BIO 1050 Chapter 8

Be able to recognize a photo of the four stages of mitosis

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binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size

telophase

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

somatic cells

Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells

variation

Any difference between individuals of the same species.

sexual vs asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction generates offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent. In sexual reproduction, two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring.

genes

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.

Chemotherapy is one common treatment for cancer. Which of the following are aspects of chemotherapy?

Drugs that interfere with cell division are administered to the patient. Chemotherapy drugs circulate throughout the entire body. Chemotherapy drugs disrupt normal systems that rely on the rapid and constant production of new cells.

What shape are chromosomes in eukaryotes vs prokaryotes?

E: Linear P: Circular

5 Stages of the Cell Cycle

G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

What are the two steps DNA replication occurs in

G1= synthesis & G2

malignant

cancerous

Why does the likelihood of getting cancer increase with age?

cells get damaged over time

benign

cells that do not spread

What two main treatments can be used to treat cancer?

chemotherapy & radiation therapy

Mitosis is required for _____ and ______

chromosome sorting & cell division

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of _______. Their DNA strand is wrapped tightly around______

double-stranded linear DNA molecules;proteins

Under which of the following conditions would a nest of turtles be predominantly female?

eggs laid in a sunny, open area on the beach "Cool Guys, Hot Chicks"

Whether it is eggs or sperm being produced through meiosis, under normal circumstances, each gamete ends up with:

exactly one copy of each chromosome.

What is a proto-oncogene?

gene that regulates cell division

The purpose of mitosis is to enable existing cells to:

generate new, genetically identical cells.

For which type of cells is telomere rebuilding essential?

germ cells & adult stem cells

Sex cells having the ___________ number of chromosomes are called ____________.

haploid; gametes

hela cells

human epithelial cells of a strain maintained in tissue culture since 1951 and used in research, especially in virology.

Nondisjunction:

is the unequal division of the genetic material during cell division.

Somatic cells can include:

kidney cells & heart cells

What does it mean to die of old age

means that someone has died naturally from an ailment associated with aging.

When does cancer occur in regards to cell division?

metastasis

Cancer cells are different from other cells in that they have lost their "contact inhibition." "Contact inhibition" means:

most cells stop dividing when they bump up against other cells or collections of cells.

autosomes

non-sex chromosomes

Trisomy 21 is a consequence of _______________________, the unequal distribution of chromosomes during meiosis.

nondisjunction

Chromatid

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

Parent and Daughter cells

parent cell is the cell that divides to give rise to two daughter cells. In mitosis the daughter cells have same genetic content as parent.

What is Progeria?

premature aging

Apopstosis

programmed cell death

The four stages of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

The ability for cancer cells to divide indefinitely is made possible because they:

rebuild their telomeres after every cell division.

cell cycle

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

gametes

sex cells

reproductive cells

sex cells or gametes

What tissues get cancer?

soft tissues

checkpoints

stop to the cell cycle to check for damage

How many sex chromosomes does the normal human female inherit from her mother?

1

In nearly all cases, every individual human has:

22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.

In humans, the haploid number equals:

23

How many checkpoints are there in the cell cycle?

3

A human brain cell contains 46 chromosomes. It divides by mitosis. How many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell?

46

The egg cells of a dog contain 39 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the dog's liver cells?

78

How do growth factors act?

By triggering intracellular signaling systems

Henrietta lacks

Cancer cells taken without her knowledge, became HeLa cell line.

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by BOTH malingant and benign tumors?

Cells divide an unlimited number of times.

How is cancer detected?

Certain cancers can be detected before symptoms arise using screening tests -Breast cancer -Cervical cancer -Colorectal cancer Cancers without screening tests are usually not diagnosed until the disease is advanced enough to cause symptoms

prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

heredity

Passing of traits from parents to offspring

anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

The stages of cancer

Stage I: No spread; Stage II: Spread to nearby tissues; Stage III: Spread to the lymphatic system; Stage IV: Spread to distant organs

Animal cells have "counters" that keep track of how many times a cell has divided. These counters are called:

Telomeres

Describe how the length of telomeres changes after each cell division and how it may interfere with essential DNA

The length of telomeric DNA shortens with each cell division and when it reaches below a critical limit, the cell undergoes replicative senescence or apoptotic cell death. The length of telomeric DNA determines the lifespan of a cell in culture.

multiple hit model

The proposal that a single cell must receive a series of mutational events in order to become malignant or cancerous.

cancer

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division

In asexual reproduction, daughter cells inherit their DNA from ____________________.

a single parent

The planned process of cell suicide is called:

apoptosis.

BRCA-1 is associated with which cancer?

breast

How does cancer kill an organism

by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function

Mitosis is generally accompanied by _______ This typically begins during ________

cytokinesis; telophase

In which organ will meiosis occur for the human male?

testes

genetics

the study of heredity

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes