BIO-110 Final Study Guide

scientific theory

many experiments and observations that support a theory

c.) electrons are shared between two atoms to complete their octets.

A covalent bond occurs when... a.) protons are transferred from one atom to another. b.) neutrons are shared between two atoms to form an isotope. c.) electrons are shared between two atoms to complete their octets. d.) the hydrogen of one water molecule is attracted to the oxygen of another water molecule. e.) electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

b.) unequal sharing of electrons.

A water molecule, as shown here, is polar because of... a.) the transfer of electrons. b.) unequal sharing of electrons. c.) its ability to freeze. d.) its hydrogen bonds. e.) the negative charge of the molecule.

eukaryotic consumer

Didinium are carnivorous protistans that prey on other, slower moving protistans. How should Didinium be classified?

a.) based upon comparisons of ribosomal RNA and characteristics like cell structure.

How are domains organized? a.) based upon comparisons of ribosomal RNA and characteristics like cell structure. b.) based upon similarities in cell structure c.) based upon DNA sequence similarity d.) based upon the presence or absence of a nucleus

a.) function well in a given

In general, evolutionary processes lead to organisms that: a.) function well in a given environment. b.) become extinct. c.) have a single adaptive trait. d.) can only survive in that one environment. e.) are perfect.

nitrogenous; complementary base pairing

In the double helix of DNA, the ___________ bases of one strand exhibit __________________________ with the bases of the other strand.

reactants

In the reaction 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide is one of the...

a.) Unmonitored release into the environment can make changes in a cell's DNA.

In what ways are radioactive isotopes potentially harmful? a.) Unmonitored release into the environment can make changes in a cell's DNA. b.) They are used to trace molecular changes. c.) They are used to destroy abnormal cells. d.) They are used to determine the age of biological specimens. e.) They are used to trace the path of materials throughout the body.

b.) atomic mass

Isotopes of an atom differ in their... a.) atomic number. b.) atomic mass. c.) number of electrons. d.) atomic radius. e.) number of protons.

0

Kevin is studying predator-prey interactions. One day he notices a spider eating a cricket caught in its web. Later that day, a bird eats the spider. How many producers are there is this scenario?

chart

Label the image below to review the flow of energy and the cycling chemicals in a terrestrial ecosystem. Place your cursor on the boxes for hints.

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

List the classification categories from least to most inclusive.

nucleotides

Nucleic acids are made of monomers called __________, each of which contain three parts.

class

Phylum Arthropoda is broken into subgroups which include both Arachnida (e.g., spiders) and Insecta (e.g., insects). As a result, Arachnida and Insecta most likely belong to which classification category?

e.) Robert wanted to see if his theory was true that cigarette smoke will influence web-building in spiders.

Robert, an aspiring scientist in a biology class, wanted to conduct a study on the effects of cigarette smoke on the web-building ability of spiders. Which of the following statements is an incorrect use of terms pertaining to the scientific method? a.) Robert concluded that there was no significant difference in the ability to weave a web under conditions of cigarette smoke compared to spiders that were not exposed. b.) Robert examined the webs from both the control group and the test group and the data were recorded in a table. c.) Robert made the observation that spiders weave webs. d.) As a control, Robert had a group of spiders that were never exposed to cigarette smoke. e.) Robert wanted to see if his theory was true that cigarette smoke will influence web-building in spiders.

atom

The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element.

neutrons and protons

The subatomic particles that are found in the nucleus of an atom are the...

ionic

The type of bond that would form from the transfer of an electron from one atom to another is a(n) ________ bond.

electrons

Their number and arrangement determine which chemical reactions an element can take part in.

protons

Their number in an atom is the atomic number of the element.

neutrons

Their numbers will vary in isotopes of the same element.

5-carbon sugar; phosphate; nitrogenous

They contain a ________ sugar, a _________ group, and a ___________ base.

guanine; thymine

This means that in DNA, cytosine is always paired with _______, and adenine is always paired with _______.

chart

To understand the levels of biological organization, match each of the labels with the correct illustration. Place your cursor on the boxes for hints.

a.) a desert with little water, high heat, sand, cacti, and some mammals - ecosystem

Which of the following levels of biological organization is correctly matched with an example? a.) a desert with little water, high heat, sand, cacti, and some mammals - ecosystem b.) a spider - organ system c.) a herd of bison - community d.) a rock garden with various plants and rocks of different sizes - population e.) flowers and insects in a garden - organism

c.) All of the statements about scientific theories are true.

Which of the following statement(s) is/are true with respect to scientific theory? a.) The theory of evolution is considered the unifying concept in biology. b.) Theories are accepted explanations for how the world works. c.) All of the statements about scientific theories are true. d.) Theories are supported by many observations and experiments. e.) Theories can help scientists generate new testable hypotheses.

a, b, d

Which of the following statement(s) regarding genes is/are true? Select all that apply. a.) Genes are made up of DNA. b.) All cells in a multicellular organism contain the same set of genes. c.) Humans receive their DNA/genes from either their mother or their father but not both. d.) Variations in genes are the result of mutations. e.) All organisms such as roses, elephants and mushrooms have the same set of genes.

archaea

the domain representative of the first cells on Earth

bacteria

the domain that includes examples such are escherichia coli

archaea

the domain that includes methane-producing organisms

archaea

the domain that thrives in extreme aquatic environments such as thermal vents, sulfur vents, or acid mines

experiment

the hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations

7.0

the pH of pure water is...

eukarya

unicellular or multicellular organisms that contain a membrane-bound nucleus

bacteria

unicellular prokaryotes that can be found almost anywhere, including soils, water, air, and our bodies

archaea

unicellular prokaryotic organisms that live in extreme environments

atomic number

All atoms of the same element have the same...

c.) The Pacific Ocean makes Oregon temperatures more moderate.

Although Oregon and South Dakota are at similar latitudes, winters in Oregon are warmer and summers in Oregon are cooler. Which of the following might explain these differences between the climate of Oregon and the climate of South Dakota? a.) Oregon receives more rainfall. b.) South Dakota has fewer lakes and rivers. c.) The Pacific Ocean makes Oregon temperatures more moderate. d.) South Dakota has more prevailing winds from the west. e.) South Dakota has fewer trees.

a.) equal numbers of protons and electrons.

An atom with a neutral charge has... a.) equal numbers of protons and electrons. b.) more protons than it does electrons. c.) the same number of protons and neutrons. d.) more neutrons making it more neutral. e.) equal numbers of neutrons and electrons.

b.) determines its chemical reactivity.

An atom's valence electron shell... a.) is filled when it has three electrons. b.) determines its chemical reactivity. c.) determines its atomic mass. d.) is filled with positively charged particles. e.) is filled identically for every element.

a.) a negatively charged ion is attracted to one with a positive charge.

An ionic bond forms when... a.) a negatively charged ion is attracted to one with a positive charge. b.) two atoms come close enough to share one or more electrons. c.) an atom gives away or takes in a proton. d.) an atom gives away or takes in an electron. e.) two atoms come close enough to share one or more protons.

a.) Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan; Archaeal cell walls do not.

Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotic domains, though they differ from one another. From the options below, select the difference between these domains. a.) Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan; Archaeal cell walls do not. b.) Bacterial cell walls do not contain polysaccharides; Archaeal cell walls do. c.) Bacterial cells have nuclear membranes; Archaeal cells do not. d.) Bacterial cells do not have endoplasmic reticulum; Archaeal cells do.

c.) the giving, taking, or sharing of electrons.

Chemical bonds involve... a.) the giving and taking of electrons. b.) the giving and taking of protons. c.) the giving, taking, or sharing of electrons. d.) the giving, taking, or sharing of protons. e.) the sharing of electrons.

H+; acid

Cola has a pH of 3.5. This means that it has an excess of _______ ions and would be called a(n) ________.

ion

Created when an atom either loses or gains electrons in a reaction, resulting in an overall net charge.

compound

Glucose, C6H12O6, is best described as a(n)...

d.) male toads collected from areas near large-scale and small-scale farms

Male amphibians, including frogs and toads, have been plagued by feminization, deformity, behavioral abnormalities and sterility. Biologists from the University of Florida investigated whether reproductive problems among populations of cane toads (Bufo marinus) are caused by poisons from chemicals associated with agriculture. The biologists collected local adult cane toads from more than 20 different locations. Toads were collected from areas close to agriculture, both large-scale and small-scale farms, as well as from suburbs that are nonagricultural areas. Based on this study, what is/are the test group(s)? a.) male toads collected from the suburbs b.) male and female toads collected from areas near large-scale and small-scale farms c.) female toads collected from all the different sites d.) male toads collected from areas near large-scale and small-scale farms e.) male toads collected from all the different sites

c.) no, the scientists were testing a hypothesis which is not the same things as a theory

