADH2 in the Krebs Cycle.

The NADH and FADH2 molecules can contribute to the electron transport chain, help create the proton gradient and power the ATP synthase pump.

Dialysis

The diffusion of small solutes through a selectively permeable membrane.

What is endocytosis?

The energy requiring movement of particles (foreign or natural) into the cell.

simple diffusion (passive transport)

The net movement of a substance (molecules, solutes) down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

What are the products of the light dependent reactions?

The two products of the light-dependent reactions of photosystem are ATP and NADPH

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton and what proteins are they made of? What are some functions of each?

There are three main components of the cytoskeleton: microtubules, intermediate filaments (IF) and microfilaments, along with many other proteins that support those components

What are C4 and CAM plants? Why do plants use these mechanisms of photosynthesis?

They are plants that minimize photorespiration and are found in hot and dry environments. They use these mechanisms to resist environmental and herbivorous pressures

What are tight junctions, anchoring junctions, gap junctions, and plasmodesmata?

Tight junctions are areas where the membranes of two adjacent cells join together to form a barrier. Anchoring junctions are cell junctions that are anchored to one another and attached to components of the extracellular matrix Gap junctions are a type of cell junction in which adjacent cells are connected through protein channels Plasmodesmata are channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.

What is the purpose of fermentation?

To replenish the supply of NAD+ for glycolysis.

What is the function of the grooming phase of aerobic respiration and what are the products?

To transport 2 pyruvates through the mitochondria membrane into the membrane. The products of the grooming phase are 2 NADH, 2 CO2, and Acetyl CoA.

Will water move to the hypertonic or hypotonic solution via osmosis? Why?

Water will always move down a concentration gradient from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution.

What is exocytosis?

When the cell secretes macromolecules (proteins and other biochemicals) out of cell.

Explain why no ATP is made in the electron transport chain or the Krebs Cycle if oxygen is not present.

Without the electron transport system, no ATP can be made by oxidative phosphorylation.

What would happen to an animal cell when placed into the following solutions?

a. hypotonic: Animal cells placed into a hypotonic solution will explode which is known as Hemolysis b. hypertonic: Animal cells placed into a hypertonic solution will shrivel or crenate. c. isotonic: Animal cells placed into an isotonic solution will function normally.

What would happen to a plant cell when placed into the following solutions?

a. hypotonic: Plant cells placed into a hypotonic solution will be turgid and function normally. b. hypertonic: Plant cells placed into a hypertonic solution will shrivel up and pull the plasma membrane away from the cell wall known as plasmolysis c. isotonic: Plant cells placed into an isotonic solution will become flaccid and wilt.

List the functions of the following organelles and include if found only animal, only plant or both animal/plant.

a. nucleus: Double membrane structure containing genetic material. Found in both animals and plants b. rough endoplasmic reticulum: Connects to the nuclear envelope and is studded with ribosomes to produce an enormous variety of proteins. It is found in both animals and plants. c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum: Lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid manufacture and metabolism, the production of steroid hormones, and detoxification (drugs, alcohol, poisons). It is found in both animals and plants. d. transport vesicle: A membrane organelle that transits materials from one part of the cell to the other. It is found in both animals and plants. e. golgi apparatus: Packages proteins into membrane bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination (secretory and lysosomal). It is found in both animals and plants. f. secretory vesicle: The secretory vesicle is a vesicle that mediates the vesicular transport of cargo hormones or neurotransmitters from an organelle to specific sites at the cell membrane, where it docks and fuses to release its content. Found in animals. g. lysosome: Membrane enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes (digestive enzymes), it participates in intracellular digestion (phagocytosis) and autophagy. It is found in both animals and plants. i. peroxisome: Produces and degrades hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). It is found in both animals and plants. j. mitochondria: A doubled membrane cellular organelle with its own circular DNA found in both plants and animals, it is also the site of cellular respiration. It is found in both animals and plants. k. chloroplast: A doubled membrane cellular organelle with its own circular DNA found in photosynthetic plants, it is also the site of photosynthesis. It is found only in plants l. ribosomes: Minute particle consisting of RNA and proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. It is found in both animals and plants

What two wavelengths (nm) drive photosynthesis (include the wavelength for each color)?

blue-440 nm and red-660 nm

Cells

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Z9pqST72is

Cell Respiration

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh2P5CmCC0M&t=568s

Photosynthesis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g78utcLQrJ4

Membranes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y31DlJ6uGgE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7CJ7xZOjm0

What is receptor mediated endocytosis?

receptor-mediated endocytosis to selectively take up specific molecules or complexes of molecules that cannot diffuse or move through transport proteins Receptor induced invagination.

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same