BIO 11 Ch 24 Protisit

Choose the 5 main supergroups of protists, according to our current understanding of protist phylogeny.

Archaeplastida SAR Opisthokonta Amoebozoa Excavata

Protist reproduction is ____.

asexual and sexual (depends on species)

Protists typically ________ reproduce , although some have an obligate ________ reproductive phase.

asexually sexually

.The _________ of protists are long, thin protrusions supported by axial rods of microtubules.

axopodia

Long, thin pseudopods supported by axial rods of microtubules are called:

axopodia

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA which is very similar in size and character to the DNA of _____________

bacteria

The evolution of multicellularity allowed ____.

cells to become specialized

A ________ organism is made of cells that are permanently associated, but have little or no integration of cellular activities.

colonial

Even though chloroplasts of different algae are not monophyletic, it is thought that all chloroplasts derived from a single line of ________

cyanobacteria

A thick-walled unicellular life stage produced by many protists that can remain dormant during stressful periods is known as a(n)

cyst

Bacteria that live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cells are called ____.

endosymbiotic bacteria

Which of the following are structures that protists utilize to swim?

flagella cilia

The mechanisms of mitosis and cytokinesis most likely evolved ____.

in several steps

Endosymbiotic bacteria are bacteria that can

live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cells.

Amoebas are surrounded only by their plasma _______

membrane

An organism that is able to use both autotrophy and heterotrophy in order to obtain organic nutrients is a(n):

mixotroph

Eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified in the plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms are ________

protists

The first microfossils that show internal membranes and thicker walls are ____.

1.5 billion years old

What type of prokaryote might have formed endosymbiotic relationships with other larger bacteria, eventually evolving into a chloroplast?

A photosynthetic cyanobacterium

Which of the following is an advantage of multicellularity?

It fostered the specialization of cells.

What evidence supports the hypothesis that mitosis and cytokinesis did not evolve all at once?

Different, or possibly intermediate mechanisms of mitosis are observed in fungi and in some groups of protist compared to animals and plants.

Protists are alike in that all are

Eukaryotic

Which of the following are used by protists to locomote in their watery environments?

Flagella Cilia

Choose the three groups of protists that have true, if simple, multicellularity.

Green algae Brown algae Red algae

Which of the following is NOT matched correctly regarding the type of endosymbiosis that lead to the acquisition of chloroplasts in algae?

Green algae: secondary endosymbiosis

Which of the following is the primary benefit of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes?

It allows for genetic recombination, thereby generating genetic variation.

Select all lines of evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA. Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have smaller ribosomes than eukaryotes

A mixotroph uses which of the following means to obtain nutrition?

Photoautotrophy and heterotrophy

Which of the following statements about the origin of chloroplasts in red, green and brown algae are true?

Red algae acquired their chloroplasts through primary endosymbiosis. Green algae acquired their chloroplasts through primary endosymbiosis. Brown algae acquired their chloroplasts through secondary endosymbiosis.

According to our current understanding, stramenopiles and alveolates are members of the supergroup:

SAR

How are the members of Protists related and what is the implication of their relationship for their grouping in the kingdom Protista?

They are only distantly related; grouping is artificial

In protists, a cyst is ____.

a life stage that can remain dormant during periods of unfavorable environmental conditions

The genome of a mitochondrion is typically composed of

a single, circular, closed molecule of DNA, similar to that in bacteria

Many different nutritional strategies are found in protists; they can be phagotrophs (ingest particles), ____________ (ingest soluble nutrients), phototrophs, or ___________ (both hetero- and phototrophs).

osmotrophs mixotrophs

Which of the following are nutritional strategies found in Protista?

phagotrophs mixotrophs phototrophs

Select all types of cell surfaces found in protists:

plasma membrane extracellular matirx glassy silica shell

The grouping of protists into the kingdom Protista is:

polyphyletic

The RNA transcripts produced by mitochondria and chloroplasts are translated by smaller _________ , which are very similar to those found in bacteria.

ribosomes

_______ reproduction allows for frequent genetic recombination which generates genetic variation - the starting point of evolution.

sexual