Male amphibians, including frogs and toads, have been plagued by feminization, deformity, behavioral abnormalities and sterility. Biologists from the University of Florida investigated whether reproductive problems among populations of cane toads (Bufo marinus) are caused by poisons from chemicals associated with agriculture. The biologists collected local adult cane toads from more than 20 different locations. Toads were collected from areas close to agriculture, both large-scale and small-scale farms, as well as from suburbs that are nonagricultural areas. Data collected by the biologists suggested a strong correlation between feminization of male toads and agricultural chemicals. Is it accurate to state that the scientists had supported their theory that agricultural chemicals cause deformities? a.) no, this was a controlled study. b.) yes, this was a controlled study. c.) no, the scientists were testing a hypothesis which is not the same things as a theory d.) no, the data did not show a link between the feminization of male toads and agricultural chemicals e.) yes, the data collected during the study strongly supports their theory

Bufo

Male amphibians, including frogs and toads, have been plagued by feminization, deformity, behavioral abnormalities and sterility. Biologists from the University of Florida investigated whether reproductive problems among populations of cane toads (Bufo marinus) are caused by poisons from chemicals associated with agriculture. The biologists collected local adult cane toads from more than 20 different locations. Toads were collected from areas close to agriculture, both large-scale and small-scale farms, as well as from suburbs that are nonagricultural areas. In this study, what is the genus of the study animal?

c.) Agricultural chemicals can cause deformities and feminization amongst cane toads.

Male amphibians, including frogs and toads, have been plagued by feminization, deformity, behavioral abnormalities and sterility. Biologists from the University of Florida investigated whether reproductive problems among populations of cane toads (Bufo marinus) are caused by poisons from chemicals associated with agriculture. The biologists collected local adult cane toads from more than 20 different locations. Toads were collected from areas close to agriculture, both large-scale and small-scale farms, as well as from suburbs that are nonagricultural areas. Which of the following statements would be the best hypothesis for this study? a.) Toxins are capable of causing diseases and deformities within many amphibian populations. b.) Toads collected from suburbs had fewer deformities compared to toads collected from agricultural areas. c.) Agricultural chemicals can cause deformities and feminization amongst cane toads. d.) More male toads from the large-scale agricultural areas showed signs of feminization. e.) Amphibian populations are facing problems due to agricultural chemicals.

adaptation

Many insects cannot see the color red, and as a result many insect-pollinated flowers are colors other than red (e.g., purple and yellow). Flower color would be considered a(n)...

animalia

Match each of the following characteristics into the correct eukaryotic kingdom based on the descriptions: cats and humans

protista

Match each of the following characteristics into the correct eukaryotic kingdom based on the descriptions: euglena and paramecium

plantae

Match each of the following characteristics into the correct eukaryotic kingdom based on the descriptions: ferns

fungi

Match each of the following characteristics into the correct eukaryotic kingdom based on the descriptions: molds and mushrooms

fungi

Match each of the following characteristics into the correct eukaryotic kingdom based on the descriptions: multicellular decomposers

protista

Match each of the following characteristics into the correct eukaryotic kingdom based on the descriptions: range from unicellular to multicellular, photosynthetic or not

animalia

Match each of the following characteristics into the correct eukaryotic kingdom based on the descriptions: well-known multicellular food ingesters

plantae

Match each of the following characteristics into the correct eukaryotic kingdom based on the descriptions: well-known multicellular photosynthesizers

d.) maintaining homeostasis

Salmon live in both fresh water and salt water during their lives. They are born in in fresh water but migrate out to marine waters for most of their life. Eventually, they return to the place they were born in fresh water to spawn. Changing between fresh water and salt water affects the balance of water in their body. Salmon have an internal control system called osmoregulation that restores the balance by negative feedback. This is an example of which characteristic of life? a.) response to the environment b.) reproduction and development c.) adaptation d.) maintaining homeostasis e.) energy transformation

3

Sam is studying the interaction between porcupines, pinion pine trees, and pine bark beetles. Over the course of his study in Colorado, he observes the behaviors of 25 porcupines, records the location of 151 pinion pines, and traps 332 beetles. How many populations does his study include?

