Bio 110 final Clickers (New Material)

You are studying a diploblastic organism without a body cavity (coelom). This organism probably belongs to the phylum

Cnidaria.

What cellular conditions favor increased activity of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation?

High ADP concentrations

To sustain high rates of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions, cells require

NAD+

Which one of the following molecules is necessary for glycolysis to proceed normally?

NAD+

During cell respiration in aerobic organisms, ____________ serves as the terminal electron acceptor of the Electron Transport chain.

Oxygen

Which of these molecules in cell respiration is the most electronegative?

Oxygen

This plant derives sugars from fungi that are intimately associated with trees. What is the relationship between this plant and the trees?

Parasitism

This flower is_________.

Perfect

From the photosynthetic action spectrum shown, we can correctly conclude that...

Plants can use all colors of visible light for photosynthesis.

MCAT Question: In the redox reaction: pyruvate + NADH + H+ ⇋ lactate + NAD+ which reactant is oxidized and which is reduced?

Pyruvate is reduced and NADH is oxidized

How are electrons transferred from the Krebs cycle for use in the electron transport chain?

Reduction of NAD+

Which experiment will produce 18O?

1

How much energy is released by this reaction? Each C-C bond requires 76 kcal/mole to break, and each C-H bond requires about 91 kcal/mole to break. How much energy is required to break all of these bonds in glucose?

1017 kcal/mole

The biomass (dry weight) of a tree comes primarily from

Carbon dioxide

Now that you know how much energy is required to break all of the bonds in pyruvate - calculate the net energy change after the bonds reform around oxygen (a total of 696 kcal/mole of energy is released after all of the bonds associated with the breakdown of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen reform).

271 kcal/mole

At the end of glycolysis, how many total molecules of ATP have been synthesized from ADP from a single molecule of glucose?

4

Each C-C bond requires 76 kcal/mole to break, and each C-H bond requires about 91 kcal/mole to break. How much energy is required to break all of these bonds in one pyruvate molecule?

425 kcal/mole

During alcohol metabolism in humans, alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetylaldehyde and a molecule of NADH is produced. Next, acetylaldehyde oxidase converts acetylaldehyde to acetate and another molecule of NADH is produced. Finally, acetyl-CoA synthase produces acetyl CoA and the Acetyl CoA then enters the Krebs cycle. Assuming that the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain are working efficiently, how many TOTAL molecules of NADH are produced in the catabolism of one molecule of ethanol?

5

Now that you know how much energy is required to break all of the bonds in glucose, let's calculate the net energy change after the bonds reform around oxygen (a total of 1703 kcal/mole of energy is released after all of the bonds associated with the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen reform).

686 kcal/mole

The voltage between the inner mitochondrial membrane and matrix is variable. Which of the following conditions would lead to a decrease in voltage?

A decrease in oxygen

Which of the following is the result of double fertilization?

A diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm

The figure on the left shows the absorption spectrum for chl. a, and on the right the wavelengths for photosynthesis. The two patterns are similar, but why are they not exact?

A number of pigments, including chlorophyll a, absorb light that contributes energy to photosynthesis.

Does mitochondrion A or B produce more ATP?

A produces more ATP

If the electron transport chain between Photosystem II and Photosystem I begins to work inefficiently then

ATP production will decrease

Drugs known as uncouplers facilitate diffusion of protons across the mitochondrial membrane. When such a drug is added, what will happen to ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption, if the rates of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle stay the same?

ATP synthesis will decrease; oxygen consumption will stay the same.

Which of the following is not an advantage of the cuticle in arthropods?

Allows for greater gas exchange.

Which of these is not a chordate characteristic?

An exoskeleton

Why does muscle contraction result in higher body temperature?

Because ATP hydrolysis has a -ΔG

In which organisms does glycolysis occur?

Both aerobic and anaerobic organisms

MCAT Question: Which of the following best describes the respective free energy changes for the one-step combustion of glucose in the presence of oxygen as compared to the multi-step oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration, assuming both reactions occur under identical conditions?

Both reactions have the same change in free energy

Which of the following types of plants would not be able to self-pollinate?

Dioecious

A bifurcation in the tree of animal evolutionary history separates the Radiata from the Bilateria. Which of the following also describes this bifurcation?

Diploblasts vs. triploblasts.

Does this organism fix CO2?

Does andrew lee collect cheeks? Answer to both is nah

Aerobic cellular respiration involves the flow of electrons from one chemical species to another: which of the following best describes this process?