b.) female bats that were not pregnant

Scientists were studying temperature selection amongst pregnant big brown bats. What would be the best control group for this study? a.) male bats b.) female bats that were not pregnant c.) juvenile female bats d.) pregnant bats e.) juvenile male bats

a, c, e

Select all of the characteristics of eukaryotes: a.) nucleus present b.) no nucleus present c.) organelles d.) cell wall containing peptidoglycan e.) endoplasmic reticulum

b, c, d, e, f, i

Select all of the following that are characteristics shared by all living things: a.) All living things move around in their environment to obtain food and energy. b.) All living things acquire material and energy from outside sources. Plants are the major organisms responsible for harnessing solar energy. c.) All living things are made up of cells, which are the smallest and most basic unit of life. Cells are compromised of nonliving molecules. d.) All living things exhibit behavior by interacting with and responding to their environment. e.) All living things reproduce and develop. Life can only come from other life. Additionally, in all organisms, the DNA is organized into heritable sections called genes. f.) All living things have adaptations, which are modifications that make organisms suited to their way of life. g.) All living things must eat in order to obtain nutrients needed to grow and develop. h.) All living things acquire materials and energy from outside sources. Animals are the organisms responsible for harnessing solar energy. i.) All living things maintain homeostasis, which is the maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries.

d.) has surface tension

Some insects can stride on the surface of water because water... a.) has a high specific heat. b.) has lower density when frozen. c.) is a good solvent. d.) has surface tension. e.) resists temperature changes.

6

Sulfur has an atomic number of 16. How many valence shell electrons does it have?

F

T/F: All proteins must reach their quaternary structure before they are able to function.

T

T/F: Bacteria and Archaea are both domains consisting of prokaryotic organisms.

T

T/F: Managing emerging diseases such as SARS is just one of the many challenges facing science today.

F

T/F: Positron-emission tomography (PET) is an example of how ions are useful in medicine.

F

T/F: Since no eukaryotes have cell walls, it is easy to distinguish this group from domains Bacteria and Archaea.

T

T/F: The development of new technologies is based on science.

T

T/F: The final three-dimensional shape of a protein is its tertiary structure.

F

T/F: The only single-celled organisms are prokaryotes, such as archaeans and bacteria.

F

T/F: Two common primary structures of proteins are alpha helices and beta sheets.

d.) oxygen share electrons with two hydrogen atoms.

The atomic structure of water satisfies the octet rule by having... a.) electrons shared between the two oxygen atoms. b.) electrons from hydrogen transferred to the oxygen atom. c.) electrons from oxygen transferred to the hydrogen atoms. d.) oxygen share electrons with two hydrogen atoms. e.) electrons shared between the two hydrogen atoms.

a.) 2 in the inner electron shell, 8 in the second electron shell, and 8 in the outer electron shell.

The electron arrangement for argon, which has 18 electrons, is... a.) 2 in the inner electron shell, 8 in the second electron shell, and 8 in the outer electron shell. b.) 8 in the inner electron shell, 8 in the second electron shell, and 2 in the outer electron shell. c.) 6 in the inner electron shell, 6 in the second electron shell, and 6 in the outer electron shell. d.) 5 in the inner electron shell, 6 in the second electron shell, and 7 in the outer electron shell. e.) 7 in the inner electron shell, 6 in the second electron shell, and 5 in the outer electron shell.

e.) hydrogen bonds

The figure below is depicting the interaction of water molecules with one another. The weak attractions between water molecules are known as... a.) covalent bonds. b.) postive and negative ions. c.) ionic bonds. d.) no chemical bonding. e.) hydrogen bonds.

d.) subtracting the number of protons from the mass number.

The number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an average atom of any given element is best estimated by... a.) adding the number of electrons and protons together. b.) subtracting the number of electrons from the number of protons. c.) adding the mass number to the number of electrons. d.) subtracting the number of protons from the mass number. e.) adding the atomic number and atomic mass together.

a.) concentration of H+ present in a solution.

The pH scale is a mathematical indicator of the... a.) concentration of H+ present in a solution. b.) concentration of OH- present in a solution. c.) total amount of all ions in a solution. d.) ability of a solution to buffer. e.) ability to dissolve in water.

b.) They all produce H+ ions in solution, making them acids.

What do lemons, tomatoes, and coffee all have in common chemically? a.) They all produce OH- ions in solution, making them bases. b.) They all produce H+ ions in solution, making them acids. c.) They all are fruits. d.) They are all neutral in pH. e.) They are all slippery to the touch.

peptide

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?

e.) All of the above statements are correct.

When a sodium atom transfers an electron to a chlorine atom... a.) the sodium atom becomes a positively charged ion. b.) the chlorine atom becomes a negatively charged ion. c.) the positive and negative ions will attract each other, forming a crystal if no water is present. d.) the ions will separate in the presence of water. e.) All of the above statements are correct.

protista

Which kingdom includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms?

d.) The oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms form a covalent bond with one another to create stable valence shells of electrons. The electrons are shared unequally resulting in a polar molecule.