Electrons are transferred from glucose to oxygen

Photuris lucicrescens is a bioluminescent coleopteran. In other words, the lightning bug is a beetle that can glow in the dark. Is bioluminescence an endergonic or exergonic reaction and what is the ΔG of bioluminescence?

Endergonic reaction with positive ΔG.

Fruits have contributed to the success of angiosperms by:

Facilitating the dispersal of seeds

A mutation occurs in the chloroplasts of a lettuce plant, causing its thylakoid membranes to become more permeable to charged ions. ]How might this mutation affect the Calvin cycle?

Fewer carbohydrates would be produced by the Calvin cycle.

All of the following are characteristics of angiosperms EXCEPT:

Free-living gametophytes

You have a friend who lost 15 pounds of fat on a diet. Where did the fat go?

It was released as CO2 and H2O.

Which of the following characteristic(s) can be used to distinguish a parazoan (sponge) from a eumetazoan?

Lack of true tissues.

You are working with a mutant plant that you think has chloroplasts that lack photosystem II (PSII), even though it is able to live. How could you determine if PSII is missing from the plant's chloroplasts?

Test for the presence of oxygen in light

MCAT Question: ATP hydrolysis is a spontaneous chemical reaction under standard physiological conditions: what is always true of spontaneous reactions?

That the products of the reaction have lower free energy than the reactants

If you applied an herbicide that affected the ability of NADPH to be oxidized, which aspect of photosynthesis would be most immediately affected?

The Calvin Cycle.

The Calvin cycle is considered light-independent because it can occur in darkness. However, most often the Calvin cycle takes place in sunlight.

The Calvin cycle requires ATP and NADPH, which require sunlight to be produced.

What powers the ATP synthase rotary motor?

The H+ gradient

MCAT Question: ATP hydrolysis involves the hydrolysis of what bond?

The bond linking the 2nd phosphate to the 3rd phosphate

A flask of duckweed (an aquatic plant) in water is placed under a bank of lights on a 12-hour light, 12-hour dark cycle, next to a control flask containing only water. Assuming no change in water temperature, which flask will have the lowest dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, and at what time?

The flask with duckweed will have the lowest DO at the end of the dark cycle and the highest DO at the end of the light cycle.

MCAT Question: How does the free energy stored by ATP compare to the free energy stored by ADP under standard physiological conditions?

The free energy stored by ATP is positive and greater than the free energy stored by ADP, which is also positive

The oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is highly exergonic: G = -636 kcal/mole. Why doesn't glucose spontaneously combust?

The glucose molecules lack the activation energy at room temperature.

ATP hydrolysis under standard biochemical conditions has ΔG<0 which implies which of the following about the reaction under these conditions?

The hydrolysis reaction is spontaneous

Photosynthesis can be divided into two steps: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle.

The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane, and the Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma.

A reaction has a ∆G of 5.6 kcal/mol. Which of the following would most likely be true?

The reaction could be coupled to power an endergonic reaction with a G of 4.8 kcal/mol.

MCAT Question: Kearns-Sayre syndrome is a disease caused by deletions in plasmids that code for proteins of the electron transport chain. What is its inheritance pattern?

Through the maternal line

An electron just given up by NADH to the electron transport chain has more energy that one that is pick up by oxygen at the end of the ETC

True

Evaluate the following statement and determine whether it is True or False: "During cellular respiration in plants, the Krebs cycle takes place within the mitochondria and releases carbon dioxide".

True because plants have mitochondria and the Krebs cycle releases carbon dioxide.

In this diagram, compound X is the CO2 acceptor. If light is cut off, the first effect would be that:

X will decrease, 3PG increase.

In this diagram, compound X is the CO2 acceptor. If the supply of CO2 is cut off, the first effect would be that:

X will increase, 3PG decrease.

The presence of a "true" coelom that is completely lined with mesoderm is found in:

all deuterostomes

Although radially symmetrical, the Echinoderms are classified with the bilateria because they:

are bilaterally symmetrical during early development.

Free-living flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms share all of the following traits except

digestive tract with mouth and anus

A molecule that is reduced:

gains electrons from another molecule.

Variegated leaves are rarely found in wild plants but are common in garden plants and houseplants because people like their appearance. They are most likely rare in wild plants because variegated plants

photosynthesize less than non-variegated plants

By the end of glycolysis most of the energy contained in the starting glucose molecule is now in:

pyruvate

The amniotic egg, a major innovation in evolution, completely freed some members of the _______ from their dependence upon water.

vertebrates