Which of the following best describes the structure of how water molecules form? a.) One oxygen atom transfers an electron to each of two hydrogen atoms, forming an ionic bond. b.) Because of its strong electronegativity, oxygen removes one electron from two different hydrogen atoms. This satisfies the valence shell of oxygen. Then hydrogen bonds form between the two hydrogen atoms which keeps them in the vicinity of the oxygen atom. c.) Hydrogen bonds are formed between the two hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom. d.) The oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms form a covalent bond with one another to create stable valence shells of electrons. The electrons are shared unequally resulting in a polar molecule. e.) Hydrogen atoms covalently bond with each other to create one stable valence shell of electrons. The hydrogen molecule then forms a hydrogen bond with an oxygen atom to create the water molecule.

b.) O-2

Which of the following is a molecule? a.) H20 b.) O-2 c.) NaCl d.) CO2 e.) MgCl2

d.) All of the answers describe ways that chemical bonds can be formed.

Which of the following is a way in which chemical bonds can be formed? a.) gaining electrons b.) attracting opposite charges c.) losing electrons d.) All of the answers describe ways that chemical bonds can be formed. e.) sharing electrons

a, c, d, e

Which of the following is a way that isotopes are useful in medicine? Check all that apply. a.) Radioactive isotopes can be used as tracers to detect molecular changes or to destroy abnormal or infectious cells. b.) Radioactive isotopes can be used to regenerate damaged tissues. c.) Radioactive isotopes can be used to detect Alzheimer's disease. d.) Radioactive isotopes can be used to sterilize medical equipment. e.) Radioactive isotopes can be used to protect against dangerous biological agents.

c.) All of the above answers are true.

Which of the following is true about ecosystems? a.) chemicals are constantly recycled b.) producers are a food source for both consumers and decomposers c.) All of the above answers are true. d.) nutrients are constantly recycled e.) solar energy is required for photosynthesis

c.) The number and arrangement of electrons in an atom governs its chemical activity.

Which of the following statements about atoms is correct? a.) An element may be composed of several types of atoms. b.) The nucleus of an atom contains protons and electrons. c.) The number and arrangement of electrons in an atom governs its chemical activity. d.) The positive charges of an element are carried by the electrons. e.) The neutral charges of an element are carried by the protons.

b.) So far, approximately 6 million species have been identified and named.

Which of the following statements inaccurately describes biodiversity? a.) Biologists are alarmed about the current rate of extinction. b.) So far, approximately 6 million species have been identified and named. c.) The impact of human activities on biodiversity loss is one of the most significant bioethical issues that we face today. d.) Biodiversity is the total number and relative abundance of species, the variability of their genes, and the different ecosystems in which they live. e.) The biodiversity of our planet has been estimated to be around 8.7 million species.

e.) All of the above statements are correctly matched.

Which of the following statements is correctly matched to the step of the scientific method? a.) A researcher reported that red-foot tortoises preferred red-colored fruits and vegetables to those that were green or white. (Conclusion) b.) Leslie set up mist nets to catch bats flying over a small stream. Each bat that was caught was weighed and sexed. (Experimental design) c.) Biologists suggested that 2-3 cups of coffee per day can decrease death rates among women. (Hypothesis) d.) Bethany watched butterflies feeding in a large field of wild flowers. She noticed that more butterflies approached the yellow and purple flowers than the red flowers. (Observation) e.) All of the above statements are correctly matched.

e.) All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following would NOT contribute to the level of organization seen within a protein? a.) temperature b.) pH c.) amino acid sequence d.) denaturation of a protein e.) All of the answer choices are correct.

c.)

Which of the following would be an example of the value of water's heat capacity? a.) Water is able to travel up a 100-foot tree. b.) Water expands as it freezes causing ice to float on the surface of a lake. c.) Living organisms are able to maintain their internal body temperatures because the water in their cells resists changes in temperature. d.) Small insects can walk on water. e.) Water molecules stick together.

e.) zinc

Which of the following would be considered a trace element in living things? a.) oxygen b.) carbon c.) hydrogen d.) nitrogen e.) zinc

c.) Water is a good solvent.

Which property of water causes sugar to dissolve in coffee? a.) Water has high heat capacity. b.) Water is less dense than ice. c.) Water is a good solvent. d.) Water is cohesive. e.) Water is able to change from a gas to a solid.

hypothesis

a testable statement is formulated

observations

natural phenomena that are watched as they occur

conclusion

results that are analyzed